Covid-19 İle Mücadelede Kolaylaştırıcı Bir Faktör Olarak Yönetsel Kapasite: Ülke Deneyimlerinden Yansımalar

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 30, 1 - 18, 25.01.2021

Abdullah Uzun

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.772459

Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu çalışmada alt boyutları itibariyle ülkelerin sahip oldukları yönetsel kapasite düzeylerinin, bir kötü huylu problem olan Covid-19 pandemisinin olumsuz etkileri ile başarılı ve etkin bir mücadele hususundaki kolaylaştırıcı rolüne odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmanın teorik bulgusu kötü huylu problemlerle mücadelenin başarısı üzerinde yönetsel kapasitenin oynadığı rolün açıklığa kavuşturulması ile ilgilidir. Yüksek yönetsel kapasite düzeyinin Covid-19 pandemisi ile mücadeleyi kolaylaştırdığı, düşük kapasite düzeyinin ise aksine zorlaştırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca, Covid-19 pandemisi ile mücadelede hangi yönetsel kapasite boyutlarının karar alıcılar ve uygulayıcılar tarafından inşa edilmesi gerektiğine ilişkin uygulamaya dönük bulgular elde edilmiştir. Yönetsel kapasitenin alt boyutlarında, analitik, koordinasyon, alt yapı, ilişkisel ve sosyal koruma kapasite düzeylerinin Covid-19’un tıbbi ve sosyal-ekonomik boyuttaki etkileri ile mücadelede büyük bir rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Ülke deneyimleri ışığında Covid-19 pandemisinin, ülke hükümetlerine pandemiler ve diğer kötü huylu problemlerle mücadelede yönetsel kapasitelerini artırma konusunda bir uyandırma çağrısı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmada Yin (2003)’in örnek olay yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama yöntemleri olarak literatür taraması ve doküman incelemesini içeren nitel veri toplama teknikleri kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kötü huylu problemler, kolaylaştırıcı faktörler, yönetsel kapasite, Covid-19 pandemisi, ülke deneyimleri

