Review on Trypanosomiasis and their prevalence in ruminants

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 12 - 31, 13.04.2022

Muhammad Tariq , Muhammad Sohaib Khan , Muhammad Mubashir , Muhammad Safdar , Mehmet Özaslan , Zahid Farooq , Muhammad Arif Rizwan , Muhammad Kaleem , Qudrat Ullahd , Faisal Siddique , Yasmeen Junejo

Öz

Trypanosoma is a protozoan infection that has the potential to harm both humans and animals in practically every corner of the world. Cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats, including members of the family Camelidae, are among the ruminants that may be infected with the pathogen. The economic impact of this condition in various countries throughout the world was evaluated in this review research, which ran from 2018 to 2022. Iran, Syria, Iraq, Eastern Thailand, Nicaragua, Central Africa, Nigeria, Uganda, Indonesia, Philippines, Ecuador, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia were among the countries where the disease was studied in depth. In Pakistan, it is dire need to investigate it in wide range. In addition to the differences in diagnostic procedures, including blood smears, buffy coat smears, giemsa stained, serological testing, hematocrit centrifugation, and molecular analysis, PCR are used in these countries, the prevalence of trypanosoma is also different in each of these countries. In the United States, the prevalence of trypanosoma is the same as it is in other countries. In the current research, an investigation on the distribution and prevalence of trypanosoma infection in various countries was carried out using information from previously published research. The published literature from 2000 to 2022 was gathered using Google Scholar and PubMed. A total of 16 papers were published between 2018 and 2022 that looked at the frequency and distribution of trypnosoma infection around the world. According to published data, camel trypanosomiasis is more common in Saudi Arabia than in other countries, and PCR is used to diagnose the disease in approximately 85 percent of clinical and non-clinical cases. As a result, accurate diagnostic tests should be used to initiate or maintain quick medication or management of the condition, since failure to do so in the early stages may result in high mortality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trypanosomiasis, ruminants, Review

