Fighting the Pandemic in OECD Countries: A Comparison in Terms of Resource Efficiency
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 58 Sayı: 4, 501 - 520, 31.10.2024
Mustafa Kaya
,
Gülbiye Yenimahalleli Yaşar
Öz
Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to comparatively examine the resource efficiency of OECD countries in the first year of their fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of monthly and period-long time frames.
Methodology: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used in the research. With DEA, the efficiency scores of the countries for monthly and period-long time intervals were obtained. Then, super efficiency analysis was conducted to determine the productivity rankings of the countries and the productivity rankings of the countries in the considered time periods were obtained.
Findings: The efficiency of countries in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic has changed over time, and some countries have been seen to fail throughout the process. The USA, Colombia and New Zealand were found to be the most successful countries throughout the process.
Originality: This study differs from other studies in the literature in that it considers many variables that are thought to be effective when fighting the efficiency of OECD countries in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, examines them at certain time intervals, and determines not only their efficiency but also their efficiency rankings.
Kaynakça
- Andersen, P. ve N.C. Petersen (1993), “A Procedure for Ranking Efficient Units in Data Envelopment Analysis”, Management Science, 39, 1261-1264.
- Aras, İ.A. (2023). “Gelir Gruplarına Göre COVID-19 Pandemisinde Sağlık Sistem Performansı Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi”, Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(26), 731-746.
- Atmaca, E., Turan F., Kartal G. ve Çiğdem E.S. (2012). “Ankara ili özel hastanelerinin veri zarflama analizi ile etkinlik ölçümü”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 135-153.
- Ayan, S. (2016). “Veri Zarflama Analizi ile İmalat Sanayi Sektörünün Finansal Performans Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi: Borsa İstanbul`da Bir Araştırma”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Burdur.
- Aydın, N., Yurdakul, G. (2020). “Assessing Countries’ Performances Against COVID-19 via WSIDEA and Machine Learning Algorithms”, Applied Soft Computing, 97, 1-18, 106792.
- Bakhshoodeh, M. ve Thomson K.J. (2001). “Input and Output Technical Efficiencies of Wheat Production in Kerman, Iran”, Agricultural Economics, 24(3), 307-313.
- Balmford, B., Annan, J.D., Hargreaves, J.C., Altoe, M., ve Bateman I.J. (2020). “Cross-Country Comparisons of COVID-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life” Environmental and Resource Economics, 76(4), 525-551.
- Banker, R.D., Charnes, A. ve Cooper, W.W. (1984). “Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis”, Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092
- Batty, M. (2020). “The Coronavirus Crisis: What Will the Post-Pandemic City Look Like?”, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 47(4), 547-552.
- Bayraktutan, Y ve Pelivanoğlu, F. (2012). “Sağlık İşletmelerinde Etkinlik Analizi: Kocaeli Örneği”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23, 127-162.
- Berkowitz, S.A. ve Basu, S. (2021). “Unemployment Insurance, Health-Related Social Needs, Health Care Access, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, JAMA Internal Medicine, 181(5), 699-702.
- Breitenbach M.C., Ngobeni, V. ve Aye, G.C. (2021). “Global Healthcare Resource Efficiency in the Management of COVID-19 Death and Infection Prevalence Rates”, Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 638481.
- Cansever, İ.H. ve Şenol, O. (2022). “Gelişmiş ülkelerin sağlık sistemleri verimlilikleri ile COVID-19 performansları ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 611-628.
- CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2005). “National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Homeland Security”, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/pandemic-influenza-strategy-2005.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 07.05.2024).
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W. ve Rhodes, E. (1978). “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units”, European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W., Lewin, A.Y. ve Seiford, L.M. (1997). “Data Envelopment Analysis Theory, Methodology and Spplications”, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 48(3), 332-333.
- Chen, C., Shi, Y., Zhang, P. ve Ding, C. (2021a). “A Cross-Country Comparison of Fiscal Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Global Pandemic”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 23(2), 262-273.
