Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Role of Pediatric Nurse

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2, 122 - 127, 15.06.2020

Semra Söngüt , Selen Özakar Akça

https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.420765

Öz

Attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a health problem that begins in
childhood and treated as a common psychiatric problem among
children/adolescents. ADHD is a common health problem; however, there has been
no definite consensus on its frequency and prevalence because of the different
methods and diagnostic criteria used in its assessment. When we look at the
studies conducted across the world, prevalence rates among school children are
observed to vary from as low as 0.2%- 0.4% to as high as 23.4%-27%. The incidence
of ADHD in Turkey is 5% and four times more common in boys than girls. Pediatric
nurses play a key role in identifying the children/ adolescents with ADHD and
in the continuity of the support to be given to. As a result, pediatric nurses
should arrange trainings for early diagnosis and treatment of
children/adolescents with ADHD in schools, arrange screening work for ADHD, and
provide expert advice to the child, their family, teachers and social
environment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, nurse, pediatry, symptom

Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ve Padiatri Hemşiresinin Rolü

Öz

Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), çocuklukta başlayan bir sağlık sorunudur ve çocuk/ergenlerde ortak bir psikiyatrik problem olarak ele alınmaktadır. DEHB, sık görülen bir sağlık sorunu olmasına rağmen, kullanılan farklı yöntem ve tanı koyma ölçütleri nedeni ile sıklık ve yaygınlık konusunda kesin bir görüş birliği sağlanamamıştır. Dünyada yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde; okul çağı çocuklarında %0,2-%0,4 gibi çok düşük değerlerden %23,4-%27 gibi daha yüksek değerler arasında oldukça farklı prevalans oranları görülmektedir. DEHB’nin Türkiye’deki insidansı ise %5 olup, erkeklerde kızlara göre dört kat daha fazladır. DEHB’li çocuk/ergenleri erken dönemde belirleyerek onlara verilecek desteğin sürekliliğinde pediatri hemşireleri anahtar kişi rolündedir. Sonuç olarak pediatri hemşireleri, DEHB’li çocukların erken dönemde tanılanabilmesi ve tedaviye yönlendirilmesi için okullarda eğitimler düzenlemeli, bu konuya yönelik tarama çalışmaları yapmalı, çocuğun, ailesinin, öğretmenin ve sosyal çevresine danışmanlık sağlamalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu, hemşire, pediatri, semptom

