BRICS-T ÜLKELERİNDE KÜRESELLEŞME VE BEŞERİ SERMAYE İLİŞKİSİNE YÖNELİK AMPİRİK BULGULAR

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 92 - 109, 30.06.2020

Müge Manga , Orhan Cengiz

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.730909

Öz

Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde küreselleşmenin yarattığı fırsat ve riskler farklı boyutlarla değerlendirilebilecek geniş bir kapsama sahiptir. Son otuz yıllık dönemde neoliberal küreselleşmenin getirdiği serbestleşme eğilimleri dikkate alındığında ticaretin, sermayenin ve emeğin mobilizasyonu beşeri kalkınmayı da yakından etkilemektedir. Günümüzün değişen dünyasında bireylerin eğitim, sağlık ve kültür gibi beşeri sermaye unsurlarının iyileştirilmesine yönelik talepleri artarken çok uluslu şirketlerin de nitelikli işgücü ihtiyacı artış göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda mevcut çalışmada, küreselleşme ile beşeri sermaye arasındaki ilişki, küresel ekonomide önemli atılım yapan BRICS-T (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye) ülkeleri için incelenmiştir. 1992-2017 dönemi periyoduna ait verilerle yapılan analiz sonuçları, küreselleşmenin beşeri sermaye üzerinde negatif; ekonomik büyüme, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımı ve bilgi-iletişim teknolojilerinin ise pozitif etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Konya nedensellik testi sonuçları incelendiğinde ise küreselleşme ile beşeri sermaye arasında Güney Afrika’da iki yönlü, Rusya ve Çin’de küreselleşmeden beşeri sermayeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küreselleşme, Beşeri sermaye, Panel ARDL, BRICS-T ülkeleri

THE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS FOR THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL IN BRICS-T COUNTRIES

Öz

In developing countries, opportunities and risks have created by globalization have a broad scope that can be evaluated in different dimensions. When considering in the context of liberalization trends that brought by neoliberal globalization over the past three decades, the mobility of trade, capital and labor have also been closely affect the human development. In today’s changing world, while individuals’ demand for the development of human capital factors such as education, health and culture increase, skilled labor demand of multinational companies also rises. This relationship between human capital and globalization has examined for the BRICS-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey) that realize important breakthrough in the global economy. According to the Kónya (2006)’s causality test results using the data covering for the period between 1992 and 2017, it was obtained that there is a feedback causality relationship between globalization and human capital in South Africa and there exists a one way causality running from globalization to human capital in Russia and China.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Globalization, Human capital, Kónya (2006)’s causality test, BRICS-T countries

