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Yöneticilere Yönelik Ilımlı Beceriler Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2 - AJELI - YIL 2023, SAYI 2, 325 - 341, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversitelerde görev yapan eğitim yöneticilerinin ılımlı becerilerini belirlemeye bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Yöneticilere Yönelik Ilımlı Beceriler Ölçeği için alan yazın incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve üniversitelerde farklı düzeylerde görev yapan katılımcılarla ılımlı beceriler kavramına yönelik yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler sonucunda yapılan tematik analizler doğrultusunda 94 maddelik bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Kapsam geçerliğini sağlamak üzere uzman görüşlerine başvurularak madde sayısı 75’e indirilmiştir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğine yönelik yapılan Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) çalışmalarına 300 öğretim elemanı katılmıştır. Verilerin AFA’ya uygunluğuna yönelik KMO değeri .983, Bartlett testi değeri 15184.46 olarak belirlenmiştir (Sd=630, p=0.000). Yapılan AFA sonucunda döndürülmüş faktör yük değerlerinin .70 ile .83 arasında değiştiği; ölçeğin toplam varyansının ise %78,1’ini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Maddelerin yer aldıkları faktörlerdeki yük değerlerinin .70 ve üzeri olması şartına uymayan 39 madde ham ölçekten çıkarılarak 36 maddeden oluşan son haline ulaşılmıştır. Ölçek maddeleri ‘kişisel’ ve ‘kişiler arası’ olmak üzere iki faktörde toplanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için 384 öğretim elemanından oluşan farklı bir örneklemden ulaşılan veriler analiz edilmiştir. DFA analizleri sonucunda uyum iyiliği indekslerinin (X²/Sd, NNFI, CFI, GFI, SRMR, RMSEA) iyi ve kabul edilebilir olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha katsayısı .99 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar ‘Yöneticilere Yönelik Ilımlı Beceriler Ölçeği’nden elde edilecek verilerin istatistiksel olarak güvenilir ve geçerli olacağını göstermiştir.

References

  • Ariratana, W., Sirisookslip, S. & Ngang, T. K. (2015). Development of leadership soft skills among educational administrators. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 331–336.
  • Association of MBAs. (AMBAs) (2012). MBA Accreditation Criteria and MBM Accreditation Criteria. http://www.mbaworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=199&Itemid=331ASQ Higher Education Brief April, 5, 2.
  • Ateş-Çobanoğlu, A. (2013). Eğitsel websitelerini değerlendirmeye yönelik bir ölçek önerisi. Eğitim Teknolojileri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1).
  • Aydın, M. (2007). Eğitim yönetimi. Hatiboğlu Yayıncılık.
  • Baykul, Y. (2000). Eğitimde ve psikolojide ölçme: Klasik test teorisi ve uygulaması. ÖSYM Yayınları. Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456.
  • Chachama, T. (2012). A study of school administrators’ management skill based on teachers’ viewpoint, under primary schools. [Master of Education Thesis in Educational Administration]. Kasetsat University.
  • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Arteche, A., Bremner, A. J., Greven, C. & Furnham, A. (2010). Soft skills in higher education: importance and improvement ratings as a function of individual differences and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 30(2), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410903560278
  • Cinque, M. (2015). Comparative analysis on the state of the art of Soft Skill identification and training in Europe and some Third Countries. Speech at “Soft Skills and their role in employability–New perspectives in teaching, assessment and certification”, workshop in Bertinoro, FC, Italy.
  • Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
  • Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Crosbie, R. (2005). Learning the soft skills of leadership. Industrial and Commercial Training, 37(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850510576484
  • Çetin, Y. (2023). ARCS Öğretim Tasarımı modelinin ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin biyoloji dersi başarısı, motivasyonu, öğrenme çevikliği ve eleştirel düşünme engelleri üzerine etkisi. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi] Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal Bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (6. Baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Darity, W. A. (ed.) (2008). Soft skills. International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. Macmillan Reference.
  • Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: getting the most from your panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194-97.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd edition). SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Fraenkel, J.R. & Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGaw-Hill International Edition.
  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.
  • Gutman, L. M., & Schoon, I. (2013). The impact of non-cognitive skills on outcomes for young people: Literature review. University of London, Institute of Education.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10705519909540118
  • Iyengar, R. V. (2013). Mike Brearley: leadership as a soft skill. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 7(3), 31-40. Jardim, J., Pereira, A., Vagos, P., Direito, I. & Galinha, S. (2022). The Soft Skills Inventory: Developmental procedures and psychometric analysis. Psychological Reports, 125(1), 620-68.
  • Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. (1978). Örgütlerin toplumsal psikolojisi (Çev. H. Can). TODAİE Yayınları. Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (24. Baskı). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kingsley, B. (2015). Self Awareness and Emotional Intelligence. Speech at “Soft Skills and their role in employability – New perspectives in teaching, assessment and certification”, workshop in Bertinoro, FC, Italy.
  • Kokoç, M. ve Ersöz, S. (2020). T-shaped engineer: horizontal component comprising of soft skills. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 31(2), 180-197.
  • Malone, M. (2013). The relationship of the principal’s soft skills to school climate [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas at San Antonio].
  • Merenda, P. F. (1997). A guide to the proper use of factor analysis in the conduct and reporting of study: Pitfalls to avoid. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30(3), 156–164.
  • Muzio, E., Fisher, D. J., Thomas, E. R. & Peters, V. (2007). Soft Skills Quantification (SSQ) for project manager competencies. Project Management Journal, 38(2), 30-38.
  • National Soft Skills Association (2019). Welcome to the National Soft Skills Association. https://www.nationalsoftskills.org/
  • Öngöz, S. (2011). Elektronik ders kitabı değerlendirme formunun geliştirilmesi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 11th International Educational Technology Conference, IETC-May 25-27, 2011 Istanbul, Turkey, Proceedings Book (Volume II), s.1481-1485.
  • Perreault, H. (2004). Business educators can take a leadership role in character education. Business Education Forum, 59(1), 23-24.
  • Rao, M. S. (2013). Smart leadership blends hard and soft skills:…and emphasizes the importance of continuous learning. Resource Management International Digest, 21(4), 38-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/HRMID-04-2013-0023.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Skillsgenix (2019). Soft skills. https://www.skillsgenix.com/what-are-soft-skills-and-why-are-soft-skills-important-for-students-businesses-and-workplaces.
  • Smith, T. (2011). Top 10 soft skills to master in 2011. http://www.littlethingsmatter.com/blog/2010/12 /21/top-10-soft skills-to-master-in-2011
  • Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? SAS Institute.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3, 49-74.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekinoks Yayınevi. Tang, K. N., Ariratana, W. & Treputharan, S. (2013). Perceived leadership soft skills and trustworthiness of deans in three Malaysian public universities. Educ Res Policy Prac, 12, 211-224. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10671-013-9142-8.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. (2008). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. Wheeler, R. (2016). Soft skills - the importance of cultivating emotional intelligence. 20 AALL Spectrum, 28-31. https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/facultyscholarship/130
  • Yavuz, Y. (2010). Okul yönetimi-Türkiye eğitim sistemi. Dinozor Kitabevi.
  • Yılmaz, B. (2023). İstihdam Edilebilirlikte Soft Becerilerin Önemi: Antalya Örneği [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Akdeniz Üniversitesi.