- Chen, C.W., Lee, S., Dong, M.C. ve Taniguchi, M. (2021b). “What Factors Drive the Satisfaction of Citizens with Governments’ Responses to COVID-19?”, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 102, 327-331.
- Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Terrinoni, A., Jiang, W.C., Wang, C.B. ve Bernardini, S. (2020). “The COVID-19 Pandemic”, Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 57(6), 365-388.
- Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L.M. ve Zhu J. (2011). “Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis”. 2nd Ed. Springer, New York.
- Çavmak, Ş. (2017). “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Veri Zarflama Analizi ve Modelleri”, Sağlık Yönetimi Dergisi, 1(1), 35-47.
- Dağcıoğlu, B.F. ve Keskin, A. (2020).” COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Türkiye, Avrupa ve Amerika Verilerinin Karşılaştırılması: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma”, Ankara Medical Journal, 20(2), 360-369.
- Dapke, K., Phadke, R., Rocha, I.C.N., Costa A.C.S., Ahmad, S., Essar M.Y., Menon, V., Bassey, E.E., Malhotra, K. ve Shah, J. (2021). “Drug Supply Shortage in India During COVID-19 Pandemic: Efforts and Challenges”, Harvard Public Health Review, 31, DOI:10.54111/0001/EE7
- Das, P., Bisai, S., Ghosh, S. (2021). Impact of Pandemics on Income Inequality: Lessons from the Past”, International Review of Applied Economics, 35(6), 832-850.
- Dinc, M. ve Haynes, K.E. (1999). “Sources of Regional Inefficiency An Integrated Shift-Share, Data Envelopment Analysis and Input-Output Approach”, The Annals of Regional Science, 33(4), 469-489.
- Doğan, M.İ., Özsoy, V.S. ve Örkcü, H.H. (2021). “Performance Management of OECD Countries on Covid-19 Pandemic: A Criticism Using Data Envelopment Analysis Models”, Journal of Facilities Management, 19(4), 479-499.
- Ersoy, Y. ve Aktaş, A. (2022). “Health System Efficiency of OECD Countries with Data Envelopment Analysis”, Problemy Zarządzania - Management İssues, 20(4), 90-109
- Farrell, M.J. (1957). “The Measurement of Productive Efficiency”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (General), 120(3), 253-281.
- Gerard, F., Imbert, C., Orkin, K. (2020). “Social Protection Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: Options for Developing Countries”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(Supplement_1), 281-296
- Giménez, V., Prior, D., Thieme, C. ve Tortosa-Ausina, E. (2024). “International Comparisons of COVID-19 Pandemic Management: What Can Be Learned from Activity Analysis Techniques?”, Omega, 122, 102966.
- Goldsztejn, U., Schwartzman, D. ve Nehorai, A. (2020). “Public Policy and Economic Dynamics of COVID-19 Spread: A Mathematical Modeling Study”, PloS One, 15(12), e0244174.
- Gostin, L.O. (2020). “COVID-19 Reveals Urgent Need to Strengthen the World Health Organization”, In JAMA Health Forum, 1(4), e200559-e200559.
- Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L.,
Majumdar, S. ve Tatlow, H. (2021). “A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)”, Nature Human Behaviour, 5(4), 529-538.
- Hamouche, S (2021). “Human Resource Management and the COVID-19 Crisis: Implications, Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Organizational Directions”, Journal of Management & Organization, (2021), 1-16.
- Hollingsworth, B. (2008). “The Measurement of Efficiency and Productivity of Health Care Delivery”, Health Economics, 17(10), 1107-1128.
- Hui, D.S., Azhar, E.I., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T.D., Memish, Z.A., Drosten, C., Zumla, A. ve Petersen, E. (2020). “The continuing 2019-nCoV Epidemic Threat of Novel Coronaviruses to Global
Health — The Latest 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China”, Internationa Jounal of Infectious Diseases, 91(2020), 264-266.
- Hussey, P.S., De Vries, H., Romley, J., Wang, M.C., Chen, S.S., Shekelle, P.G., ve McGlynn, E.A. (2009). “A Systematic Review of Health Care Efficiency Measures”, Health Services Research, 44(3), 784-805.
