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Ratlarda parasetamol ile indüklenen nefrotoksisite modelinde eser elementler ve antioksidan kapasite üzerine borun etkisinin araştırılması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 91 Sayı: 1, 25 - 35, 15.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.557918

Öz

Bu çalışmada öncelikle borun parasetamol indüklü
nefrotoksisite modelinde eser element ve antioksidan kapasite üzerine etkisi
araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın dayandığı esas hipotez, borun antioksidan etkinliğinin
vücudumuzdaki eser element ve antioksidan kapasite üzerinde etkisinin olup
olmadığını gösterilmesi açısından özgün bir değer taşımaktadır. 56 albino
Wistar ratlar 7 gruba ayrılmıştır: Grup 1 (Kontrol); Grup 2 (parasetamol); Grup
3 (parasetamol + 50 mg/kg bor); Grup 4 (parasetamol + 100 mg/kg bor); Grup 5 (parasetamol
+ 200 mg/kg bor); Grup 6 (parasetamol + 140 mg/kg NAC); Grup 7 (200 mg/kg
bor).Araştırma sonucunda ratlardan alınan doku numuneleri eser element analizi
(Magnezyum,  Mangan, Kobalt,
Bakır, Çinko, Selenyum), Malondialdehit (MDA), total
antioksidan durum (TAS), total oksidan durum (TOS), süperoksit dismutaz
aktivitesi (SOD), katalaz aktivitesi (CAT), glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx)
analizleri için kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca ratların kalplerinden alınan kan
numuneleri de kreatinin ve kandaki üre azotu (BUN) analizleri için incelenmiştir.
Bulgular sonucunda, bu
çalışma borun antioksidan özellik göstererek parasetamol indüklü nefrotoksisite
de eser elementler ve antioksidan kapasite üzerine koruyucu etkisinin olduğunu
destekliyor olabileceğini düşündürtmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Dogruel C, Duran L, Sisman B, Yardan T, Baydin A, Yavuz Y (2011): Use of Intravenous N-Acetyl Systein in Paracetamol Intoxication. J Acad Emerg Med, 10, 145–147.2.
  • Bessems Jgm, Vermeulen Npe (2001): Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: Molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit Rev Toxicol, 31, 55-138.3.
  • Abdelmegid LA, El-Guendi MI, Omar SA, Yousef MI, (2010): Potential protective effects of quercetin and curcumin on paracetamol-induced histological changes, oxidative stress, impaired liver and kidney functions and haematotoxicity in rat. Food Chem Toxicol, 48, 3246-6.4.
  • Yılmaz S (2014): Borik asitin antioksidan aktivitesinin hücre kültüründe araştırılması. MSc, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey,.5.
  • Albayrak A, Bayir Y, Halici Z, Karakus E, Karcioglu SS, Mercantepe T, Palabiyik SS (2016): The role of raas ınhibition by aliskiren on paracetamol-ınduced hepatotoxicity model in rats. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 117, 638–646.6.
  • Albayrak A, Bayir Y, Cadirci E, Halici, Z., Karadeniz A, Karakus E, Kiki İ, Uzkeser M, Unal D (2012): Protective effect of Panax ginseng against N-acetyl-p-amino¬phenol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. African Journal of Pharmacy, 11, 25-36.7. Erdogan M, Ince S,
  • Keles H (2012): Protective effect of boric acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol, 35, 285–292.8. Lewis RK, Paloucek FP (1991): Assessment and treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Clinical pharmacy, 10, 765-774.9.
  • Corcoran GB, Horning EC, Mitchell JR, Vaishnav YN (1980): Evidence that acetaminophen and N-hydroxyacetaminophen form a common arylating intermediate, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine. Molecular Pharmacology, 18, 536-542.10.
  • Bessems JG, Vermeulen NP (2001): Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 31, 55-138. 11.
  • Mugford CA, Tarloff JB (1997): The contribution of oxidation and deacetylation to acetaminophen nephrotoxicity in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology Letters, 93, 15-22.12.
  • Blantz RC (1996): Acetaminophen: acute and chronic effects on renal function. Am J Kidney Dis, 28, 3-6.13.
  • Manso CF, Mira L, Silva M (1994): Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by silibinin Dihemisuccinate. Biochem Pharmacol, 48, 753-759. 14.
  • Bessems JG, Vermeulen NP (2001): Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit Rev Toxicol, 31, 55-138.15.
  • Mazer M, Perrone J (2008): Acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. J Med Toxicol, 4, 2-6.16. Clissold SP (1986): Paracetamol and phenacetin. Drugs, 32(4), 46-59.17.
  • Özaltın S (2015): Bosentanın Parasetamolle İndüklenen Akut Böbrek Toksı̇sı̇tesı̇ Üzerı̇ne Etkı̇lerı̇nin Araştırılması. MSc, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.18.
  • Andersen HR, Grandjean P, Mikkelsen BB, Nielsen F, Nielsen JB (1997): Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: reference interval and effects of life- style factors. Clinical Chemistry, 43, 1209-1214.19.
