A TRIAL OF WELFARE STATE ANALYSIS BY NEW SOCIAL RISKS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 132 - 150, 31.12.2020

Hikmet Gülçin Beken

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.804542

Cited By: 1

Öz

Welfare states have been facing some serious crises, and challenges to their existence and sustainability. The performance of a welfare state whether it is successful or not should be evaluated by its main goals and functions. Individuals can face several risks during their life cycle. Under these circumstances, a decent and humanitarian life can only be achieved by the generosity and high coverage of welfare states. All of these new social risks are about the change in demographic structure, labor markets in post-industrial society and be transformative in the context of individual-state and market relations. By the reality of these new social risks, the welfare state has to implement new policies and mechanisms. Although new social risks are accepted as a national/endogenous source of a challenge to the welfare state, globalization, multi-national companies, and international organizations should also be taken into account as influential exogenous factors. In this study by defining new social risks, the relations between state and individual based on the change in the field of economy, society, and politics are evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

welfare state, new social risks, state-individual relations

YENİ TOPLUMSAL RİSKLER ÜZERİNDEN REFAH DEVLETİ ANALİZİ DENEMESİ

Öz

Refah devletleri 1970’lerden beri varlığına ve sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik önemli meydan okumalar, krizler ve eleştirilerle karşı karşıyadır. Refah devletlerinin başarılı bir performans gösterip göstermediği öncelikle refah devletinin temel amaç ve işlevleri üzerinden değerlendirilmelidir. Bireyler yaşam boyunca pek çok risk ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu riskler karşısında yaşamlarını düzgün ve insani koşullar altında devam ettirebilmeleri refah devletinin kapsayıcılığı ve bu alanda sağladığı desteklerle ilgilidir. Ortaya çıkan yeni toplumsal riskler işgücü piyasası, demografik yapı gibi sanayi sonrası döneme ait koşullarda yaşanan değişim üzerinden birey-devlet ve piyasa bağlamında dönüştürücü olmaktadır. Refah devletinin kendisi de ortaya çıkan bu yeni toplumsal riskler karşısında yeni politikalar ve araçlar uygulamak zorundadır. Yeni toplumsal riskler genellikle refah devletine yönelik meydan okumanın ulusal/içsel bir kaynağı olarak ele alınırken küreselleşme süreci, çok uluslu şirketler ve uluslararası örgütlerin de dışsal bir faktör olarak ortaya çıkardığı etkiler unutulmamalıdır. Çalışma bu yeni toplumsal riskleri tanımlama amacıyla refah devleti-birey ilişkisinin ekonomik, sosyal ve politik alandaki değişimini incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