- Ji, Y., Ma, Z., Peppelengbosch, M.P., Pan, Q. (2020). “Potential Association Between COVID-19 Mortality and Health-Care Resource Availability”, The Lancet Global Health, 8(4): e480.
- Khafaie, M.A. ve Rahim, F. (2020). “Cross-Country Comparison of Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2”, Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 11(2), 74-80.
- Kıdak, Ş.M., Arapoğlu, R.A. ve Demirtaş, E.A. (2023). “Efficiency Analysis of OECD Countries During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Multi-Stage DEA”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(5), 426-439.
- Kohl, S., Schoenfelder, J., Fügener, A. ve Brunner, J. O. (2019). “The use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in healthcare with a focus on hospitals”, Health Care Management Science, 22, 245-286.
- Küçükaycan, D. (2021). “Küresel Kamusal Mal Perspektifinden COVID-19 Pandemisiyle Mücadelede Evrensel Sağlık Kapsayıcılığı ve OECD Ülkelerinin Performansının Araştırılması (Universal Health Coverage Combating
COVID-19 Pandemic from Global Public Goods Perspective and Researchıng of OECD Countrıes' Performance)”,
Maliye Dergisi, 181, 234-263.
- Lupu, D. ve Tiganasu, R. (2022). “COVID-19 and the Efficiency of Health Systems in Europe”, Health Economics Review, 12(1), 14.
- Manavgat, G. ve Audibert, M. (2024). “Healthcare System Efficiency and Drivers: Re-Evaluation of OECD Countries for COVID-19”, SSM-Health Systems, 2, 100003.
- Middelburg, R.A. ve Rosendaal, F.R. (2020). “COVID-19: How to Make Between-Country Comparisons”, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 477-481.
- Ocan, C.K.A. ve Cabanlit, C.A.M. (2023). “COVID-19 Response Efficiency Rating in Central Visayas, Philippines: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach”, 4th Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and
Operations Management, Vietnam, 604-611.
- Oğurlu, E. (2020). “Tarih Boyunca Pandemiler ve Uluslararası Sisteme Etkileri”, Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 791-805.
- Özata, M. ve Sevinç, İ. (2011). “Konya’daki Sağlık Ocaklarının Etkinlik Düzeylerinin Veri Zarflama Analizi Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 77-87.
- Özlü, Z. ve Çay, M.M. (2020). “19. Yüzyılda Dünyada Sağlık Güvenliğini Sağlamaya Yönelik Çalışmalar ve Uluslararası Sağlık Güvenliği Sçısından Lozan Antlaşması’nın Önemi”, Küresel Salgın ve Güvenlik: Tarihsel Süreç,
(Editör: Tansü, Y.), İksad Yayınevi, Gaziantep, 15-48.
- Pan, J., Fan, R., Zhang, H., Gao, Y., Shu, Z. ve Chen, Z. (2022). “Investigating the Effectiveness of Government Public Health Systems against COVID-19 by Hybrid MCDM Approaches”, Mathematics, 10(15), 2678.
- Pardo, B. (2021). “Supplying Synthetic Opioids During a Aandemic: An Early Look at North America”, International Journal of Drug Policy, 93, 102833.
- Patel, J.A., Nienlsen, F.B.H., Badiani, A.A., Assi, S., Unadkat, V.A., Patel, B., Wardle, H. (2020). “Poverty, Inequality and COVID-19: The Forgotten Vulnerable”, Public Health, (183), 110-111.
- Polat, E. (2023). “Determining Efficiency of 15 OECD Countries Coping with Covid-19 using Data Envelopment Analysis after 2 Years of Pandemic”, Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 44(4), 816-824.
- Schrader, E.S. (1976). “From Apron to Gown: A History of OR Attire”, AORN Journal, 24, 52-67.
- Sel. A. (2021). “COVID 19 Pandemisinde Sağlık Sistemi Gelişmelerinin Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi: G-20 Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 181-202
- Selamzade, F. ve Özdemir, Y. (2020). “COVID-19’a Karşı OECD Ülkelerinin Etkinliğinin VZA ile Değerlendirilmesi”, Journal of Turkish Studies, 15(4), 977–991.