  • Li RS, Shan LM, Wang JB, Xiao XH, Yang HB, Zhao YL, Zhou GD (2011): Rhein protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal toxicity. Food&Chemical Toxicology, 49, 1705-1710.20.
  • Hsu CC, Liao TS, Lin CC, Yin MC (2006): Protective effect of s-allyl cysteine and s- propyl cysteine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food&Chemical Toxicology, 44, 393-397.21.
  • Kartal NT (2013): Agomelatı̇n’ı̇n Parasetamolle İndüKlenen Akut BöBrek Toksı̇sı̇tesı̇ Üzerı̇ne Etkilerinin Araştırılması. MSc, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. 22.
  • Atakisi O, Citil M, Erginsoy S, Karapehlivan M, Kart A, Tunca R, Yapar K (2007): Hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine against acute acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 59, 121-128. 23.
  • Arabulut H, Gülay MS (2016): Antioksidanlar. MAE Vet Fak Derg, 1 (1)24. Charuchongkolwongse S, Chularojmontri L, Herunsalee A, Niumsakul S, Srichairat S, Wattanapitayakul SK (2005): Antioxidative and cardioprotective effects of Phyllanthus urinaria L. on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Biological&Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28, 1165-1171.25.
  • Aregullin M, Lei XG, McClung JP, Roneker CA, Zhu JH (2006): Mice deficient in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase are resistant to acetaminophen toxicity. Biochemical Journal 399, 455-461. 26.
  • Gao H, Zhou YW (2005): Anti-lipid peroxidation and protection of liver mitochondria against injuries by picroside II. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11, 3671- 3674. 27.
  • Abdul Hamid Z, Budin SB, Wen Jie N, Hamid A, Husain K, Mohamed J (2012): Nephroprotective effects of Zingiber zerumbet Smith ethyl acetate extract against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 13, 176-185.28.
  • Alavian SM, Fallah HH, Mohammadi SR, Naghdi BH, Zaree MA (2012): The protective effect of medicinal herbs extracts ıncluding cynara scolymus, cichorium intybus, taraxacum officinal and berberis vulgaris in single and in combination form in CCl4 indinduced rat iver toxicity. Journal Of Medicinal Plants, 41, 78-85.29.
  • Pathak DN, Sising R (1990): Lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in FeCl3-induced epileptogenic foci in the rat brain. Epilepsia, 31, 15–26.30.
  • Balasubramaniyan V, Nalini N, Sailaja JK (2003): Role of leptin on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in swiss mice. Pharmacological Research. 47, 211–216.31. Rana AC,
  • Sumanth M (2006). İn vivo antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Taraxacum officinale roots in rats. Indian Journal Of Pharmacology, 38, 54. 32.
  • Ektur E (2012): Sı̇lymarı̇n’ı̇n Asetamı̇Nofen (Parasetamol) kaynaklı karacı̇ğer ve böbrek toksı̇sı̇tesı̇ üzerı̇ne ı̇yı̇leştı̇rı̇cı̇ etkı̇sı̇. Eskı̇şehı̇r Osmangazı̇ Ünı̇versı̇tesı̇. Yüksek lisans tezi.33.
  • Kalia K, Parmar SR, Vashrambhai PH (2010): Hepatoprotective activity of some plants extract against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 4, 101-106, 34.
  • Milne BD (2005): Eser Elementler(1.baskı). In: Burtis C.A., Ashwood E.R. Tietz Klinik Kimyada Temel ilkeler Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara. 35. Arık N (1997): Kronik Böbrek Yetmezliği. Nefroloji Seminerleri-4. Sanofi Yayınları, 1-118.36.
  • Cornelis R, Dhondt A, Lamerie N, Vanholder R (2002): The role of trace elements in ureamıc toxicity. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 17, 2-8. 37.
  • Coban FK, Demirel HH, Hazman O, Ince S, Kucukkurt I (2015): Boron attenuates malathion-induced oxidative stress and acetyl- cholinesterase inhibition in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol, 38(4), 391–399.38.
  • Balaban T, Balabanli B (2015): Investigation into the effects of boron on liver tissue protein carbonyl, MDA, and glutathione levels in endotoxemia. Biol Trace Elem Res, 167(2), 259–263.39.
  • Gu Y, Hu Q, Jin E, Jin G, Li S,Tang Z (2014): Effects of boron on structure and antioxidative activities of spleen in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 158(1), 73–80,.40.
  • Cao J, Geng C, Jiang L, Xue X, Yao X, Zhang X, Zhong L (2008): Boric acid inhibits LPS induced TNF-alpha formation through a thiol-dependent mechanism in THP-1 cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 22(3), 189–195. 41.
  • Aksit H, Celik T, Korkut O, Sunay B, Yazici S (2014): Effects of boric acid and 2- aminoethoxydiphenyl borate on necrotizing en- terocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 58(1), 61–67.42.
  • Ersoz M, Hurdag C, Paltun SO, Sogut I, Tuncdemir M (2017): The antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effect of boric acid on hepatoxicity in chronic alcohol-fed rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 15, 55-63.43.
  • Bassler BL, Chen X, Hughson FM, Pelezer I, Potier N, Schauder S, Van Dorsselaer A (2002): Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. Nature, 415, 545–549.