Kaynakça

• Abbasi, I.H.R., Sahito, H.A., Sanjrani, M.I., Abbasi, F., Memon, M.A., Menghwar, D.R., Kaka, N.A., Shah, M.N. & Meena, M. (2014). A disease complex pathogen "Trypanosome congolense" transmitted by the tsetse fly in donkeys. Herald Journal of Agriculture & Food Science Research 3: 044-048.
• Adeyemi, O. S., Molefe, N. I., Awakan, O. J., Nwonuma, C. O., Alejolowo, O. O., Olaolu, T., . . . Kato, K. (2018). Metal nanoparticles restrict the growth of protozoan parasites: artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, 46(sup3), S86-S94.
• Ahmad, S., Butt, A., Muhammad, G., Athar, M., & Khan, M. (2004). Haematobiochemical studies on the haemoparasitized camels. Int. J. Agric. Biol, 6(2), 331-334.
• Aksoy, S. (2003). Control of tsetse flies and trypanosomes using molecular genetics. Veterinary parasitology, 115(2), 125-145.
• Al-Abedi, G. J., Sray, A. H., Hussein, A. J., & Gharban, H. A.(2018). Molecular Detection and Blood Profiles Evaluation of Naturally Infected Camels with Subclinical Trypanosoma evansi, Iraq.
• Algehani, A., Jaber, F., Khan, A., & Alsulami, M. (2021). Review on Trypanosomiasis and its prevalence in some countries on the Red Sea. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83.
• Al-Otaibi, M. S., Al-Quraishy, S., Al-Malki, E. S., & Abdel-Baki, A.-A. S. (2019). Therapeutic potential of the methanolic extract of Lepidium sativum seeds on mice infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Saudi Journal of biological sciences, 26(7), 1473-1477.
• Amin, Y. A., Noseer, E. A., Fouad, S. S., Ali, R. A., & Mahmoud, H. Y. (2020). Changes of reproductive indices of the testis due to Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius): Semen picture, hormonal profile, histopathology, oxidative parameters, and hematobiochemical profile. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 7(3), 537.
• Aoshiba, K., Nakajima, Y., Yasui, S., Tamaoki, J., & Nagai, A. (1999). Red blood cells inhibit the apoptosis of human neutrophils. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 93(11), 4006-4010.
• Aregawi, W. G., Agga, G. E., Abdi, R. D., & Büscher, P. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi. Parasites & Vectors, 12(1), 1-25.
• Asghari, M. M., & Rassouli, M. (2022). First identification of Trypanosoma vivax among camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Yazd, central Iran, jointly with Trypanosoma evansi. Parasitology International, 86, 102450.
• Bahrami, S., Alborzi, A. R., Esfahsalari, S. R., & Ziafati, Z. (2021). Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) from Iran. Veterinarski arhiv, 91(3), 297-305.
• Bal, M. S., Singla, L., Kumar, H., Vasudev, A., Gupta, K., & Juyal, P. (2012). Pathological studies on experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in Swiss albino mice. Journal of parasitic diseases, 36(2), 260-264.
• Baldissera, M. D., Souza, C. F., Grando, T. H., Dolci, G. S., Cossetin, L. F., Moreira, K. L., . . . DE CAMPOS, M. M. (2017). Nerolidol-loaded nanospheres prevent hepatic oxidative stress of mice infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Parasitology, 144(2), 148-157.
• Barghash, S. M., Abou El-Naga, T. R., El-Sherbeny, E. A., & Darwish, A. M. (2014). Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in Maghrabi camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern-West Coast, Egypt using molecular and parasitological methods. Acta Parasitol Glob, 5, 125-132.
• Barrett, M. P., Burchmore, R. J., Stich, A., Lazzari, J. O., Frasch, A. C., Cazzulo, J. J., & Krishna, S. (2003). The trypanosomiases. The Lancet, 362(9394), 1469-1480.
• Barrett, M. P., Coombs, G. H., & Mottram, J. C. (2004). 24 Future Prospects in Chemotherapy for Trypanosomiasis. The Trypanosomiases, 445.
• Behour, T. S., Aboelhadid, S. M., & Mousa, W. M. (2015). Diagnosis and Follow up of Trypanosoma evansi infection by conventional and Real-time PCR assays. Egyptian Veterinary Medical Society of Parasitology Journal (EVMSPJ), 11(1), 13-23.
• Biéler, S., Matovu, E., Mitashi, P., Ssewannyana, E., Shamamba, S. K. B., Bessell, P. R., & Ndung'u, J. M. (2012). Improved detection of Trypanosoma brucei by lysis of red blood cells, concentration, and LED fluorescence microscopy. Acta Tropica, 121(2), 135-140.
• Bonilla, J. L., Oliveira, J. B., Flores, B., Jirón, W., & Sheleby-Elías, J. (2021). First report of Trypanosoma vivax infection in sheep from Nicaragua. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 100602.
• Brun, R., Blum, J., Chappuis, F., & Burri, C. (2010). Human african trypanosomiasis. The Lancet, 375(9709), 148-159.
• Burri, C., & Brun, R. (2003). Eflornithine for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Parasitology research, 90(1), S49-S52.
• Cecchi, G., Paone, M., Feldmann, U., Vreysen, M. J., Diall, O., & Mattioli, R. C. (2014). Assembling a geospatial database of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis for Africa. Parasites & Vectors, 7(1), 1-10.
• Cecchi, G., Paone, M., Herrero, R. A., Vreysen, M. J., & Mattioli, R. C. (2015). Developing a continental atlas of the distribution and trypanosomal infection of tsetse flies (Glossina species). Parasites & Vectors, 8(1), 1-10.
• Chaudhary, Z., & Iqbal, J. (2000). Incidence, biochemical and hematological alterations induced by natural trypanosomosis in racing dromedary camels. Acta Tropica, 77(2), 209-213.
• Chávez‐Larrea, M. A., Medina‐Pozo, M. L., Cholota‐Iza, C. E., Jumbo‐Moreira, J. R., Saegerman, C., Proaño‐Pérez, F., ... & Reyna‐Bello, A. (2021). First report and molecular identification of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax outbreak in cattle population from Ecuador. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(4), 2422-2428.
• Constable, P. D., Hinchcliff, K. W., Done, S. H., & Grünberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 11th edition, Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Constantine, C., Thompson, R., Njiru, Z., Kinyua, J., Guya, S., Kiragu, J., . . . Davila, A. (2007). The use of ITS1 rDNA PCR in detecting pathogenic African Trypanosomes.
• Dagnachew, S., Bezie, M., Terefe, G., Abebe, G., Barry, J. D., & Goddeeris, B. M. (2015). Comparative clinical-hematological analysis in young Zebu cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax isolates from tsetse infested and non-tsetse infested areas of Northwest Ethiopia. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 57(1), 1-9.
• Dargantes, A., Campbell, R., Copeman, D., & Reid, S. (2005). Experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in the goat. II. Pathology. Journal of comparative pathology, 133(4), 267-276.
• De Gier, J., Cecchi, G., Paone, M., Dede, P., & Zhao, W. (2020). The continental atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis in Nigeria. Acta tropica, 204, 105328.
• Desquesnes, M., Holzmuller, P., Lai, D.-H., Dargantes, A., Lun, Z.-R., & Jittaplapong, S. (2013). Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BioMed research international, 2013.
• Dia, M., Diop, C., Aminetou, M., Jacquiet, P., & Thiam, A. (1997). Some factors affecting the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in Mauritania. Veterinary Parasitology, 72(2), 111-120.
• Do Carmo, G. M., Baldissera, M. D., Vaucher, R. A., Rech, V. C., Oliveira, C. B., Sagrillo, M. R., . . . França, R. T. (2015). The treatment with Achyrocline satureioides (free and nanocapsules essential oil) and diminazene aceturate on hematological and biochemical parameters in rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Experimental parasitology, 149, 39-46.
• Elata, A., Galon, E. M., Moumouni, P. F. A., Ybanez, R. H. D., Mossaad, E., Salces, C. B., ... & Suganuma, K. (2020). First molecular detection and identification of Trypanosoma evansi in goats from Cebu, the Philippines, using a PCR-based assay. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 21, 100414.
• Elhaig, M. M., Youssef, A. I., & El-Gayar, A. K. (2013). Molecular and parasitological detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in Ismailia, Egypt. Veterinary parasitology, 198(1-2), 214-218.