- Selamzade, F., Ersoy, Y., Ozdemir, Y. ve Celik, M.Y. (2023). “Health Efficiency Measurement of OECD Countries against the COVID-19 Pandemic by Using DEA and MCDM Methods”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48(11), 15695-15712.
- Singh, R.P., Javaid, M., Haleem, A. ve Suman, R. (2020).” Internet of things (IoT) applications to fight against COVID-19 Pandemic”, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 521-524.
- Singh, S.A. ve Singh, E.B. (2023). “Technical Efficiency of North Eastern Region of India Health Systems in Combating COVID-19”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 16(38), 3218-3222.
- Stefko, R., Gavurova, B. ve Kocisova, K. (2018). “Healthcare Efficiency Assessment Using DEA Analysis in the Slovak Republic”, Health Economics Review, 8, 1-12.
- Tavares, F.F. ve Betti, G. (2021). “The Pandemic of Poverty, Vulnerability, and COVID-19: Evidence from A Fuzzy Multidimensional Analysis of Deprivations in Brazil”, World Development, 139, 105307.
- Türk, A., Bingül, B.A. ve Rengin, A.K. (2020). “Tarihsel Süreçte Yaşanan Pandemilerin Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etkileri”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(COVID-19 Special Issue), 612-632.
- Türkoğlu, S.P. ve Tuzcu, S.E. (2021). “Assessing Country Performances During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Standard Deviation Based Range of Value Method”, Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and
Applications, 4(3), 59-81.
- Velavan, T.P. ve Meyer, C.G. (2020). “The COVID‐19 Epidemic”, Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(3), 278-280.
- WHO, (World Health Organisation) (2020). “Timeline. WHO’s COVID-19 response”, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2024).
- WHO, (World Health Organisation) (2022). “Member Countries”, https://www.who.int/countries, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2022).
- Wu, F., Zhao, S., Y.U., B., Chen Y.M., Wang, W., Song, Z.G., Hu, Y., Tao, Z.W., Tian J.H., Pei, Y.Y., Yuan, M.L., Zhang, Y.L., Dai, F.H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q.M., Zheng, J.J., Xu, L., Holmes, E.C. ve Zhang, Y.Z. (2020). “A New Coronavirus Associated with Human Respiratory Disease in China”, Nature, 579(7798), 265-269.
- Yavuz, C.I. (2020). “Merkezi Örgütsel Yapı ve Salgınlarla Mücadele TTB COVID-19 Pandemisi Altıncı Ay Değerlendirme Raporu”, https://www.ttb.org.tr/745yi8s, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.01.2021)
- Yiğit, A. (2020). “The Performance of OECD Countries in Combating with Covid 19 Pandemics: A Cross-Sectional Study”, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 10(2), 399-416, DOI: 10.26579/jocress.372
- Yüksel, O. (2021). “Comparison of Healthcare System Performances in OECD Countries”, International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 6(2), 251-261.
- Zerey, G. (2010). “Veri Zarflama Analizi Yardımıyla Etkinlik Ölçümü ve Bir Uygulama”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Zhang, X., Ji, Z., Yue, Y., Liu, H. ve Wang, J. (2020). “Infection Risk Assessment of COVID-19 Through Aerosol Transmission: A Case Study of South China Seafood Market”, Environmental Science & Technology, 55(7), 4123-4133.
- Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.D., Liu, M.Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.R, Wang, X.I., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu Yan, B.,
Zhan, F.X., Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F. ve Shi, Z.L. (2020). “A Pneumonia Outbreak Associated with A New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin”, Nature, 579(7798), 270-273.
