Women’s Identity and Representations in Sogdian Society (6th Century BC- 8th Century AD)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 633 - 675, 26.03.2023

Başak Kuzakçı

https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1253575

Öz

From the third-fourth centuries AD, the Sogdians intensively established trade networks and colonial cities along the Silk Road from China to the Black Sea steppes. An integral part of Sogdian historical identity are its commercial successes. However, Sogdians and Sogdian world were not just about trade. Sogdians built a strong written culture and city-centered social system in Sogdia in general term Central Asia. One of the main elements of Sogdian culture and city life is Sogdian women and their social representations. Sogdians produced a significant amount of documentary and archaeological data on the status of women in these areas. In Sogdia, which was subject to the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BC, the religious, political and legal structure of the Iranian world began to have a strong influence from this period. The legal status and social rights of the Sogdian women were also shaped from this period. In this study, it was aimed to determine the social status of Sogdian women by analyzing the documents produced directly by the Sogdians, and to define the identity of women in the Sogdian society and the social functions they assumed, based on the rich data provided by these documents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sogdia, Sogdians, Sogdian Women, Ancient Letters, Marriage Contract, Murals/Wall Painting

Soğd Toplumunda Kadın Kimliği ve Temsilleri (MÖ VI.-MS VIII. Yüzyıl)

Öz

Soğdlar, MS III.-IV. yüzyıllardan itibaren yoğun surette İpek Yolu boyunca Çin’den Karadeniz steplerine kadar ticaret ağları ve koloni şehirleri kurdu. Soğd tarihsel kimliğinin ayrılmaz parçası ticari başarılarıdır. Fakat, Soğdlar ve Soğd dünyası, sadece ticaretten ibaret değildi. Soğdlar, Soğdya’da daha bilindik ve genel ifadeyle Orta Asya’da kuvvetli bir yazılı kültür ve şehir merkezli toplumsal sistem inşa etti. Soğd kültür ve şehir hayatının temel unsurlarından biri ise Soğd kadını ve kadınların toplumsal temsilleridir. Soğdlar bu alanlarda ve kadının statüsü üzerine önemli oranda doküman ve arkeolojik veri üretti. MÖ VI. yüzyılda Ahameniş İmparatorluğu’na tabi olan Soğdya’da bu dönemden itibaren İran dünyasının dini, siyasi ve hukuki yapısı kuvvetle tesirli olmaya başladı. Soğd kadınının hukuki statüsü ve sosyal hakları da bu dönemden itibaren şekillendi. Bu çalışmada doğrudan Soğdlar tarafından üretilen belgelerin analizi ile Soğd kadınının sosyal statüsünün tespiti ve bu belgelerin sağladığı zengin verilerden yola çıkarak, Soğd toplumunda kadın kimliği ve üstlendikleri sosyal fonksiyonları amaçlandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soğdya, Soğd, Soğd Kadını, Eski Mektuplar, Evlilik Sözleşmesi, Mural