Kaynakça

• Anwar, Y., Farooq, F., Ullah, S. ve Faheem, M. (2016) “Impact of Financial Globalization on Human Capital: Evidence from Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 36(2): 723-740.
• Bani, Y. (2017) “On The Relationshıp Between Human Capital Inequality and Globalization”, International Journal of Business and Society, 18(2): 285-300.
• Blanchard, E. J. ve Olney, W. W. (2017) “Globalization and Human Capital Investment: Export Composition Drives Educational Attainment”, Journal of International Economics, 106: 165-183.
• Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980) “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1): 239-253.
• Bryant, C. E. ve Javalgi, R. G. (2016) “Global Economic Integration in Developing Countries: The Role of Corruption and Human Capital Investment”, J Bus Ethics, 136: 437-450.
• Bundala, N. (2012) Economic Growth and Human Development; A Link Mechanism: An Empirical Approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA, (47648), 1-48.
• Chani, M. I., Jan, S. A., Pervaiz, Z. ve Chaudhary, A. R. (2014) “Human Capital Inequality and Income Inequality: Testing for Causality”, Quality & Quantity, 48(1): 149-156.
• Cieślik, A., Michałek, J. J. ve Jerzy Mycielski, J. (2016) “Globalization, International Trade, and Human Development: A Case of Central and Eastern Europe”, Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics, 5(2): 6-15.
• Çömez, G., & Bingöl, U. (2019). İş Yapma Kolaylığı Ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım İlişkisi: Türkiye-Seçilmiş Sahraaltı Afrika Ülkeleri Panel Veri Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University , 14 (56): 460-467
• Dutta, N., Kar, S. ve Saha, S. (2017) “Human Capital and FDI: How Does Corruption Affect the Relationship?”, Economic Analysis and Policy, 56: 126-134.
• Fors, H. C. (2017) “Globalization and School Enrollment in A Panel of Countries”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development”, 26(3): 295-315.
• Fukao, K., Makino, T. ve Settsu, T. (2020) “Human Capital and Economic Growth in Japan: 1885-2015”, Hitotsubashi University Repository, Discussion Paper Series A No.708.
• Giraldo, I., Arguello, R. ve Herrera, N. (2019) “Commodity Booms, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: An Application to Colombia”, Partnership for Economic Policy Working Paper, (2019-12).
• Glawe, L. ve Wagner, H. (2020) “The Role of Institutional Quality and Human Capital for Economic Growth Across Chinese Provinces–A Dynamic Panel Data Approach”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 1-19.
• Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N. ve Sturm, J. E. (2019). “The KOF Globalisation Index-Revisited”. The Review of International Organizations, 14: 543-574.
• Hadri, K. ve Kurozumi, E. (2012) “A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in the Presence of Serial Correlation and A Common Factor”, Economics Letters, 115(1): 31-34.
• Han, J. S. ve Lee, J. W. (2020) “Demographic Change, Human Capital, and Economic Growth in Korea”, Japan and the World Economy, 53, 100984.
• Hickman, D. C. ve Olney, W. W. (2010) “Globalization and Investment in Human Capital (HC)”, Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 64(4): 654-672.
• https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/, (28.04.2020).
• Joshua, O. O. (2016) “The Impact of Physical and Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Developing and Developed Countries: A Comparative Panel Data Approach”, Economy, 3(1): 1-18.
• Karakuş, K., Şahin, D. ve Akyol, H. (2018) “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Küreselleşme Sürecinde Beşeri Sermayenin Gelişimi” IV. Uluslararası Mesleki ve Teknik Bilimler Kongresi, Erzurum, 1038-1046.
• Keeley, B. (2007) “Human Capital: How What You Know Shapes Your Life”, OECD Publishing.
• Kónya, L. (2006) “Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach”, Economic Modelling, 23(6): 978-992.
• Lee, J. W. ve Lee, H. (2018) “Human Capital and Income Inequality”, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 23(4): 554-583.
• Lucas, R. (1988) “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3-42.
• Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. ve Weil, D. N. (1992) “Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2): 407-437.
• Mughal, M. ve Vechiu, N. (2009) “Does FDI Promote Higher Education? Evidence From Developing Countries”, 10th Nordic Conference in Development Economics (NCDE),18-19.
• Muhammad, S. D., Majeed, S., Hussain, A. ve Lal, I. (2010) “Impact of Globalization on HDI (Human Development Index): Case Study of Pakistan”, European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(1): 46-55.
• Newfarmer, R., Sztajerowska, M. (2012) “Trade and Employment in a Fast-Changing World” Douglas Lippooldt (Ed.) Policy Priorities for International Trade and Jobs, OECD.
• Noorbakhsh, F., Paloni, A. ve Youssef A. (2001) “Human Capital and FDI Inflows to Developing Countries: New Empirical Evidence”, World Development, 29(9): 1593-1610.
• Olagunju, K. O., Ogunniyi, A. I., Oguntegbe, K. F., Raji, I. O. ve Ogundari, K. (2019) “Welfare Impact of Globalization in Developing Countries: Examining the Mediating Role of Human Capital”, Economies, 7(84): 1-24.
• Pelinescu, E. (2015) “The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 22: 184-190.
• Penn World Table (2020) https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/, (28.04.2020).
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240
• Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T. (2008) “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1): 50-93.
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. P. (1999) “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446): 621-634.
• Ranis, G. (2004) “Human Development and Economic Growth”, Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper, (887), 1-13.
• Rodrik, Dani (1996). “Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?”, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5537: 1-27.
• Salike, N. (2016) “Role of Human Capital on Regional Distribution of FDI in China: New Evidences”, China Economic Review, 37: 66-84.
• Solarin, S. A. ve Eric, O. O. (2015) “Impact of Economic Globalization on Human Capital: Evidence from Nigerian Economy”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(3): 786-789.
• Tatoğlu, Y. (2017) “Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi”, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Tsamadias, C., Pegkas, P., Mamatzakis, E. ve Staikouras, C. (2019) “Does R&D, Human Capital and FDI Matter for TFP in OECD Countries?”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 28(4): 386-406.
• UNCTAD (2020) https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Index.html, (30.04.2020).