TÜRKİYE İÇİN SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONLARI VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 211 - 229, 25.09.2021

Mehmet Dağ , Fatma Kızılkaya

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.917255

Cited By: 2

Öz

Ekonomik büyüme, çevresel bozulma ve sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişki, son zamanlarda hem gelişmekte olan hem de gelişmiş ülkeler için ekonomi literatüründe önemi giderek artan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, sağlık harcamaları, CO2 emisyonları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye için 1975-2019 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılmıştır. Serilerin durağanlık özelliği ADF ve PP birim kök testleri kullanılarak sınanmıştır. İlk farklılıkları alındığında tüm değişkenlerin durağan olduğu tespit edilmiş ve ardından eşbütünleşme analizi yapılmıştır. Değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli pozitif ve anlamlı ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Fourier nedensellik testi sonuçları ise CO2 emisyonundan sağlık harcamalarına ve büyümeden CO2 emisyonuna doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlık Harcamaları, Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonları, Fourier Eşbütünleşme, Fourier Nedensellik

Kaynakça

• Amiri, A., ve Ventelou, B. (2012) “Granger causality between total expenditure on health and GDP in OECD: Evidence from the Toda–Yamamoto approach”, Economics Letters, 116(3), 541-544.
• Atuahene, S. A., Yusheng, K., ve Bentum-Micah, G. (2020) “Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: China vs. India”, Preprints 2020, 2020090384 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202009.0384.v1).
• Ayubi, A.J. (2014) “The relationship between public social expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria: an empirical analysis”, Int. J. Financ. Account. 3 (3), 185–191.
• Bai, J., ve Perron, P. (1998) “Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes”, Econometrica, 47-78.
• Bakhsh, K., Rose, S., Ali, M. F., Ahmad, N., ve Shahbaz, M. (2017) “Economic growth, CO2 emissions, renewable waste and FDI relation in Pakistan: New evidences from 3SLS”, Journal of Environmental Management, 196, 627-632.
• Balaji, B. (2011) “Causal nexus between public health expenditure and economic growth in four Southern Indian States”, IUP Journal of Public Finance, 9(3), 7.
• Chaabouni, S., ve Abednnadher, C. (2014) “The determinants of health expenditures in Tunisia: An ARDL bounds testing approach”, International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS), 6(4), 60-72.
• Chaabouni, S., ve Saidi, K. (2017) “The dynamic links between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, health spending and GDP growth: A case study for 51 countries”, Environmental Research, 158, 137-144.
• Cullis, J.G. ve West, P.A. (1979) “The economics of health: An introduction”, (Martin Robertson, Oxford).
• Culyer, A.J. (1990) “Cost containment in Europe, in: OECD, 1990”, Health care systems in transition (OECD, Paris), 29-40.
• Devlin, N., ve Hansen, P. (2001) “Health care spending and economic output: Granger causality”, Applied Economics Letters, 8(8), 561-564.
• Ecevit, E., Çetin, M., ve Yücel, A. G. (2018) “Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Bir Panel Veri Analizi”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 10(19), 318-334.
• Elmi, Z. M., ve Sadeghi, S. (2012) “Health care expenditures and economic growth in developing countries: panel co-integration and causality”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(1), 88-91.
• Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C.W.J. (1987) “Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
• Gerdtham, U. G., ve Jönsson, B. (1991a) “Price and quantity in international comparisons of health care expenditure”, Applied economics, 23(9), 1519-1528.
• Gerdtham, U. G., ve Jönsson, B. (1991b) “Conversion factor instability in international comparisons of health care expenditure”, Journal of health economics, 10(2), 227-234.
• Ghorashi, N., ve Rad, A. A. (2017) “CO2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth in iran: application of dynamic simultaneous equation models”, Growth, 9(11).
• Ghosh, S. (2010) “Examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for India: a multivariate cointegration approach”, Energy Policy 38, 2613–3130.
• Gövdeli, T. (2019) “Health expenditure, economic growth, and CO2 emissons: evidence from the OECD countries”, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (31), 488-516.
• Halicioglu, F. (2009) “An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
• Hitiris, T. ve Posnett, J. (1992) “The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries”, Journal of Health Economics 11, 173-181.
• Kapetanios, G. (2005) “Unit‐root testing against the alternative hypothesis of up to m structural breaks”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 26(1), 123-133.
• Keyifli, N., ve Recepoğlu, M. (2020) “Sağlık Harcamaları, Co2 Emisyonu, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testinden Kanıtlar”, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(20), 285-305.
• Kleiman, E. (1974) “The determinants of national outlay on health”, in: M. Perlman, ed., The economics of health and medical care (Macmillan, London), 66-81.
• Kolçak, M., ve Kalabak, A. Y. (2017) “Kısa Dönemde Sosyal Harcamalar ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki, 29/28 OECD Ülkesi için Panel Veri Analizi (1998-2012)”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 1-19.
• Konat, G. (2021) “Sağlık Harcaması ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 16(61), 348-360.