Kaynakça

• Alemany, Agusti, “Hunnic and Turkic Titles in the Bactrian Documents”, Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur des alten Iran und benachbarter Gebiete. Festschrift für Rüdiger Schmitt (Oriens et Occidens 36), ed. H. Klinkott vd., Stuttgart 2021, ss. 13-28.
• Ammianus Marcellinus, Histoire, various eds., trans, comm., Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1968–1977.
• Arrian of Nicomedia, The Anabasis of Alexander, C.III, C.IV, çev. E. J. Chinnock, Hodder and Stoughton, Londra, 1883.
• Arrianus, Falvius, The Campaigns of Alexander, çev. J.R. Hamilton, Penguin Books, New York, 1971.
• Aydın, Erhan, “Yenisey Yazıtlarında Geçen Unvanlar ve Unvan Niteleyicileri”, Belleten, 59/2, 2011, ss.5-26.
• Azarpay, Guitty, Sogdian Painting, The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1981.
• Baker, Elizabeth H., “Socioeconomic Status, Definition”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, And Society, ed. W. C. Cockerham vd., Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Hoboken, ss. 2210-2214.
• Ban Zhao, Nü Jie, çev. S. L. Baldwin, Eaton&Mains Publication, New York, 1900.
• Berktay, Fatmagül, Tarihin Cinsiyeti, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006.
• Blockley, Roger C., The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, F. Cairns, Liverpool, ss. 221-400.
• Blockley, Roger C., The History of Menander the Guardsman, F. Cairns, Liverpool, 1985.
• Bo, Bi; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Sogdian Documents from Khotan, II: Letters and Miscellaneous Fragments”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 135(2), 2015, ss. 261-282.
• Bosworth, C.E., The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 5: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakmids, and Yemen, State University of New York Press, Albany, New York, 1999.
• Boyce, Mary, A History of Zoroastrianism, C. I, Brill Press, Leiden, 1975.
• Boyce, Mary, Textual sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1990.
• Briant, Pierre, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Eisenbrauns Publications, Indiana, 2002.
• Brosius, Maria, “WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia”, Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2010, internet erişim adresi: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i.
• Brosius, Maria, Women in Ancient Persia: 559-331 BC, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.
• Choksy, J.K., Evil, Good and Gender. Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History, Peter Lang Publish, New York, 2002.
• Ciafaloni, Davide; Della Rocca de Candal, Geri, “Sasanian Traditions in Sogdian Paintings: Hunting and Fighting Scenes”. Parthica. Incontri di culture nel mondo antico. S. 13 (2011), ss. 111-189.
• Compareti, Matteo, “Nana and Tish in Sogdiana: The Adoption from Mesopotamia of a Divine Couple”. Digital Archive of Brief Notes & Iran Review,1(4), 2017, ss. 1-8.
• Davis, William Stearn, Readings In Ancient History, Illustrative Extracts From The Source: Greece And The East, C. 2, Kessinger Publishing, Londra, 1912.
• de la Vaissière, Étienne, Sogdian traders: A history, (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Part 8 Uralic Studies & Central Asia), Brill, Leiden, 2005.
• Diodorus Siculus, The Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus, Delphi Classics, Hastings, 2014.
• Ebû Reyhan el-Birûnî, el-Âsâr el-Bakîye, çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
• Ergin, Muharrem, Dede Korkud Kitabı, Milli Eğitim Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1969, s.151-156
• Frank L. Holt, Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan, University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles, 2006.
• Genito, Bruno, Gricina, Alexej “The Achaemenid Period in The Samarkand Area (Sogdiana)”, Newsletter Archeologia (CISA), 2009, ss.123-126.
• Gharib, B., Sogdian Dictionary: Sogdian-Persian-English, Farhangan Publications, Tehran, 2004.
• Grabar, Oleg, Early Islamic Art, 650-1100, Vol. I, Constructing the Study of Islamic Art, Ashgate Publishing, Hampshire, 2005.
• Grenet, Frantz, “Maracanda/Samarkand, Une Métropole Pré-Mongole. Sources Écrites Et Archéologie.” Annales Histoire, Sciences Sociales 59/5-6 (2004), ss. 1043-1067.
• Grenet, Franz, “Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux ive-ve s. de n. è.: de l’héritage antique à l’adoption de modèles sassanides,” La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo, Atti dei Convegni Lincei, 127, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma, 1996, ss. 367-390.
• H. Baker, Elizabeth, “Socioeconomic Status, Definition”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, And Society, ed. W. C. Cockerham vd., Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Hoboken, ss. 2210-2214.
• Hamilton, H. & Falconer, W., The Geography of Strabo, G. Bell & Sons, London and New York, 1903-1906.
• Hansen, Valerie, The Silk Road: A New History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.
• Heath, Ian, Armies of the Dark Ages 600-1066, Lulu Press, Londra, 2015.
• Holt, Frank L., Alexander the Great and Bactria, Brill, Leiden, 1988.
• Holt, Frank L., Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan, University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles, 2006.
• İnan, Abdulkadir, Makaleler ve İncelemeler, TTK Yayınları, Ankara, 2020.
• J.K. Choksy, Evil, Good and Gender. Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History, Peter Lang Publish, New York, 2002.
• Jonhston, Sarah Iles, Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
• Kafesoğlu, İbrahim, Türk Milli Kültürü, İstanbul, Ötüken Yayınları, 2015.
• Kuzakçı, Başak, “Arkeoloji ve Emperyal Rekabet: Soğdların ve Soğdcanın Keşfi (XIX-XX. Yüzyıl)”, Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7 (2022), ss.68-71.
• Kuzakçı, Başak, Türk-Soğd İlişkileri (V-VIII. Yüzyıllar), (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), Yeditepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul 2022.