OECD Ülkelerinde Pandemiyle Mücadele: Kaynak Verimliliği Açısından Bir Karşılaştırma
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 58 Sayı: 4, 501 - 520, 31.10.2024
Mustafa Kaya
,
Gülbiye Yenimahalleli Yaşar
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmada OECD ülkelerinin COVID-19 pandemisiyle mücadelelerinin ilk bir yıllık sürecindeki kaynak verimliliklerinin aylık ve dönem boyu zaman dilimleri açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırmada Veri Zaflama Analizi (VZA) kullanılmıştır. VZA ile ülkelerin aylık ve dönem boyu zaman aralıklarına ilişkin etkinlik skorları elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra ülkelerin verimlilik sıralamalarını belirlemek amacıyla süper etkinlik analizi yapılmış ve ülkelerin ele alınan zaman dilimlerindeki kendi aralarındaki verimlilik sıraları elde edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Ülkelerin COVID-19 pandemisiyle mücadele etkinlikleri zaman içerisinde değişmiş, bazı ülkelerin süreç boyunca başarısız olduğu görülmüştür. ABD, Kolombiya ve Yeni Zelanda’nın süreç boyunca en başarılı ülkeler olduğu görülmüştür.
Özgünlük: Bu çalışma, OECD ülkelerinin COVID-19 pandemisiyle mücadele verimliliğini karşılaştırırken etkili olacağı düşünülen birçok değişkeni ele alması, belirli zaman aralıklarıyla incelemesi ve sadece verimliliklerinin değil, verimlilik sıralamalarının da belirlenmesi açısından literatürdeki diğer çalışmalardan ayrışmaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Yazarlar tarafından bu çalışmada bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan edilmiştir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Andersen, P. ve N.C. Petersen (1993), “A Procedure for Ranking Efficient Units in Data Envelopment Analysis”, Management Science, 39, 1261-1264.
- Aras, İ.A. (2023). “Gelir Gruplarına Göre COVID-19 Pandemisinde Sağlık Sistem Performansı Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi”, Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(26), 731-746.
- Atmaca, E., Turan F., Kartal G. ve Çiğdem E.S. (2012). “Ankara ili özel hastanelerinin veri zarflama analizi ile etkinlik ölçümü”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 135-153.
- Ayan, S. (2016). “Veri Zarflama Analizi ile İmalat Sanayi Sektörünün Finansal Performans Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi: Borsa İstanbul`da Bir Araştırma”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Burdur.
- Aydın, N., Yurdakul, G. (2020). “Assessing Countries’ Performances Against COVID-19 via WSIDEA and Machine Learning Algorithms”, Applied Soft Computing, 97, 1-18, 106792.
- Bakhshoodeh, M. ve Thomson K.J. (2001). “Input and Output Technical Efficiencies of Wheat Production in Kerman, Iran”, Agricultural Economics, 24(3), 307-313.
- Balmford, B., Annan, J.D., Hargreaves, J.C., Altoe, M., ve Bateman I.J. (2020). “Cross-Country Comparisons of COVID-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life” Environmental and Resource Economics, 76(4), 525-551.
- Banker, R.D., Charnes, A. ve Cooper, W.W. (1984). “Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis”, Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092
- Batty, M. (2020). “The Coronavirus Crisis: What Will the Post-Pandemic City Look Like?”, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 47(4), 547-552.
- Bayraktutan, Y ve Pelivanoğlu, F. (2012). “Sağlık İşletmelerinde Etkinlik Analizi: Kocaeli Örneği”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23, 127-162.
- Berkowitz, S.A. ve Basu, S. (2021). “Unemployment Insurance, Health-Related Social Needs, Health Care Access, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, JAMA Internal Medicine, 181(5), 699-702.
- Breitenbach M.C., Ngobeni, V. ve Aye, G.C. (2021). “Global Healthcare Resource Efficiency in the Management of COVID-19 Death and Infection Prevalence Rates”, Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 638481.
- Cansever, İ.H. ve Şenol, O. (2022). “Gelişmiş ülkelerin sağlık sistemleri verimlilikleri ile COVID-19 performansları ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 611-628.
- CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2005). “National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Homeland Security”, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/pandemic-influenza-strategy-2005.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 07.05.2024).
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W. ve Rhodes, E. (1978). “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units”, European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W., Lewin, A.Y. ve Seiford, L.M. (1997). “Data Envelopment Analysis Theory, Methodology and Spplications”, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 48(3), 332-333.