Kaynakça

• Akçadağ, G. (2020). Küresel Salgınlar Üzerinden Dünya Sağlık Sistemleri ve Ülkelerin Dayanıklılığı Üzerine Tartışmalar. Turkish Journal. Erişim Adresi: https://www.turkishjournal.com/2020/04/21/kuresel-salginlar-uzerinden-dunya-saglik sistemleri-ve-ulkelerin-dayanikliligi-uzerine-tartismalar/
• Akgemci, E. (2020). Bovid-17: Brezilya’da Salgın ve Siyasi Kriz. Birikim Dergisi. Erişim Adresi: https://www.birikimdergisi.com/guncel/10064/bovid-17-brezilyada-salgin-ve-siyasi-kriz
• Alford, J. ve Head, B. W. (2017). Wicked and Less Wicked Problems: A Typology and a Contingency Framework. Policy and Society, 36, 397–413.
• Ansell, C., Boin, A. ve Keller, A. (2010). Managing Transboundary Crises: Identifying Building Blocks of an Effective Response System. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 18(4), 205–217.
• Bao, G., Wang, X., Larsen, G. L. ve Morgan, D. F. (2013). Beyond New Public Governance: A Value- Based Global Framework for Performance Management, Governance, and Leadership. Administration & Society, 45(4), 443–467.
• Birleşmiş Milletler. (2020). Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19. Erişim Adresi: https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/SG-Report-Socio-Economic-Impact-of-Covid19.pdf
• Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı Türkiye (2020). Covid-19: Undp’nin Yeni Gösterge Panolari, Ülkelerin Baş Etme Ve Düze Çikma Kapasitelerinde Büyük Farklar Olduğunu Gösteriyor. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/04/COVID19de-duze-cikma.html
• BM'den Covid-19 Sonrası Ekonomide Toparlanma Ve Istihdam İçin Yol Haritası. (2020, 28 Nisan). Milliyet Gazetesi. Erişim Adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr
• Burkle, F.M. (2006). Globalization and Disasters: Issues of Public Health, State Capacity and Political Action. Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), 241-265.
• Christensen, T., Danielsen, O. A., Lægreid, P. ve Rykkja, L.H. (2016). Comparing Coordination Structures for Crisis Management in Six Countries. Public Administration, 94(2), 316–332.
• Christensen, T., Lægreid, O. M. ve Lægreid, P. (2019). Administrative Coordination Capacity; Does the Wickedness of Policy Areas Matter? Policy and Society, 38 (2), 237-254.
• Christensen, T., Lægreid, P. ve Rykkja, L. H. (2013). After a Terrorist Attack: Challenges for Political and Administrative Leadership in Norway. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 21, 167–177.
• Christensen, T., Lægreid, P. ve Rykkja, L. H. (2016). Ambiguities of Accountability and Attention: Analysing the Failure of a Preventive Security Project. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 20, 21–44.
• Christensen, T., Lægreid, P. ve Rykkja, L. H. (2016). Organizing for Crisis Management: Building Governance Capacity and Legitimacy. Public Administration Review, 76(6), 887–897.
• Christensen, T. ve Lægreid, P. (2007). The Whole-of-Government Approach to Public Sector Reform. Public Administration Review, 67(6), 1059–1066.
• Clarke, M. ve Stewart, J. (1997). Handling the Wicked Issues: A Challenge for Government. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Institute of Local Government Studies.
• Conklin, J. (2006). Wicked Problems and Social Complexity. J. Conklin (Ed.), Dialogue Mapping: Building Shared Understanding of Wicked Problems içinde (ss. 3-40). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
• Daviter, F. (2017). Coping, Taming or Solving: Alternative Approaches to the Governance of Wicked Problems. Policy Studies, 38(6), 571–588.
• Dawes, S., Cresswell, A. ve Pardo, T. (2009). From “Need to Know” to “Need to Share”: Tangled Problems, Information Boundaries, and the Building of Public Sector Knowledge Networks. Public Administration Review, 69, 392–402.
• Denhardt, R. B. (2002). Trust as Capacity: The Role of Integrity and Responsiveness. Public Organization Review, 2, 65–76.
• Dubois, E. (2020). COVID-19 Exposes Gaps in Governance of Emerging Technologies. Erişim Adresi: https://theglobal.blog/2020/04/28/covid-19-exposes-gaps-in-governance-of-emerging-technologies/
• Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İş birliği Örgütü. (2020). Supporting People and Companies to Deal with the COVID-19 Virus: Options for an Immediate Employment and Social-Policy Response. Erişim Adresi: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/supporting-people-and-companies-to-deal-with-the-covid-19-virus-options-for-an-immediate-employment-and-social-policy-response-d33dffe6/
• Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İş birliği Örgütü. (2020). The Territorial Impact of COVID-19: Managing the Crisis Across Levels of Government. Erişim Adresi: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=128_128287-5agkkojaaa&title=The-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government
• Farazmand, A. (2007). Learning from the Katrina Crisis: A Global and International Perspective with Implications for Future Crisis Management. Public Administration Review, 67(Special issue), 149–159.
• Farazmand, A. (2009). Building Administrative Capacity for the Age of Rapid Globalization: A Modest Prescription for the Twenty-First Century. Public Administration Review, 69(6), 1007–1020.
• Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L., McGivern, G., Dopson, S. ve Bennett, C. (2011). Public Policy Networks and ‘Wicked Problems’: A Nascent Solution? Public Administration, 89(2), 307–324.
• Fimreite, A. L., Lango, P., Lægreid, P. ve Rykkja, L. H. (2013). After Oslo and Utøya: A Shift in the Balance between Security and Liberty in Norway. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 36( 10), 830 – 856.
• Fukuyama, F. (2004). The Imperative of State-Building. Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 17-31.
• Fukuyama, F. (2013). What Is Governance?. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 26(3), 347–368.
• Fukuyama, F. (2020). The Thing that Determines a Country’s Resistance to the Coronavirus. The Atlantic. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/thing-determines-how-well-countries-respond-coronavirus/609025/