Soft Skills Scale for Administrators: A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2 - AJELI - YIL 2023, SAYI 2, 325 - 341, 31.12.2023

Abstract

The aim of this research is to develop a scale to determine the soft skills of educational administrators working at universities. Regarding the ‘Soft Skills Scale for Administrators’, literature reviews and semi-structured interviews were carried out with the participants working at different levels at universities on the concept of soft skills. An item pool of 94 items was designed based upon the thematic analyses made as a result of the interviews. The number of items was reduced to 75 in line with expert opinions to ensure content validity. 300 instructors participated in Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) studies to find out the construct validity of the scale. The KMO value for the compliance of the data with EFA was determined as .983 and the Bartlett test value was 15184.46 (Sd=630, p=0.000). In the light of the EFA, it was seen that the rotated factor loading values ranged between .70 and .83 and explained 78.1% of the total variance of the scale. 39 items that did not comply with the condition that the load values in the factors in which the items were included should be .70 and above were eliminated from the raw scale. The final form consisted of 36 items. The scale items were collected under two factors as 'personal' and 'interpersonal'. For the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), data which were collected from a different sample of 384 instructors were analyzed. As a result of CFA analysis, goodness-of-fit indices (X²/Sd, NNFI, CFI, GFI, SRMR, RMSEA) were found to be good and acceptable. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was determined as .99. The results showed that the data to be obtained from the ‘Soft Skills Scale for Administrators’ were statistically reliable and valid.