- Chen, C., Shi, Y., Zhang, P. ve Ding, C. (2021a). “A Cross-Country Comparison of Fiscal Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Global Pandemic”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 23(2), 262-273.
- Chen, C.W., Lee, S., Dong, M.C. ve Taniguchi, M. (2021b). “What Factors Drive the Satisfaction of Citizens with Governments’ Responses to COVID-19?”, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 102, 327-331.
- Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Terrinoni, A., Jiang, W.C., Wang, C.B. ve Bernardini, S. (2020). “The COVID-19 Pandemic”, Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 57(6), 365-388.
- Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L.M. ve Zhu J. (2011). “Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis”. 2nd Ed. Springer, New York.
- Çavmak, Ş. (2017). “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Veri Zarflama Analizi ve Modelleri”, Sağlık Yönetimi Dergisi, 1(1), 35-47.
- Dağcıoğlu, B.F. ve Keskin, A. (2020).” COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Türkiye, Avrupa ve Amerika Verilerinin Karşılaştırılması: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma”, Ankara Medical Journal, 20(2), 360-369.
- Dapke, K., Phadke, R., Rocha, I.C.N., Costa A.C.S., Ahmad, S., Essar M.Y., Menon, V., Bassey, E.E., Malhotra, K. ve Shah, J. (2021). “Drug Supply Shortage in India During COVID-19 Pandemic: Efforts and Challenges”, Harvard Public Health Review, 31, DOI:10.54111/0001/EE7
- Das, P., Bisai, S., Ghosh, S. (2021). Impact of Pandemics on Income Inequality: Lessons from the Past”, International Review of Applied Economics, 35(6), 832-850.
- Dinc, M. ve Haynes, K.E. (1999). “Sources of Regional Inefficiency An Integrated Shift-Share, Data Envelopment Analysis and Input-Output Approach”, The Annals of Regional Science, 33(4), 469-489.
- Doğan, M.İ., Özsoy, V.S. ve Örkcü, H.H. (2021). “Performance Management of OECD Countries on Covid-19 Pandemic: A Criticism Using Data Envelopment Analysis Models”, Journal of Facilities Management, 19(4), 479-499.
- Ersoy, Y. ve Aktaş, A. (2022). “Health System Efficiency of OECD Countries with Data Envelopment Analysis”, Problemy Zarządzania - Management İssues, 20(4), 90-109
- Farrell, M.J. (1957). “The Measurement of Productive Efficiency”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (General), 120(3), 253-281.
- Gerard, F., Imbert, C., Orkin, K. (2020). “Social Protection Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: Options for Developing Countries”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(Supplement_1), 281-296
- Giménez, V., Prior, D., Thieme, C. ve Tortosa-Ausina, E. (2024). “International Comparisons of COVID-19 Pandemic Management: What Can Be Learned from Activity Analysis Techniques?”, Omega, 122, 102966.
- Goldsztejn, U., Schwartzman, D. ve Nehorai, A. (2020). “Public Policy and Economic Dynamics of COVID-19 Spread: A Mathematical Modeling Study”, PloS One, 15(12), e0244174.
- Gostin, L.O. (2020). “COVID-19 Reveals Urgent Need to Strengthen the World Health Organization”, In JAMA Health Forum, 1(4), e200559-e200559.
- Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L.,
Majumdar, S. ve Tatlow, H. (2021). “A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)”, Nature Human Behaviour, 5(4), 529-538.
- Hamouche, S (2021). “Human Resource Management and the COVID-19 Crisis: Implications, Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Organizational Directions”, Journal of Management & Organization, (2021), 1-16.
- Hollingsworth, B. (2008). “The Measurement of Efficiency and Productivity of Health Care Delivery”, Health Economics, 17(10), 1107-1128.
- Hui, D.S., Azhar, E.I., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T.D., Memish, Z.A., Drosten, C., Zumla, A. ve Petersen, E. (2020). “The continuing 2019-nCoV Epidemic Threat of Novel Coronaviruses to Global
Health — The Latest 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China”, Internationa Jounal of Infectious Diseases, 91(2020), 264-266.