Investigation of boron effect on trace elements and antioxidant capacity in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity model

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 91 Sayı: 1, 25 - 35, 15.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.557918

Öz










In this study, the effect of boron on the trace element and antioxidant capacity in paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity
model was investigated. The main hypothesis on which the study is based has a unique value in terms of showing whether
the antioxidant activity of boron has an effect on the trace elements and antioxidant capacity in our body. In the study, 56
albino Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups: Group 1 (Control); Group 2 (Paracetamol); Group 3 (Paracetamol + 50
mg/kg boron); Group 4 (Paracetamol + 100 mg/kg boron); Group 5 (Paracetamol + 200 mg/kg boron); Group 6
(Paracetamol + 140 mg/kg NAC); Group 7 (200 mg/kg boron). At the end of the research, tissue samples taken from rats
were used for trace element analysis (Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium
(Se), Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), superoxide dismutase activity
(SOD), catalase activity (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) analyses. Likewise, blood samples taken from the hearts
of rats were examined for creatinine blood urea nitrogen (BUN) analyses. As a result of the findings, this study suggests
that the boron may have antioxidant properties and may have a protective effect on trace elements and antioxidant capacity
in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity. 





Kaynakça

  • Dogruel C, Duran L, Sisman B, Yardan T, Baydin A, Yavuz Y (2011): Use of Intravenous N-Acetyl Systein in Paracetamol Intoxication. J Acad Emerg Med, 10, 145–147.2.
  • Bessems Jgm, Vermeulen Npe (2001): Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: Molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit Rev Toxicol, 31, 55-138.3.
  • Abdelmegid LA, El-Guendi MI, Omar SA, Yousef MI, (2010): Potential protective effects of quercetin and curcumin on paracetamol-induced histological changes, oxidative stress, impaired liver and kidney functions and haematotoxicity in rat. Food Chem Toxicol, 48, 3246-6.4.
  • Yılmaz S (2014): Borik asitin antioksidan aktivitesinin hücre kültüründe araştırılması. MSc, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey,.5.
  • Albayrak A, Bayir Y, Halici Z, Karakus E, Karcioglu SS, Mercantepe T, Palabiyik SS (2016): The role of raas ınhibition by aliskiren on paracetamol-ınduced hepatotoxicity model in rats. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 117, 638–646.6.
  • Albayrak A, Bayir Y, Cadirci E, Halici, Z., Karadeniz A, Karakus E, Kiki İ, Uzkeser M, Unal D (2012): Protective effect of Panax ginseng against N-acetyl-p-amino¬phenol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. African Journal of Pharmacy, 11, 25-36.7. Erdogan M, Ince S,
  • Keles H (2012): Protective effect of boric acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol, 35, 285–292.8. Lewis RK, Paloucek FP (1991): Assessment and treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Clinical pharmacy, 10, 765-774.9.
  • Corcoran GB, Horning EC, Mitchell JR, Vaishnav YN (1980): Evidence that acetaminophen and N-hydroxyacetaminophen form a common arylating intermediate, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine. Molecular Pharmacology, 18, 536-542.10.
  • Bessems JG, Vermeulen NP (2001): Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 31, 55-138. 11.