• Leu, R.R. (1986) “The public-private mix and international health care cost”, in: A.J. Culyer and B. Jonssi~n, eds., Public and private health services: Comptementarities and conflicts (Basil Blackwell, Oxford).
• Maki, D. (2012) “Tests For Cointegration Allowing For an Unknown Number of Breaks”, Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
• Mehrara, M., Sharzei, G., ve Mohaghegh, M. (2011) “The relationship between health expenditure and environmental quality in developing countries”, J. Health Adm, 14(46), 79-88.
• Menyah, K., ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010) “Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and economic growth in South Africa”, Energy economics, 32(6), 1374-1382.
• Mikayilov, J. I., Galeotti, M., ve Hasanov, F. J. (2018) “The impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 1558-1572.
• Milne, R., ve Molana, H. (1991) “On the effect of income and relative price on demand for health care: EC evidence”, Applied Economics, 23(7), 1221-1226.
• Musah, M., Kong, Y., Mensah, I. A., Antwi, S. K., Osei, A. A. ve Donkor, M. (2021) “Modelling the connection between energy consumption and carbon emissions in North Africa: Evidence from panel models robust to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-15.
• Narayan, P. K., ve Narayan, S. (2008) “Does environmental quality influence health expenditures? Empirical evidence from a panel of selected OECD countries”, Ecological Economics, 65(2), 367-374.
• Nazlioglu, S., Gormus, N. A., ve Soytas, U. (2016) “Oil prices and real estate investment trusts (REITs): Gradual-shift causality and volatility transmission analysis”, Energy Economics, 60, 168-175.
• Newhouse, J.P. (1977) “Medical care expenditure: A cross-national survey”, Journal of Human Resources 12, 115-125.
• Newhouse, J.P. (1987) “Cross-national differences in health spending: What do they mean?”, Journal of Health Economics 6, 159-162.
• OECD, (2016) “The economic consequences of outdoor air pollution”, https://www.oecd.org/environment/air-pollution-to-cause-6-9-million-premature-deaths-and-cost-1-gdp-by-2060.htm.
• Oni, L. B. (2014) “Analysis of the growth impact of health expenditure in Nigeria”, IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(1), 77-84.
• Parkin, D., McGuire A. ve Yule, B. (1987) “Aggregate health care expenditures and national incomes: Is health care a luxury good?”, Journal of Health Economics 6, 109-127.
• Polat, M. A., ve Ergun, S. (2018) “Yapısal Kırılma Altında Türkiye'de Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonu ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(3), 481-498.
• Qureshi, M. I., Khan, N. U., Rasli, A. M., ve Zaman, K. (2015) “The battle of health with environmental evils of Asian countries: promises to keep”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(15), 11708-11715.
• Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J., ve Mohd, S. (2012) “Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: a cointegration analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve”, Energy Policy, 51, 184-191.
• Sancar C., ve Polat M. A. (2021) “CO2 Emisyonları, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi: Türkiye ve Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri İçin Ampirik Bir Uygulama”, MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 236-252.
• Sarısoy, S., ve Yıldız, F. (2013) “Karbondioksit (CO2) emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için panel veri analizi”, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2013(1), 1-19.
• Soytas, U., ve Sari, R. (2009) “Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: challenges faced by an EU candidate member”, Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1667-1675.
• Stock, J. ve Watson, M. W. (1993) “A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems”, Econometrica, 61(4): 783-820.
• Şahin, D., ve Durmuş, S. (2019) “OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerine Etkisinin Analizi”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 56(647), 185-201.
• Şen, H., Kaya, A. ve Alpaslan, B., (2015) “Education, health, and economic growth nexus: a bootstrap panel granger causality analysis for developing countries”, Economics Discussion Paper Series EDP-1502.
• Toda, H. Y., ve Yamamoto, T. (1995) “Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes”, Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
• Wang, Z., Asghar, M. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., ve Wang, B. (2019) “Dynamic linkages among CO 2 emissions, health expenditures, and economic growth: empirical evidence from Pakistan”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15285-15299.
• WHO, (2018). “9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action”, https://www.who.int/news/item/02-05-2018-9-out-of-10-people-worldwide-breathe-polluted-air-but-more-countries-are-taking-action.
• Yamaguchi, M. (2014) “Health expenditure and economic growth”, SMDM Asia-Pacific Conference, SMDM, Singapore.
• Yılancı, V. (2019) “A Residual-Based Cointegration test with a Fourier Approximation”, MPRA papers.
• Zaidi, S., ve Saidi, K. (2018) “Environmental pollution, health expenditure and economic growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries: Panel ARDL approach”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.
• Zheng, X., Yu, Y., Zhang, L. ve Zhang, Y., (2010) “Does pollution drive up public health expenditure? A Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Analysis”, Journal of Economics Literature, Available at 〈http://www.hanqing.ruc.edu.cn/admin/uploadfile/201005/20100520103320946pdf〉.