- Hussey, P.S., De Vries, H., Romley, J., Wang, M.C., Chen, S.S., Shekelle, P.G., ve McGlynn, E.A. (2009). “A Systematic Review of Health Care Efficiency Measures”, Health Services Research, 44(3), 784-805.
- Ji, Y., Ma, Z., Peppelengbosch, M.P., Pan, Q. (2020). “Potential Association Between COVID-19 Mortality and Health-Care Resource Availability”, The Lancet Global Health, 8(4): e480.
- Khafaie, M.A. ve Rahim, F. (2020). “Cross-Country Comparison of Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2”, Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 11(2), 74-80.
- Kıdak, Ş.M., Arapoğlu, R.A. ve Demirtaş, E.A. (2023). “Efficiency Analysis of OECD Countries During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Multi-Stage DEA”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(5), 426-439.
- Kohl, S., Schoenfelder, J., Fügener, A. ve Brunner, J. O. (2019). “The use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in healthcare with a focus on hospitals”, Health Care Management Science, 22, 245-286.
- Küçükaycan, D. (2021). “Küresel Kamusal Mal Perspektifinden COVID-19 Pandemisiyle Mücadelede Evrensel Sağlık Kapsayıcılığı ve OECD Ülkelerinin Performansının Araştırılması (Universal Health Coverage Combating
COVID-19 Pandemic from Global Public Goods Perspective and Researchıng of OECD Countrıes' Performance)”,
Maliye Dergisi, 181, 234-263.
- Lupu, D. ve Tiganasu, R. (2022). “COVID-19 and the Efficiency of Health Systems in Europe”, Health Economics Review, 12(1), 14.
- Manavgat, G. ve Audibert, M. (2024). “Healthcare System Efficiency and Drivers: Re-Evaluation of OECD Countries for COVID-19”, SSM-Health Systems, 2, 100003.
- Middelburg, R.A. ve Rosendaal, F.R. (2020). “COVID-19: How to Make Between-Country Comparisons”, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 477-481.
- Ocan, C.K.A. ve Cabanlit, C.A.M. (2023). “COVID-19 Response Efficiency Rating in Central Visayas, Philippines: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach”, 4th Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and
Operations Management, Vietnam, 604-611.
- Oğurlu, E. (2020). “Tarih Boyunca Pandemiler ve Uluslararası Sisteme Etkileri”, Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 791-805.
- Özata, M. ve Sevinç, İ. (2011). “Konya’daki Sağlık Ocaklarının Etkinlik Düzeylerinin Veri Zarflama Analizi Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 77-87.
- Özlü, Z. ve Çay, M.M. (2020). “19. Yüzyılda Dünyada Sağlık Güvenliğini Sağlamaya Yönelik Çalışmalar ve Uluslararası Sağlık Güvenliği Sçısından Lozan Antlaşması’nın Önemi”, Küresel Salgın ve Güvenlik: Tarihsel Süreç,
(Editör: Tansü, Y.), İksad Yayınevi, Gaziantep, 15-48.
- Pan, J., Fan, R., Zhang, H., Gao, Y., Shu, Z. ve Chen, Z. (2022). “Investigating the Effectiveness of Government Public Health Systems against COVID-19 by Hybrid MCDM Approaches”, Mathematics, 10(15), 2678.
- Pardo, B. (2021). “Supplying Synthetic Opioids During a Aandemic: An Early Look at North America”, International Journal of Drug Policy, 93, 102833.
- Patel, J.A., Nienlsen, F.B.H., Badiani, A.A., Assi, S., Unadkat, V.A., Patel, B., Wardle, H. (2020). “Poverty, Inequality and COVID-19: The Forgotten Vulnerable”, Public Health, (183), 110-111.
- Polat, E. (2023). “Determining Efficiency of 15 OECD Countries Coping with Covid-19 using Data Envelopment Analysis after 2 Years of Pandemic”, Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 44(4), 816-824.