• Gank, D. (2020). COVID-19 Reveals Countries’ Differing Capacity. Global Times. Erişim Adresi: https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186435.shtml
• Head, B. W. (2019). Forty Years of Wicked Problems Literature: Forging Closer Links to Policy Studies. Policy and Society, 38(2), 180-197.
• Head, B. W. ve Alford, J. (2015). Wicked Problems: Implications for Public Policy and Management. Administration and Society, 47(6), 711–739.
• Humpage, L. (2005). Experimenting with a ‘Whole of Government’ Approach: Indigenous Capacity Building in New Zealand and Australia. Policy Studies, 26(1), 47-66.
• Kettl, D. F. (2003). Contingent Coordination: Practical and Theoretical Puzzles for Homeland Security. American Review of Public Administration, 33(3), 253–277.
• Kleinfeld, R. (2020). Do Authoritarian or Democratic Countries Handle Pandemics Better? Erişim Adresi: https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/31/do-authoritarian-or-democratic-countries-handle-pandemics-better-pub-81404
• Klingler-Vidra, R., Tran, B. L. ve Uusikyla, I. (2020). Testing Capacity: State Capacity and COVID-19 Testing. Global Policy. Erişim Adresi: https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/09/04/2020/testing-capacity-state-capacity-and-covid-19-testing
• Koop, C. ve Lodge, M. (2014). Exploring the Co-ordination of Economic Regulation. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(9), 1311–1329.
• Lægreid, P. ve Rykkja, L. H. (2015). Organizing for ‘Wicked Problems’ – Analyzing Coordination Arrangements in Two Policy Areas: Internal Security and the Welfare Administration. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(6), 475–493.
• Lodge, M. ve Wegrich, K. (2014). The Problem-Solving Capacity of the Modern State. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Mann, M. (1984). The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms, and Results. European Journal of Sociology, 25(2), 185–213.
• Migdal, J. S. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Moon, M. J. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 with Agility, Transparency, and Participation: Wicked Policy Problems and New Governance Challenges. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 651–656.
• O’Flynn, J. L., Buick, F., Blackman, D. A. ve Halligan, J. (2011). You Win Some, You Lose Some: Experiments with Joined-up Government. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(4), 244–254.
• Özlü, A. ve Öztaş, D. (2020). Yeni Corona Pandemisi (Covid-19) İle Mücadelede Geçmişten Ders Çıkartmak. Ankara Med J., (2), 468-481.
• Painter, M. ve Pierre, J. (2005). Unpacking Policy Capacity: Issues and Themes. Painter, M. Ve Pierre, J. (eds.). Challenges to State Policy Capacity içinde (s. 11–18). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Perspinsky, T. (2020). Political Economy and Democratic Capacity to Respond to Pandemics. Erişim Adresi: https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/democracy-and-pandemics/political-economy-and-democratic-capacity-to-respond-to-pandemics/
• Peters, B. G. (1996). The Policy Capacity of Government. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Manage-ment Development.
• Polidano, C. (2000). Measuring Public Sector Capacity. World Development, 28(5), 805-822.
• Pollitt, C. (2003). Joined-up Government: A Survey. Political Studies Review, 1(1), 34–49.
• Pollitt, C. (2015). Wickedness Will Not Wait: Climate Change and Public Management Research. Public Money and Management, 35(3), 181–186.
• Price-Smith, A.T. ve Daly, J.L. (2004). Downward Spiral: HIV/AIDS, State Capacity, and Political Conflict in Zimbabwe. Peaceworks 53. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
• Przeworski, A. (2020). Life in the Time of COVID: First Reactions, Future Directions. Erişim Adresi: https://theglobal.blog/2020/05/28/life-in-the-time-of-covid-first-reactions-future-directions/
• Rittel, H. W. J. ve Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155–169.
• Roberts, N. (2000). Wicked Problems and Network Approaches to Resolution. International Public Management Review, 1(1), 1–19.
• Sağlık Bakanı Fahrettin Koca'ya Güven En Üst Düzeyde. (2020, 16 Nisan). Erişim Adresi: https://www.memurlar.net/default.aspx
• Selvi, A. (2020, 16 Nisan). Metropoll’ün Anketinden Ne Çıktı? Hürriyet, Erişim Adresi: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/
• Şener, Ü. (2010). Yoksullukla Mücadelede Sosyal Güvenlik, Sosyal Yardım Mekanizmaları ve İş Gücü Politikaları. TEPAV Politika Notu. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1271313906r3055.Yoksullukla_Mucadelede_Sosyal_Guvenlik.pdf
• Termeer, C. J. A. M., Dewulf, A., Breeman, G., ve Stiller, S. (2015). Governance Capabilities for Dealing Wisely with Wicked Problems. Administration and Society, 47(6), 680–710.
• Termeer, C. J. A. M. ve Dewulf, A. (2019). A Small Wins Framework to Overcome the Evaluation Paradox of Governing Wicked Problems. Policy and Society, 38(2), 298-314.
• Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü. (2020). COVID-19 Kriziyle Mücadelede Sosyal Koruma Önlemleri: Ül-kelerin Önlemleri ve Politika Değerlendirmeleri. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ilo.org/ankara/areas-of-work/covid-19/WCMS_744944/lang--tr/index.htm
• Van Bueren, E. M., Klijn, E.-H. ve Koppenjan, J. F. M. (2003). Dealing with Wicked Problems in Networks: Analyzing an Environmental Debate from a Network Perspective. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13(2), 193–212.
• Weber, E. P. ve Khademian, A. M. (2008). Wicked Problems, Knowledge Challenges and Collaborative Capacity Builders in Network Settings. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 334–349.
• Worldometer Web Sayfası. (11 Temmuz 2020). Erişim Adresi: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
• Wu, X., Ramesh, M. ve Howlett, M. (2015). Policy Capacity: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Policy Competences and Capabilities. Policy and Society, 34(3-4), 165–171.
• Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research Design and Methods (3rd. ed.). London: Sage Publications.