Obezite ve Çocuklarda Diş Çürüğü

Solmaz Mobaraki

Derleme

Obezite ve Çocuklarda Diş Çürüğü

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 25 - 33, 17.12.2020

Solmaz Mobaraki

Öz

Obezite ve diş çürükleri dünya çapında büyüyen halk sağlığı sorunlarıdır. Hem obezite hem de diş çürükleri, çocukların ve gençlerin yaşamları üzerinde önemli ve potansiyel olarak yaşam boyu etkileri olan kronik, oldukça yaygın ve çok faktörlü durumlar olarak kabul edilir. İki koşulun biyolojik, genetik, sosyoekonomik, kültürel, beslenme, çevresel ve yaşam tarzı faktörleri dahil ortak katkıda bulunan faktörleri paylaştığı düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle obezite ile diş çürükleri arasındaki ilişki mantıklı görünmektedir. Bu derlemein amacı, ilişkiyle ilgili daha fazla bilgi edinerek, hem obezite hem de diş çürüğü prevalansını azaltmak için daha etkili ve verimli hedeflenmiş halk sağlığı girişimlerinin geliştirilmesini sağlamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk diş hekimliği, diş çürüğü, obezite

Kaynakça

1. World Health Organization. Overweight and obesity. Fact sheet no. 311 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 10 May 2019]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets /fs311/en/
2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766– 781.
3. Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe ́ E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray C, Marcenes W. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2015;94(5):650–658.
4. Martins-Ju ́nior PA, Vieira-Andrade RG, Correˆa-Faria P, Oliveira-Ferreira F, Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML. Impact of early childhood caries on the oral healthrelated quality of life of preschool children and their parents. Caries Res. 2013;47(3):211–218.
5. Hooley M, Skouteris H, Millar L. The relationship between childhood weight, dental caries and eating practices in children aged 4–8 years in Australia, 2004–2008. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7(6):461– 470.
6. Silva AER, Menezes AMB, Demarco FF, Vargas-Ferreira F, Peres MA. Obesity and dental caries: systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(4):799–812.
7. Abu El Qomsan MA, Alasqah MN, Alqahtani FA, Alobaydaa MA, Alharbi MM, Kola Z. Intricate evaluation of association between dental caries and obesity among the children in Al-Kharj City, Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017;18(1):29–33.
8. Marsh PD. Microbiology of dental plaque biofilms and their role in oral health and caries. Dent Clin North Am. 2010;54:441- 454.
9. Matsui R, Cvitkovitch D. Acid tolerance mechanisms utilized by Streptococcus mutans. Future Microbiol. 2010;5(3):403- 417. 10. Gökalp S, Doğan BG. Türkiye’de diş çürüğü durumu ve tedavi gereksinimi2004. Hacettepe Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2008;32(2):45-57.
11. Haris NO, Gorcia-Goday F. Introduction to Primary Preventive Dentistry. In: Primary preventive Dentistry. (6th ed.) New Jersey, Prentice Hall. 2004;46-72.
12. Pilot T. The periodontal diesase problem. A comparison between industrialised and developing countries. Int Dent J. 1998;48(3):221-232.
13. Newman MG, Takei HH, Carranza FA. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology Philedelphia London New York St Louis Sydney Toronto: W.B Saunders Company. 2002;398-402.
14. The American Academy of Periodontology. The pathogenesis periodontal diseases (position paper) J Periodontol. 1999;70(4):457-470.