- Schrader, E.S. (1976). “From Apron to Gown: A History of OR Attire”, AORN Journal, 24, 52-67.
- Sel. A. (2021). “COVID 19 Pandemisinde Sağlık Sistemi Gelişmelerinin Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi: G-20 Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 181-202
- Selamzade, F. ve Özdemir, Y. (2020). “COVID-19’a Karşı OECD Ülkelerinin Etkinliğinin VZA ile Değerlendirilmesi”, Journal of Turkish Studies, 15(4), 977–991.
- Selamzade, F., Ersoy, Y., Ozdemir, Y. ve Celik, M.Y. (2023). “Health Efficiency Measurement of OECD Countries against the COVID-19 Pandemic by Using DEA and MCDM Methods”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48(11), 15695-15712.
- Singh, R.P., Javaid, M., Haleem, A. ve Suman, R. (2020).” Internet of things (IoT) applications to fight against COVID-19 Pandemic”, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 521-524.
- Singh, S.A. ve Singh, E.B. (2023). “Technical Efficiency of North Eastern Region of India Health Systems in Combating COVID-19”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 16(38), 3218-3222.
- Stefko, R., Gavurova, B. ve Kocisova, K. (2018). “Healthcare Efficiency Assessment Using DEA Analysis in the Slovak Republic”, Health Economics Review, 8, 1-12.
- Tavares, F.F. ve Betti, G. (2021). “The Pandemic of Poverty, Vulnerability, and COVID-19: Evidence from A Fuzzy Multidimensional Analysis of Deprivations in Brazil”, World Development, 139, 105307.
- Türk, A., Bingül, B.A. ve Rengin, A.K. (2020). “Tarihsel Süreçte Yaşanan Pandemilerin Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etkileri”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(COVID-19 Special Issue), 612-632.
- Türkoğlu, S.P. ve Tuzcu, S.E. (2021). “Assessing Country Performances During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Standard Deviation Based Range of Value Method”, Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and
Applications, 4(3), 59-81.
- Velavan, T.P. ve Meyer, C.G. (2020). “The COVID‐19 Epidemic”, Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(3), 278-280.
- WHO, (World Health Organisation) (2020). “Timeline. WHO’s COVID-19 response”, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2024).
- WHO, (World Health Organisation) (2022). “Member Countries”, https://www.who.int/countries, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2022).
- Wu, F., Zhao, S., Y.U., B., Chen Y.M., Wang, W., Song, Z.G., Hu, Y., Tao, Z.W., Tian J.H., Pei, Y.Y., Yuan, M.L., Zhang, Y.L., Dai, F.H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q.M., Zheng, J.J., Xu, L., Holmes, E.C. ve Zhang, Y.Z. (2020). “A New Coronavirus Associated with Human Respiratory Disease in China”, Nature, 579(7798), 265-269.
- Yavuz, C.I. (2020). “Merkezi Örgütsel Yapı ve Salgınlarla Mücadele TTB COVID-19 Pandemisi Altıncı Ay Değerlendirme Raporu”, https://www.ttb.org.tr/745yi8s, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.01.2021)
- Yiğit, A. (2020). “The Performance of OECD Countries in Combating with Covid 19 Pandemics: A Cross-Sectional Study”, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 10(2), 399-416, DOI: 10.26579/jocress.372
- Yüksel, O. (2021). “Comparison of Healthcare System Performances in OECD Countries”, International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 6(2), 251-261.
- Zerey, G. (2010). “Veri Zarflama Analizi Yardımıyla Etkinlik Ölçümü ve Bir Uygulama”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Zhang, X., Ji, Z., Yue, Y., Liu, H. ve Wang, J. (2020). “Infection Risk Assessment of COVID-19 Through Aerosol Transmission: A Case Study of South China Seafood Market”, Environmental Science & Technology, 55(7), 4123-4133.
- Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.D., Liu, M.Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.R, Wang, X.I., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu Yan, B.,
Zhan, F.X., Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F. ve Shi, Z.L. (2020). “A Pneumonia Outbreak Associated with A New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin”, Nature, 579(7798), 270-273.