  • Mugford CA, Tarloff JB (1997): The contribution of oxidation and deacetylation to acetaminophen nephrotoxicity in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology Letters, 93, 15-22.12.
  • Blantz RC (1996): Acetaminophen: acute and chronic effects on renal function. Am J Kidney Dis, 28, 3-6.13.
  • Manso CF, Mira L, Silva M (1994): Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by silibinin Dihemisuccinate. Biochem Pharmacol, 48, 753-759. 14.
  • Bessems JG, Vermeulen NP (2001): Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit Rev Toxicol, 31, 55-138.15.
  • Mazer M, Perrone J (2008): Acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. J Med Toxicol, 4, 2-6.16. Clissold SP (1986): Paracetamol and phenacetin. Drugs, 32(4), 46-59.17.
  • Özaltın S (2015): Bosentanın Parasetamolle İndüklenen Akut Böbrek Toksı̇sı̇tesı̇ Üzerı̇ne Etkı̇lerı̇nin Araştırılması. MSc, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.18.
  • Andersen HR, Grandjean P, Mikkelsen BB, Nielsen F, Nielsen JB (1997): Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: reference interval and effects of life- style factors. Clinical Chemistry, 43, 1209-1214.19.
  • Li RS, Shan LM, Wang JB, Xiao XH, Yang HB, Zhao YL, Zhou GD (2011): Rhein protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal toxicity. Food&Chemical Toxicology, 49, 1705-1710.20.
  • Hsu CC, Liao TS, Lin CC, Yin MC (2006): Protective effect of s-allyl cysteine and s- propyl cysteine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food&Chemical Toxicology, 44, 393-397.21.
  • Kartal NT (2013): Agomelatı̇n’ı̇n Parasetamolle İndüKlenen Akut BöBrek Toksı̇sı̇tesı̇ Üzerı̇ne Etkilerinin Araştırılması. MSc, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. 22.
  • Atakisi O, Citil M, Erginsoy S, Karapehlivan M, Kart A, Tunca R, Yapar K (2007): Hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine against acute acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 59, 121-128. 23.
  • Arabulut H, Gülay MS (2016): Antioksidanlar. MAE Vet Fak Derg, 1 (1)24. Charuchongkolwongse S, Chularojmontri L, Herunsalee A, Niumsakul S, Srichairat S, Wattanapitayakul SK (2005): Antioxidative and cardioprotective effects of Phyllanthus urinaria L. on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Biological&Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28, 1165-1171.25.
  • Aregullin M, Lei XG, McClung JP, Roneker CA, Zhu JH (2006): Mice deficient in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase are resistant to acetaminophen toxicity. Biochemical Journal 399, 455-461. 26.
  • Gao H, Zhou YW (2005): Anti-lipid peroxidation and protection of liver mitochondria against injuries by picroside II. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11, 3671- 3674. 27.
  • Abdul Hamid Z, Budin SB, Wen Jie N, Hamid A, Husain K, Mohamed J (2012): Nephroprotective effects of Zingiber zerumbet Smith ethyl acetate extract against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 13, 176-185.28.
  • Alavian SM, Fallah HH, Mohammadi SR, Naghdi BH, Zaree MA (2012): The protective effect of medicinal herbs extracts ıncluding cynara scolymus, cichorium intybus, taraxacum officinal and berberis vulgaris in single and in combination form in CCl4 indinduced rat iver toxicity. Journal Of Medicinal Plants, 41, 78-85.29.
  • Pathak DN, Sising R (1990): Lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in FeCl3-induced epileptogenic foci in the rat brain. Epilepsia, 31, 15–26.30.