References

  • Ariratana, W., Sirisookslip, S. & Ngang, T. K. (2015). Development of leadership soft skills among educational administrators. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 331–336.
  • Association of MBAs. (AMBAs) (2012). MBA Accreditation Criteria and MBM Accreditation Criteria. http://www.mbaworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=199&Itemid=331ASQ Higher Education Brief April, 5, 2.
  • Ateş-Çobanoğlu, A. (2013). Eğitsel websitelerini değerlendirmeye yönelik bir ölçek önerisi. Eğitim Teknolojileri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1).
  • Aydın, M. (2007). Eğitim yönetimi. Hatiboğlu Yayıncılık.
  • Baykul, Y. (2000). Eğitimde ve psikolojide ölçme: Klasik test teorisi ve uygulaması. ÖSYM Yayınları. Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456.
  • Chachama, T. (2012). A study of school administrators’ management skill based on teachers’ viewpoint, under primary schools. [Master of Education Thesis in Educational Administration]. Kasetsat University.
  • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Arteche, A., Bremner, A. J., Greven, C. & Furnham, A. (2010). Soft skills in higher education: importance and improvement ratings as a function of individual differences and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 30(2), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410903560278
  • Cinque, M. (2015). Comparative analysis on the state of the art of Soft Skill identification and training in Europe and some Third Countries. Speech at “Soft Skills and their role in employability–New perspectives in teaching, assessment and certification”, workshop in Bertinoro, FC, Italy.
  • Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
  • Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Crosbie, R. (2005). Learning the soft skills of leadership. Industrial and Commercial Training, 37(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850510576484
  • Çetin, Y. (2023). ARCS Öğretim Tasarımı modelinin ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin biyoloji dersi başarısı, motivasyonu, öğrenme çevikliği ve eleştirel düşünme engelleri üzerine etkisi. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi] Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal Bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (6. Baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Darity, W. A. (ed.) (2008). Soft skills. International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. Macmillan Reference.
  • Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: getting the most from your panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194-97.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd edition). SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Fraenkel, J.R. & Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGaw-Hill International Edition.
  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.
  • Gutman, L. M., & Schoon, I. (2013). The impact of non-cognitive skills on outcomes for young people: Literature review. University of London, Institute of Education.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10705519909540118
  • Iyengar, R. V. (2013). Mike Brearley: leadership as a soft skill. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 7(3), 31-40. Jardim, J., Pereira, A., Vagos, P., Direito, I. & Galinha, S. (2022). The Soft Skills Inventory: Developmental procedures and psychometric analysis. Psychological Reports, 125(1), 620-68.
  • Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. (1978). Örgütlerin toplumsal psikolojisi (Çev. H. Can). TODAİE Yayınları. Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (24. Baskı). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kingsley, B. (2015). Self Awareness and Emotional Intelligence. Speech at “Soft Skills and their role in employability – New perspectives in teaching, assessment and certification”, workshop in Bertinoro, FC, Italy.
  • Kokoç, M. ve Ersöz, S. (2020). T-shaped engineer: horizontal component comprising of soft skills. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 31(2), 180-197.
  • Malone, M. (2013). The relationship of the principal’s soft skills to school climate [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas at San Antonio].
  • Merenda, P. F. (1997). A guide to the proper use of factor analysis in the conduct and reporting of study: Pitfalls to avoid. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30(3), 156–164.
  • Muzio, E., Fisher, D. J., Thomas, E. R. & Peters, V. (2007). Soft Skills Quantification (SSQ) for project manager competencies. Project Management Journal, 38(2), 30-38.
  • National Soft Skills Association (2019). Welcome to the National Soft Skills Association. https://www.nationalsoftskills.org/
  • Öngöz, S. (2011). Elektronik ders kitabı değerlendirme formunun geliştirilmesi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 11th International Educational Technology Conference, IETC-May 25-27, 2011 Istanbul, Turkey, Proceedings Book (Volume II), s.1481-1485.
  • Perreault, H. (2004). Business educators can take a leadership role in character education. Business Education Forum, 59(1), 23-24.
  • Rao, M. S. (2013). Smart leadership blends hard and soft skills:…and emphasizes the importance of continuous learning. Resource Management International Digest, 21(4), 38-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/HRMID-04-2013-0023.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Skillsgenix (2019). Soft skills. https://www.skillsgenix.com/what-are-soft-skills-and-why-are-soft-skills-important-for-students-businesses-and-workplaces.
  • Smith, T. (2011). Top 10 soft skills to master in 2011. http://www.littlethingsmatter.com/blog/2010/12 /21/top-10-soft skills-to-master-in-2011
  • Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? SAS Institute.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3, 49-74.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekinoks Yayınevi. Tang, K. N., Ariratana, W. & Treputharan, S. (2013). Perceived leadership soft skills and trustworthiness of deans in three Malaysian public universities. Educ Res Policy Prac, 12, 211-224. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10671-013-9142-8.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. (2008). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. Wheeler, R. (2016). Soft skills - the importance of cultivating emotional intelligence. 20 AALL Spectrum, 28-31. https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/facultyscholarship/130
  • Yavuz, Y. (2010). Okul yönetimi-Türkiye eğitim sistemi. Dinozor Kitabevi.
  • Yılmaz, B. (2023). İstihdam Edilebilirlikte Soft Becerilerin Önemi: Antalya Örneği [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Akdeniz Üniversitesi.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ezgi Çetin 0000-0002-6532-8192

Yaşar Yavuz 0000-0002-5113-360X

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date May 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 - AJELI - YIL 2023, SAYI 2

Cite

APA Çetin, E., & Yavuz, Y. (2023). Yöneticilere Yönelik Ilımlı Beceriler Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Eğitim Liderliği Ve Öğretim Dergisi, 11(2), 325-341.