• L. W King; R. C. Thompson, The Sculptures And Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock Of Behistûn in Persia, Oxford University Press. London, 1907.
• Lee, Yuen Ting, “Ban Zhao: Scholar of Han Dynasty China”, World History Connected, 9/1, (2016), ss. 1-4.
• Liveri, Angeliki, “Fu-lin Dances in Medieval Chinese Art- Byzantine or Imaginary?”, Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog Instituta, S. 56, 2019, s.69-94.
• Livşits, Vladimir, “The Sogdian "Ancient Letters (I, III)”, Iran & the Caucasus, 12/2, 2008, ss. 289-293.
• Livşits, Vladimir, Sogdian Epigraphy of Central Asia and Semirech’e, (çev. T. Stableford), (School of Oriental and African Studies Publishing, Londra, 2015.
• Marşak, B. I., “Sughd and Adjacent Regions”, History of Civilization of Central Asia, ed. A. Litvinskiy, Paris: Unesco Publications, Paris, 1996, ss. 237-242.
• Menandros Kroniği çev. Roger C. Blockley, The History of Menander the Guardsman, F. Cairns, Liverpool, 1985.
• Moriyasu, Takao, “A Sogdian Sale Contract of a Female slave from the Period of the Gaochang Kingdom under the Qu Clan”, Studies on the Inner Asian Languages, Vol. 4, 1988, ss.1-50.
• Piyankov, Igor, “Cyropolis”, Encyclopædia Iranica, C. 6, s. 514–515.
• Priskos (Priscus) Tarihi, The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, çev. Blockley, F. Cairns, Liverpool.
• Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander, Vol. II, çev. John. C. Rolfe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1943.
• Rapin, Claude, “On the way to Roxane 2: Satraps and hyparchs between Bactra and Zariaspa-Maracanda”, Zwischen Ost und West – neue Forschungen zum antiken Zentralasien, Archäologie in Iran und Turan 14, ed. G. Lindström vd., 2018, ss. 60-69.
• Rapin, Claude, Muhammedzon, Isamiddinov, “Fortifications hellénistiques de Samarcande (Samarkand-Afrasiab), Topoy, 4/2, 1994, ss. 547-565.
• Rapin, Claude, “On the way to Roxane 2: Satraps and hyparchs between Bactra and Zariaspa-Maracanda”, Zwischen Ost und West – neue Forschungen zum antiken Zentralasien, Archäologie in Iran und Turan 14, ed. G. Lindström vd., 2018, s.43-88.
• Roland G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, American Oriental Society. New Haven, 1953.
• Rong, Xinjiang, “New Light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China”, Berichte und Abhandlungen, S.10, 2009, ss. 147-160.
• Schwartz, Martin, “Women in the Old Avesta: Social Position and Textual Composition”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series, Cilt. 17 (2003), ss.1-8.
• Shenkar, Michael, “The Origin of the Sogdian Civic Communities (nāf)” Journal of The Economic and Social History of The Orient, 2020, ss. 357-388.
• Shenkar, Micheal, “The Religion and the Pantheon of the Sogdians (5th-8th Centuries CE) in Light of Their Sociopolitical Structures”, Journal Asiatique 305/2, 2017, ss. 191-209.
• Shenkar, Micheal, The Arab Conquest and the Collapse of the Sogdian Civilization, The History and Culture of Iran and Central Asia in the First Millennium CE: From the Pre-Islamic to the Islamic Era, ed. D. Tor, M. Inaba, Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame, 2022.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Epitaph of Shi Jun and His Wife”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 84 (3), s.505–513.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Merchants in China and India”, ed. Cadonna, A ve Lanciotti, L., Cinae Iran da Alessandro Magno alla Dinastia Tang, Olschki, Florence, 1996, s.45-67.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Towards a New Edition of the Sogdian Ancient Letters”, ed. Vaissière, E., & Trombert, E., Les Sogdiens en Chine, École Française d‘Extrême-Orient, Paris, 2005, s.181-193
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas; La Vaissière, Étienne de, “A Bactrian Document from Southern Afghanistan?”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute New Series, 25, (2011), ss.39-53.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Waugh, Daniel C., The Sogdian Ancient Letters 1, 2, 3, Erişim adresi: https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sogdlet.html
• Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, çev ve ed.H.L. Jones, London, 1930
• Tekin, Talat, Orhon Yazıtları, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2010.
• Tichy, Eva, “Vedisch ṛtā́́van- und avestisch aṣ̌auuan-,” Die Sprache, 32, 1986, ss. 91-105.
• Vaissière, Étienne de la, Sogdian Traders: A History, (çev. J. Ward), Brill Publishing, Leiden, 2005.
• Wertmann Patrick, Wagner, Mayke; Tarasov, Pavel, “Sogdian careers and families in sixth to seventh century northern China: a case study of the Shi family based on archaeological finds and epitaph inscriptions”, The History of the Family, 22/1, 2017, ss. 103-135.
• Wertmann, Patrick, Sogdians in China: Archaeological and Art Historical Analyses of Tombs and Texts from the 3rd to the 10th Century AD, German Archaeological Institute, Eurasia Department, Beijing Branch Office, Verlog Philipp von Zobern, Viyana, 2015.
• Whitby, M., The History of Theophylact Simocatta, An English Translation with Introduction and Notes, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986.
• Yakuboviç, Ilya, “Marriage Sogdian Style”, Iranistik in Europa-gestern, heute, morgen (ed. H. Eichner), Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viyana, 2006, ss. 307-344.
• Yakuboviç, Ilya, “Marriage: The Marriage Contract in the Pre-Islamic Period”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2005, ss. 3-5, erişim adresi: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/marriage-contract-in-the-pre-islamic-period.
• Yoshida, Yutaka; Moriyasu, Takao, “A Sogdian Sale Contract of a Female slave from the Period of the Gaochang Kingdom under the Qu Clan”, Studies on the Inner Asian Languages, Vol. 4, 1988, ss. 1-50.
• THE SOGDIANS, Influencers on the Silk Roads, https://sogdians.si.edu/sidebars/retracing-the-sounds-of-sogdiana-sogdian-music-and-musical-instruments-in-central-asia-and-china/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2023)