15. Needleman I. Aging and the periodontium In: Newman MG, Takei HH, Carranza FA, eds. Clinical Periodontology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002;58-62.
16. Heasman PA, Waterhouse PJ. Periodontal diseases in children. In: Welbury RR, Duggal MS, Hosey MT, editors. Paediatric dentistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005;231-256.
17. Seymour GG, Crouch MS, Powell RN. The phenotypic characterization of lymphoid cell subpopulation in gingivitis in children. J Periodont Res. 1981;16(5):582-592.
18. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. World Health Organization, Geneva 1997.
19. Eckel RH, Barouch WW, Ershow AG. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Working Group on the pathophysiology of obesity associated cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;105(24):2923–2928.
20. Hall-Scullin EP, Whitehead H, Rushton H, Milsom K, Tickle M. A longitudinal study of the relationship between dental caries and obesity in late childhood and adolescence. J Public Health Dent. 2018; 78(2):100-108
21. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. Overweight and obesity fact sheet. 2011: 1-2.
22. Krishnamurthy K, Bangar BR, Raja A, Gujaral GS, Randive SB, Vaishnav KP. Body mass index and its impact on dental caries. Ann Trop Med Public Health. 2017;10(4): 810-814.
23. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS). 2013. Lap Nas 2013. 2013:1-384.
24. Cinaz P, Çamurdan O, Maral I. 6-16 yaşarası 12.589 çocukta obezite sıklığı ve risk faktörleri. VIII. Ulusal Pediatrik Endokrinoloji Kitabı. 2003;230.
25. Barsh GS, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. Genetics of body- weight regulation. Nature. 2000;404(6778):644-651.
26. Eckel RH. Obesity: a disease or a physiologic adaptation. In Eckel RH (ed.). Obesity: mechanisms and clinical management. Philadelphia: Lippencott Williams and Wilkins. 2003;3-30.
27. Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D, Gourmelen M, Dina C, Chambaz J, Lacorte JM, Basdevant A, Bougneres P, Lebouc Y, Froguel P, GuyGrand B. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction.Nature. 1998;392(6674):398- 401.
28. Maffeis C. Aetiology of overwheight and obesity in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:35-44. Mobaraki. Van Diş Hekimliği Dergisi 2020;1(1):25-33 32
29. Magarey AM, Daniels LA, Boulton TJ, Cockington RA. Predicting obesity in early adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(4):505-513.
30. Ibanez L, Ong K, Dunger DB, de Zegher F. Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance following catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2153–2158.
31. Kanda A, Kamiyama Y, Kawaguchi T. Association of reduction in parental overweight with reduction in children’s overweight with a 3-year follow up. Prev Med. 2004;39(2):369-372.
32. Alemzadeh R, Rising R, Lifshitz F. Obesity in children. In: Fima Lifshitz, ed. Pediatric endocrinology. New York: Informa healthcare. 2007;1-25.
33. Akgün S, Bakar C, Kut A, Kınık ST. Başkent Üniversitesi Hastanesi Pediatri Polikliniklerine başvuran beş yaş altı çocuklarda obezite görülme sıklığı ve etkileyen faktörler. Sted. 2006;15(4):60- 66.
34. Babaoğlu K, Hatun Ş. Çocukluk Çağında Obezite, Sted. 2002;1:8-17.
35. Chen X, Beydaun MA, Wang Y. Is Sleep Duration Associated With Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(2):265-274.
36. Andreoli A, Garaci F, Cafarelli FP, Guglielmi G. Body composition in clinical practice. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(8):1461- 1468.