refah devleti, yeni toplumsal riskler, devlet-birey ilişkisi

Kaynakça

• Aiginger, K. (2004). The Economic Agenda: A View from Europe. Review of International Economics, 12(2): 187-206.
• Arts, W. ve Gelissen, J. (2010). Models of the Welfare State. Obinger, H., Pierson, C., Castles, G. ve Leibfried, S. (drl). The Oxford Handbook of Welfare State içinde.New York:USA:Oxford University Press, 569-583.
• Bahle, T., Kohl, J., Wendt, C. (2010). Welfare State. Immerfall, S., Therborn, G.,(ed). Handbook of European Societies:Social Transformations in the 21st Century, (ss.569-583), USA: Oxford University Press.
• Bambra, C. (2006). Decommodification and the Worlds of Welfare Revisited. Journal of European Social Policy. 16(1): 73-80.
• Barr, N. (2003). The Welfare State as Piggy Bank:Information, Risk,Uncertainty, and the Role of the State. (electronic version), Oxford University Press, November 2003.
• Barr, N. (2004). The Economics of the Welfare State (4.Baskı), Oxford University Press.
• Begg, I., Draxier, J., Mortensen, J. (2008). Is Social Europe Fit for Globalisation? A Study of the Social Impact of Globalisation in the European Union. European Commission. (Erişim tarihi 4 Nisan 2010), http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/social_situation/docs/simglobe_fin_rep.pdf,
• Bonoli, G., (2006). New Social Risks and the Politics of Post-Industrial Social Policies. Armingeon, K., Bonoli, G. (ed), The Politics of Post-Industrial Welfare States: Adapting Post-War Social Policies to New Social Risks (ss.3-26), London: Routledge.
• Bonoli, G., (2007). Time Matters: Postindustrialization, New Social Risks and Welfare State Adaptation in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 8 (3):333-352.
• Buhr, D. (2017). What About Welfare 4.0. CESifo Forum, Volume 18, 4/2017, (15-21). Camdessus, M. (1998), Worldwide Crisis in the Welfare State:What Next in the Context of Globalization?, (Erişim tarihi: 12 Nisan 2019), https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp101598,
• Daly, M., Rake, K. (2003). Gender and the Welfare State:Care, Work and Welfare in Europe and the USA. (1.Baskı), UK:Polity Press.
• Degryse, C. (2016). Digitalisation of the Economy and Its Impact on Labour Markets. ETUI Working Paper: 2016.02.
• Diamond, P., Lodge, G. (2013). European Welfare States after the Crisis:Changing Public Attitudes, Policy Network Paper.
• EGGSIE (EU Expert Group on Gender, Social Inclusion and Employment ), (2005). Reconciliation of Work and Private Life: A Comparative Review of Thirty European Countries. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
• Eichhorst, W., Hemerijck, A. (2008). Welfare and Employment, IZA Discussion Paper, No:3870. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Captalism (1.Baskı). England:Polity Press& Blackwell Publishers.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1996). After the Golden Age? Welfare State Dilemmas in a Global Economy. Esping-Andersen, G. (ed), Welfare State in Transition:National Adaptations in Global Economies (ss.1-31), London: SAGE Publications.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. (1.Baskı). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (2002). A New Gender Contract. Esping-Andersen, G., Gallie, D., Hemerijck, A., Myles, J., (ed), Why We Need a Welfare State? (ss.68-95), New York: Oxford University Press.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (2002b). Towards the Good Society, Once Again?. Esping-Andersen, G., Gallie, D., Hemerijck, A., Myles, J., (ed), Why We Need a Welfare State? (ss.1-25), New York: Oxford University Press.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (2011). Tamamlanmamış Devrim: Kadınların Yeni Rollerine Uymak (1. Baskı). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• European Commission (2005). Welfare Reform and the Management of Societal Change, WRAMSOC Final Report: HPSE-CT-2001-00078, (Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2012), https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/dc795cf8-2060-4cb8-bcbc-75a34becac71/language-en,
• Evans, P. (2003). States and Industrial Transformation. Goddard, C.R., Cronin, P., Dash, K.C., (ed), International Political Economy.State-Market Relations in a Changing Global Order (ss.3-21), USA:Lynne Rienner Publishers (2.Baskı).
• Foschi, M., Schommer, M. (2008). Social Structure and Social Policy:About the Institutional Flexibility of Three Modern Welfare States, LIS Working Paper Series, No:501.
• Garland, D. (2014). The Welfare State: A Fundamental Dimension of Modern Government. European Journal of Sociology, 55, 327-364.
• George, V. (1996). The Future of the Welfare State. George, V., Taylor-Gooby, P.,(ed), European Welfare Policy Squaring the Welfare Circle (1-30), Basingstoke: MacMillan.
• Greve, B. (2006). Is There a Demographi Time-Bomb?. Greve, B., (ed). The Future of the Welfare State: European and Global Perspectives (ss.27-35), Ashgate Publishing.
• Greve, B. (2007). What Characterise the Nordic Welfare State Model. Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2):43-51.