  • Balasubramaniyan V, Nalini N, Sailaja JK (2003): Role of leptin on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in swiss mice. Pharmacological Research. 47, 211–216.31. Rana AC,
  • Sumanth M (2006). İn vivo antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Taraxacum officinale roots in rats. Indian Journal Of Pharmacology, 38, 54. 32.
  • Ektur E (2012): Sı̇lymarı̇n’ı̇n Asetamı̇Nofen (Parasetamol) kaynaklı karacı̇ğer ve böbrek toksı̇sı̇tesı̇ üzerı̇ne ı̇yı̇leştı̇rı̇cı̇ etkı̇sı̇. Eskı̇şehı̇r Osmangazı̇ Ünı̇versı̇tesı̇. Yüksek lisans tezi.33.
  • Kalia K, Parmar SR, Vashrambhai PH (2010): Hepatoprotective activity of some plants extract against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 4, 101-106, 34.
  • Milne BD (2005): Eser Elementler(1.baskı). In: Burtis C.A., Ashwood E.R. Tietz Klinik Kimyada Temel ilkeler Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara. 35. Arık N (1997): Kronik Böbrek Yetmezliği. Nefroloji Seminerleri-4. Sanofi Yayınları, 1-118.36.
  • Cornelis R, Dhondt A, Lamerie N, Vanholder R (2002): The role of trace elements in ureamıc toxicity. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 17, 2-8. 37.
  • Coban FK, Demirel HH, Hazman O, Ince S, Kucukkurt I (2015): Boron attenuates malathion-induced oxidative stress and acetyl- cholinesterase inhibition in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol, 38(4), 391–399.38.
  • Balaban T, Balabanli B (2015): Investigation into the effects of boron on liver tissue protein carbonyl, MDA, and glutathione levels in endotoxemia. Biol Trace Elem Res, 167(2), 259–263.39.
  • Gu Y, Hu Q, Jin E, Jin G, Li S,Tang Z (2014): Effects of boron on structure and antioxidative activities of spleen in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 158(1), 73–80,.40.
  • Cao J, Geng C, Jiang L, Xue X, Yao X, Zhang X, Zhong L (2008): Boric acid inhibits LPS induced TNF-alpha formation through a thiol-dependent mechanism in THP-1 cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 22(3), 189–195. 41.
  • Aksit H, Celik T, Korkut O, Sunay B, Yazici S (2014): Effects of boric acid and 2- aminoethoxydiphenyl borate on necrotizing en- terocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 58(1), 61–67.42.
  • Ersoz M, Hurdag C, Paltun SO, Sogut I, Tuncdemir M (2017): The antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effect of boric acid on hepatoxicity in chronic alcohol-fed rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 15, 55-63.43.
  • Bassler BL, Chen X, Hughson FM, Pelezer I, Potier N, Schauder S, Van Dorsselaer A (2002): Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. Nature, 415, 545–549.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ecem Özkan Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1565-3210

Funda Karabağ 0000-0002-1565-3210

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Nisan 2019
Kabul Tarihi 8 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 91 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Özkan E, Karabağ F. Investigation of boron effect on trace elements and antioxidant capacity in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity model. Vet Hekim Der Derg. 2020;91(1):25-3.

Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi açık erişimli bir dergi olup, derginin yayın modeli Budapeşte Erişim Girişimi (BOAI) bildirisine dayanmaktadır. Yayınlanan tüm içerik, çevrimiçi ve ücretsiz olarak sunulan Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı altında lisanslanmıştır. Yazarlar, Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi'nde yayınlanan eserlerinin telif haklarını saklı tutarlar.


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