37. Kliegman RM, Marcdante KJ, Jenson HB, Berhman RE, Editörler. Nelson Pediatrinin Temelleri (Çeviri)’de, 5. Baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitapevi. 2006;15-58.
38. WHO Expert Committee. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Technical report series 894. Geneva 2000.
39. Bessesen DH. “Update on obesity”. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(20):27–34.
40. Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(12):2367-2373.
41. Flink H, Bergdahl M, Tegelberg A, Rosenblad A, Lagerlöf F. Prevalence of hyposalivation in relation to general health, body mass index and remaining teeth in different age groups of adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36(6):523-531.
42. Wynn RL. Sibutramine (Meridia)- dental considerations for a new weight control drug. Gen Dent. 1998;46:332-335.
43. Sánchez-Pérez L, Irigoyen ME, Zepeda M. Dental caries, tooth eruption timing and obesity: a longitudinal study in a group of Mexican schoolchildren. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(1):57-64.
44. Soriano EP, Caldas AF Jr, Goes PS. Risk factors related tot traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2004;20(5):246-250.
45. Corrêa‐Faria P, Petti S. Are overweight/obese children at risk of traumatic dental injuries? A meta‐analysis of observational studies. Dent Traumatol. 2015;31(4):274-282.
46. Sharma A, Hegde AM. Relationship between body mass index, caries experience and dietary preferences in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009;34(1):49-52.
47. Dye BA, Shenkin JD, Ogden CL, Marshall TA, Levy SM, Kanellis MJ. The relationship between healthful eating practices and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years in the United States, 1988-1994. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135:55-66.
48. Murasko JE. Trends in the associations between family income, height and body mass index in US children and adolescents: 1971-1980 and 1999-2008. Ann Hum Bıol. 2011;38(3):290-306.
49. Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity 2010;18(12):2367-2373.
50. Gerdin EW, Angbratt M, Aronsson K, Eriksson E, Johansson I. Dental caries and body mass index by socio‐economic status in Swedish children. Communıty Dent Oral Epidemol. 2008;36(5):459-465.
51. Khader YS, Bawadi HA, Haroun TF, Alomari M, Tayyem RF. The association between periodontal disease and obesity among adults in Jordan. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(1):18-24.
52. Ritchie CS. Obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44:154- 163. Mobaraki. Van Diş Hekimliği Dergisi 2020;1(1):25-33 33
53. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):911-919.
54. Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85– 97.
55. Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ ve Nowak AJ. Çocuk Diş Hekimliği: Bebeklikten Ergenliğe. 4. Basım, (T. Tortop ve Ö. Tulunoğlu, Çev.) Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık; 2009.
56. Saito T, Shimazaki Y. Metabolic disorders related to obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007;43:254-266.
57. Okada H, Murakami S. Cytokıne expressıon ın perıodontal health and dısease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998;9(3):248-266.
58. Gorman A, Kaye EK, Apovian C, Fung TT, Nunn M, Garcia RI. Overweight and obesity predict time to periodontal disease progression in men. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(2):107–114.