• Häusermann, S. (2012). The Politics of Old and New Social Policies. Zurich Open Repository and Archive.
• Hemerijck, A. (2002). The Self Transformation of the European Social Models. Esping-Andersen, G., Gallie, D.,
• Hemerijck, A., Myles, J., (ed). Why We Need a New Welfare State (ss.173-213), Oxford University Press.
• Huber, E., Stephens, J.D. (2006). Combating Old and New Social Risks. Armingeon, K., Bonoli, G., (ed), The Politics of Post-Industrial Welfare States: Adapting Post-War Social Policies to New Social Risks (ss.143-168), London: Routledge.
• Jæger, M. M., Kvist, J. (2003). Pressures on State Welfare in Post-Industrial Societies: Is More or Less Better?. Social Policy and Administration, 37(6): 555-572.
• Jessop, B. (1991). The Welfare State in Transition From Fordism to Post-Fordism. Jessop, B., Kastendiek, H.,
• Nielsen, K., Pedersen, O.K. (ed), Towards a Post-Fordist Welfare State? (ss.13-37), USA: Edward Elgar.
• Knijn, T., Smit, A. (2009). The Relationship Between Family and Work:Tnensions, Paradigms and Directives, RECWOWE Working Paper, No:11, (Erişim tarihi: 30 Mart 2012), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1489954
• Kosonen, P. (1992). National Welfare State Models in the Face of European Integration. History of European Ideas. 15(1-3):47-54.
• Laville, J.L. (1996). Economy and Solidarity:Exploring the Issues. Sauvage, P., (ed), Reconciling Economy and Society: Towards a Plural economy (ss.43-53), Paris:OECD.
• Leoni, Thomas (2015). Welfare State Adjustment to New Social Risks in the Post-crisis Scenario. A Review with Focus on the Social Investment Perspective. WWWforEurope Working Paper No. 89, WIFO Studies, WIFO, Number :57899, March.
• Lewis, J. (2001). The Decline of the Male Breadwinner Model: Implications for Work and Care. Social Politics. 8(2):152-169.
• Marmor, T.R. (1993). Understanding the Welfare State:Crisis, Critics, and Countercritics. Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 7(4):461-477.
• Naldini, M. (2003). The Family in the Mediterranean Welfare States (1.Baskı), Routledge.
• OECD (1981). The Welfare State in Crisis, Paris:20-23 October 1980 Konferansı, Paris:OECD.
• OECD. Public Social Spending (%GDP), https://www.oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm.
• Offe, C. (1984). Some Contradictions of the Moden Welfare State. Keane, J. (ed). Contradictions of the Welfare State içinde, Caöbridge&Massachusetts:Yhe MIT Press , 198, ss. 147-161.
• Palier, Bruno (2018). The Politics of Social Risks and Social Protection in Digitalised Economies.17 Mayıs 2018, https://policynetwork.org/opinions/essays/politics-social-risks-social-protection-digitalised-economies/, (erişim tarihi 11.10.2019).
• Pierson, P. (2001). Post-Industrial Pressures on the Mature Welfare States. Pierson, P. (ed), The New Politics of the Welfare State (ss.80-104), Oxford Publishing.
• Ranci, C. (2010). Social Vulnerability in Europe. Ranci, C. (ed), Social Vulnerability in Europe: The New Configuration of Social Risks (ss.3-24), UK:Palgrave MacMillan.
• Rosanvallon, P. (2004). Refah Devletinin Krizi. Ankara:Dost Kitabevi.
• Snower, D.J. (1996). The Modern Welfare State:Problems and Suggested Reforms. Empirica, vol:23, ss.207-226.
• Şenkal, A. (2007). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Sosyal Politika. İkinci Baskı. İstanbul:Alfa Yayınları.
• Taylor-Gooby, P. (2001) The Politics of Welfare in Europe. Taylor-Gooby, P., (ed), Welfare States Under Pressure (ss.1-28), London:SAGE.
• Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004). New Risks and Social Change. Taylor-Gooby, P. (ed), New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State (ss.1-28), Oxford University Press.
• Taylor-Gooby, P. (2013). The Double Crisis of the Welfare State and What Can We Do About it?, (Erişim tarihi, 11 Ekim 2018), SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.2282546.
• Usui, C. (1994). Welfare State Development in a World System Context:Event History Analysis of First Insurance Legislation Among 60 Countries, 1880-1960. Thomas, J., Hicks, A.M. (ed). The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State içinde, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1994, ss. 254-277.
• Van Kersbergen, K. (2015). The Welfare State in Europe. BBVA (ed). The Search for Europe Contrasting Approaches içinde (268-287).
• Vielle, P., Walthery, P. (2003). Flexibility and Social Protection, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, (Erişim tarihi: 4 Temmuz 2011), https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef0355en.pdf,
• Wilkinson, H. (2001). The Family Way: Navigating a Third Way in Family Policy. Giddens, A., (ed), The Global Third Way (ss. 224-232), UK: Polity Press.
• Woods, D. R. (2007). The Welfare State and Pressures to reform:A Literature Review. Wirtschaft&Politik Working Paper, No:36.
• World Development Indicators (2020). Labour Force Participation Rate, Female, % of female population ages 15+, https://databank.worldbank.org/,
• World Bank Development Indicators (2020). Age dependency ratio, old (% of working-age population), https://databank.worldbank.org/