Kaynakça

• Froehlich TE, Anixt JS, Loe IM, Chirdkiatgumchai V, Kuan L, Gilman RC. Update on environmental risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports 2011;13; doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0221-3.
• Aktepe E, Demirci K, Calıskan AM, Sonmez Y. Symptoms and diagnoses of patients referring to a child and adolescent psychiatry polyclinic. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2010;23; doi:10.5350/DAJPN2010230204.
• Lauth GW. ADHS in der Schule. Folienzum Übungs programmfür Lehrer. Weinheim: Beltz. Available from http://www.beltz.de/fileadmin/beltz/kostenlosedownloads/9783621281690.pdf, accessed 19.11.2017.
• Nathrath D, Wölfl E. Erfolgreicher schulanfang mit ADHS-Kindern: Theorie und praxis fur den unterricht in der grundschule. Neuried: Bakım-Line. 2006; ISBN-10:3937252991.
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. (DSM -5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
• Rodriguez A. Impact of prenatal risk factors in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders: Potential for gene environment interactions, genesand environment. Psychiatry 2008;7; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2008.10.004.
• Es E, Bilac Ö, Ozaslan UT, Ardic AU. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Turkish children: The Effects of impairment and sociodemographic correlates. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2016; 47; doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0541-3.
• Polanczyk G, De Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The Worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and meta regression analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2007;164;doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942.
• Deniz E, Oztop DB, Mıstık S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Turkish Journal of Family Practice. 2008;12; doi:10.2399/tahd.08.207.
• Osman AM, Omer IM, Mohammed AA, Abdalla SE. The prevalence and factors affecting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among school children in Khartoum State. Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics 2015;15; PMICD PMC4958659.
• Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescent with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007;46; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724.
• Zare R, Jafari P, Ghanizadeh A. Do adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder quality-life (AAQoL) scale and the SF-36 scale measure the same construct of health-related quality of life? ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders 2017;9; doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0206-5.
• O'Brien JM, Christner JG, Biermann B, Felt BT, Van Harrison R, Kochhar PK, Streetnman D. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. University of Michigan health system: Guidelines for clinical care ambulatory. Available from http://www.med.umich.edu/1info/FHP/practiceguides/adhd/adhd.pdf, accessed 10.12.2016.
• Srignanasoundari E, Vijayalakshmi S, Kokilavani N. A study to assess the knowledge on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among primary school teachers at selected schools of kancheepuram district, Tamilnadu. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship 2016;8; doi:10.5958/0974-9357.2016.00126.4.
• Gentschel DA, Mc Laughlin TF. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a social disability: Characteristics and suggested methods oftreatment. Journal of Development and Physical Disabilities 2000;12; doi.org/10.1023/A:1009432130076.
• Danciu EL. Multidisciplinary approach of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between hope and reality. Procedia-Social Behavioral Sciences 2011;15; doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.224.
• Semiz UB, Basoglu C, Oner O, Munir K, Ates A, Algul A, et al. Effects of diagnostic comorbidity and dimensional symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in men with antisocial personality disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2008;42; doi:10.1080/00048670801961099.
• Ougrin D, Chatterton S, Banarsee R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Review for primary care clinicians. London Journal of Primary Care 2010;3; PMICD PMC3960698
• American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. text rev: DSM-IV-TR.
• Ercan ES, Kose S, Kutlu A, Akyol Ö, Durak S, Aydın C. Treatment duration is associated with functioning and prognosis in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2012;22; doi:10.5455/bcp.20120412021635.
• Singh A, Yeh CJ, Verma N, Das AK. Overview of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young children. Health Psychology Research 2015;3; doi:10.4081/hpr.2015.2115.
• Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, et al. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 2002;288; PMID1236595.
• Molina M, Pelham W. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of substance use disorder: Developmental Considerations, Potential Pathways, and Opportunities for Research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2014;10; doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153722.
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Attentiondeficit and hyperactivity disorder: National clinical practice guideline 72. The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2009; ISBN: 978-1-85433-471-8
• Kofler M, Rapport M, Bolden J, Sarver D, Raiker J, Alderson R. Working memory deficits and social problems in children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2011;39; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9492-8.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Available from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/index.html, accessed 19.11.2017.
• Ramtekkar UP, Reiersen AM, Todorov AA, Todd RD. Sex and age differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and diagnoses: Implications for DSM-V and ICD-11. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010;49; PMICD PMC3101894.
• Xia W, Shen L, Zhang J. Comorbid anxiety and depression in school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and self reported symptoms of ADHD, anxiety, and depression among parents of school-aged children with and without ADHD. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry 2015;27; doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215115.
• Herguner S, Herguner A. Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2012;49; doi:10.4274/npa.y6125.
• Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The european network adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10; doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-67.
• Biederman J, Monuteaux M, Spencer T, Wilens T, MacPherson H, &Faraone S. Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: A naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-upstudy. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2008;165; PMID18316421.
• Fabiano GA, Pelham Jr WE, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Tuscano AC, O'Connor BC. A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review 2009;29; doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001.
• Dang MT, Warrington D, Tung T, Baker D, Pan RJ. A school based approach to early identification and management of students with ADHD. The Journal of School Nursing 2007;23; doi:10.1177/10598405070230010201.
• Vlam SL. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Diagnostic assessment methods used by advanced practice registered nurses. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2006;32; PMID16572535
• Dolgun G, Savaser S, Yazgan Y. Determining the correlation between quality of life and self-concept in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2014;21; doi:10.1111/jpm.12114.
• Betz CL. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: nurses are important members of the team. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2006;21; doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2006.03.001.
• Lin M, Huang XY, Hung BJ. The experiences of primary care givers raising school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2009;18; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02604.x.