Obesity and Dental Caries in Children

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 25 - 33, 17.12.2020

Solmaz Mobaraki

Öz

Obesity and dental caries are growing public health problems around the world. Both obesity and dental caries are considered chronic, highly common, and multifactorial conditions that have significant and potentially lifelong impacts on the lives of children and young people. The two conditions are thought to share common contributing factors, including biological, genetic, socioeconomic, cultural, nutritional, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Therefore, the relationship between obesity and dental caries seems logical. The aim of this review is to learn more about the relationship and develop more effective and efficient targeted public health initiatives to reduce the prevalence of both obesity and dental caries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dental caries, obesity, pediatric dentistry

Kaynakça

1. World Health Organization. Overweight and obesity. Fact sheet no. 311 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 10 May 2019]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets /fs311/en/
2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766– 781.
3. Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe ́ E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray C, Marcenes W. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2015;94(5):650–658.
4. Martins-Ju ́nior PA, Vieira-Andrade RG, Correˆa-Faria P, Oliveira-Ferreira F, Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML. Impact of early childhood caries on the oral healthrelated quality of life of preschool children and their parents. Caries Res. 2013;47(3):211–218.
5. Hooley M, Skouteris H, Millar L. The relationship between childhood weight, dental caries and eating practices in children aged 4–8 years in Australia, 2004–2008. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7(6):461– 470.
6. Silva AER, Menezes AMB, Demarco FF, Vargas-Ferreira F, Peres MA. Obesity and dental caries: systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(4):799–812.
7. Abu El Qomsan MA, Alasqah MN, Alqahtani FA, Alobaydaa MA, Alharbi MM, Kola Z. Intricate evaluation of association between dental caries and obesity among the children in Al-Kharj City, Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017;18(1):29–33.
8. Marsh PD. Microbiology of dental plaque biofilms and their role in oral health and caries. Dent Clin North Am. 2010;54:441- 454.
9. Matsui R, Cvitkovitch D. Acid tolerance mechanisms utilized by Streptococcus mutans. Future Microbiol. 2010;5(3):403- 417. 10. Gökalp S, Doğan BG. Türkiye’de diş çürüğü durumu ve tedavi gereksinimi2004. Hacettepe Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2008;32(2):45-57.
11. Haris NO, Gorcia-Goday F. Introduction to Primary Preventive Dentistry. In: Primary preventive Dentistry. (6th ed.) New Jersey, Prentice Hall. 2004;46-72.
12. Pilot T. The periodontal diesase problem. A comparison between industrialised and developing countries. Int Dent J. 1998;48(3):221-232.
13. Newman MG, Takei HH, Carranza FA. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology Philedelphia London New York St Louis Sydney Toronto: W.B Saunders Company. 2002;398-402.
14. The American Academy of Periodontology. The pathogenesis periodontal diseases (position paper) J Periodontol. 1999;70(4):457-470.
15. Needleman I. Aging and the periodontium In: Newman MG, Takei HH, Carranza FA, eds. Clinical Periodontology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002;58-62.
16. Heasman PA, Waterhouse PJ. Periodontal diseases in children. In: Welbury RR, Duggal MS, Hosey MT, editors. Paediatric dentistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005;231-256.
17. Seymour GG, Crouch MS, Powell RN. The phenotypic characterization of lymphoid cell subpopulation in gingivitis in children. J Periodont Res. 1981;16(5):582-592.
18. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. World Health Organization, Geneva 1997.
19. Eckel RH, Barouch WW, Ershow AG. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Working Group on the pathophysiology of obesity associated cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;105(24):2923–2928.
20. Hall-Scullin EP, Whitehead H, Rushton H, Milsom K, Tickle M. A longitudinal study of the relationship between dental caries and obesity in late childhood and adolescence. J Public Health Dent. 2018; 78(2):100-108
21. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. Overweight and obesity fact sheet. 2011: 1-2.
22. Krishnamurthy K, Bangar BR, Raja A, Gujaral GS, Randive SB, Vaishnav KP. Body mass index and its impact on dental caries. Ann Trop Med Public Health. 2017;10(4): 810-814.
23. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS). 2013. Lap Nas 2013. 2013:1-384.
24. Cinaz P, Çamurdan O, Maral I. 6-16 yaşarası 12.589 çocukta obezite sıklığı ve risk faktörleri. VIII. Ulusal Pediatrik Endokrinoloji Kitabı. 2003;230.
25. Barsh GS, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. Genetics of body- weight regulation. Nature. 2000;404(6778):644-651.
26. Eckel RH. Obesity: a disease or a physiologic adaptation. In Eckel RH (ed.). Obesity: mechanisms and clinical management. Philadelphia: Lippencott Williams and Wilkins. 2003;3-30.
27. Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D, Gourmelen M, Dina C, Chambaz J, Lacorte JM, Basdevant A, Bougneres P, Lebouc Y, Froguel P, GuyGrand B. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction.Nature. 1998;392(6674):398- 401.
28. Maffeis C. Aetiology of overwheight and obesity in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:35-44. Mobaraki. Van Diş Hekimliği Dergisi 2020;1(1):25-33 32
29. Magarey AM, Daniels LA, Boulton TJ, Cockington RA. Predicting obesity in early adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(4):505-513.
30. Ibanez L, Ong K, Dunger DB, de Zegher F. Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance following catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2153–2158.
31. Kanda A, Kamiyama Y, Kawaguchi T. Association of reduction in parental overweight with reduction in children’s overweight with a 3-year follow up. Prev Med. 2004;39(2):369-372.
32. Alemzadeh R, Rising R, Lifshitz F. Obesity in children. In: Fima Lifshitz, ed. Pediatric endocrinology. New York: Informa healthcare. 2007;1-25.
33. Akgün S, Bakar C, Kut A, Kınık ST. Başkent Üniversitesi Hastanesi Pediatri Polikliniklerine başvuran beş yaş altı çocuklarda obezite görülme sıklığı ve etkileyen faktörler. Sted. 2006;15(4):60- 66.
34. Babaoğlu K, Hatun Ş. Çocukluk Çağında Obezite, Sted. 2002;1:8-17.
35. Chen X, Beydaun MA, Wang Y. Is Sleep Duration Associated With Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(2):265-274.
36. Andreoli A, Garaci F, Cafarelli FP, Guglielmi G. Body composition in clinical practice. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(8):1461- 1468.
37. Kliegman RM, Marcdante KJ, Jenson HB, Berhman RE, Editörler. Nelson Pediatrinin Temelleri (Çeviri)’de, 5. Baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitapevi. 2006;15-58.
38. WHO Expert Committee. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Technical report series 894. Geneva 2000.
39. Bessesen DH. “Update on obesity”. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(20):27–34.
40. Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(12):2367-2373.
41. Flink H, Bergdahl M, Tegelberg A, Rosenblad A, Lagerlöf F. Prevalence of hyposalivation in relation to general health, body mass index and remaining teeth in different age groups of adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36(6):523-531.
42. Wynn RL. Sibutramine (Meridia)- dental considerations for a new weight control drug. Gen Dent. 1998;46:332-335.
43. Sánchez-Pérez L, Irigoyen ME, Zepeda M. Dental caries, tooth eruption timing and obesity: a longitudinal study in a group of Mexican schoolchildren. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(1):57-64.
44. Soriano EP, Caldas AF Jr, Goes PS. Risk factors related tot traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2004;20(5):246-250.
45. Corrêa‐Faria P, Petti S. Are overweight/obese children at risk of traumatic dental injuries? A meta‐analysis of observational studies. Dent Traumatol. 2015;31(4):274-282.
46. Sharma A, Hegde AM. Relationship between body mass index, caries experience and dietary preferences in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009;34(1):49-52.
47. Dye BA, Shenkin JD, Ogden CL, Marshall TA, Levy SM, Kanellis MJ. The relationship between healthful eating practices and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years in the United States, 1988-1994. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135:55-66.
48. Murasko JE. Trends in the associations between family income, height and body mass index in US children and adolescents: 1971-1980 and 1999-2008. Ann Hum Bıol. 2011;38(3):290-306.
49. Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity 2010;18(12):2367-2373.
50. Gerdin EW, Angbratt M, Aronsson K, Eriksson E, Johansson I. Dental caries and body mass index by socio‐economic status in Swedish children. Communıty Dent Oral Epidemol. 2008;36(5):459-465.
51. Khader YS, Bawadi HA, Haroun TF, Alomari M, Tayyem RF. The association between periodontal disease and obesity among adults in Jordan. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(1):18-24.
52. Ritchie CS. Obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44:154- 163. Mobaraki. Van Diş Hekimliği Dergisi 2020;1(1):25-33 33
53. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):911-919.
54. Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85– 97.
55. Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ ve Nowak AJ. Çocuk Diş Hekimliği: Bebeklikten Ergenliğe. 4. Basım, (T. Tortop ve Ö. Tulunoğlu, Çev.) Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık; 2009.
56. Saito T, Shimazaki Y. Metabolic disorders related to obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007;43:254-266.
57. Okada H, Murakami S. Cytokıne expressıon ın perıodontal health and dısease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998;9(3):248-266.
58. Gorman A, Kaye EK, Apovian C, Fung TT, Nunn M, Garcia RI. Overweight and obesity predict time to periodontal disease progression in men. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(2):107–114.

Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Çocuk Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Solmaz Mobaraki
Yayımlanma Tarihi	17 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Mobaraki, S. (2020). Obezite ve Çocuklarda Diş Çürüğü. Van Diş Hekimliği Dergisi, 1(1), 25-33.

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