Türkiye’nin insani gelişmişlik ve çevresel baskılar arasındaki ilişkilerinin kanonik korelasyon analizi: Sosyoekonomik ve ekolojik göstergelerin incelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 102 - 112

Tuğba Yılmaz

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin insani gelişmişlik endeksi (İGE) ile çevresel baskılar (karbondioksit emisyonları ve malzeme ayak izi) arasındaki ilişkileri kanonik korelasyon analizi yöntemi ile incelemektedir. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, ekonomik büyüme ve sosyal gelişim ile çevresel bozulmanın dengelenmesini hedeflemektedir. Ancak, bu iki alan arasındaki ilişkilerin karmaşıklığı, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sürdürülebilir kalkınma politikalarının başarısı için kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, 1990-2022 yılları arasında Türkiye'nin İGE verileri ile çevresel göstergeler arasındaki ilişkiler değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye'de ekonomik büyüme ile çevresel baskılar arasında güçlü bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle karbondioksit emisyonları ve malzeme ayak izi, ekonomik büyüme ile artış eğilimindedir. Çalışma, ekonomik büyümenin çevresel sürdürülebilirliği tehdit edebileceğini ortaya koymakta ve Türkiye'nin sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşabilmesi için çevre dostu politikaların hayata geçirilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Enerji verimliliği, çevre dostu teknolojilerin kullanımı ve çevresel farkındalık artırıcı stratejilerin geliştirilmesi, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanması açısından önemli öneriler arasında yer almaktadır.

Keywords

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, İnsani Gelişmişlik Endeksi, Çevresel Baskılar, Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi

Canonical correlation analysis of the relationship between human development and environmental pressures in Türkiye: An analysis of socioeconomic and ecological indicators

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between Türkiye’s human development index (HDI) and environmental pressures (carbon dioxide emissions and material footprint) using canonical correlation analysis. Sustainable development aims to balance economic growth and social development with environmental degradation. However, the complexity of the relationships between these two areas is critical for the success of sustainable development policies, especially in developing countries. In this study, the relationship between Türkiye’s HDI data and environmental indicators between 1990 and 2022 is analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, there is a strong relationship between economic growth and environmental pressures in Türkiye. In particular, carbon dioxide emissions and material footprints tend to increase with economic growth. The study reveals that economic growth may threaten environmental sustainability and emphasizes that environmentally friendly policies should be implemented for Türkiye to achieve its sustainable development goals. Energy efficiency, the use of environmentally friendly technologies and the development of strategies to raise environmental awareness are among the important recommendations in terms of ensuring sustainable development.

Keywords

Sustainable Development, Human Development Index, Environmental Pressures, Canonical Correlation Analysis

References

• Anand, S., & Sen, A. (1994). Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement. Human Development Report Office . içinde New York.
• Anderson, T. W. (2002). Canonical correlation analysis and reduced rank regression in autoregressive models. The Annals of Statistics, 30(4), 1134-1154.
• Benitez-Capistros, F., Hugé, J., & Koedam, N. (2014). Environmental impacts on the Galapagos Islands: Identification of interactions, perceptions and steps ahead. Ecological Indicators, 38, 113-123.
• Cruz-Cano, R., & Lee, M. T. (2014). Fast regularized canonical correlation analysis. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 70, 88-100.
• Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H., & Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of economic perspectives, 16(1), 147-168.
• Dos Santos, S. F., & Brandi, H. S. (2014). Dos Santos, S. F., & Brandi, H. S. (2014). A canonical correlation analysis of the relationship between sustainability and competitiveness. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 16, 1735-1746.
• Dotsenko, E. Y., Ezdina, N. P., Khasanova, A. S., & Khasanov, M. I. (2021). Evolution of Ideas about the Role of the Environmental Factor in socio-Economic Development. In E3S Web of Conferences EDP Sciences, Vol. 247, s. p. 01068.
• Gosselin, F., & Callois, J. M. (2018). Relationships between human activity and biodiversity in Europe at the national scale: Spatial density of human activity as a core driver of biodiversity erosion. Ecological Indicators, 90, 356-365.
• Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
• Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
• Hassan, S. T., Baloch, M. A., Mahmood, N., & Zhang, J. (2019). Linking economic growth and ecological footprint through human capital and biocapacity. Sustainable Cities and Society, 47, 101516.
• Herrero, C., Martínez, R., & Villar, A. (tarih yok). A newer human development index. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 13(2), 247-268.
• Klami, A., Virtanen, S., & Kaski, S. (2013). Bayesian Canonical Correlation Analysis. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 14(4).
• Klugman, J., Rodríguez, F., & Choi, H. J. (2011). The HDI 2010: new controversies, old critiques. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9, 249-288.
• Lai, S. L., & Chen, D. N. (2020). A research on the relationship between environmental sustainability management and human development. Sustainability, 12(21), 9001.
• Lind, N. (2004). Values reflected in the human development index. Social Indicators Research, 66(3), 283-293.
• Lind, N. (2019). A development of the human development index. Social Indicators Research, 146(3), 409-423.
• Lind, N. C. (1992). Some thoughts on the human development index. Social Indicators Research, 27, 89-101.
• Liu, W., Zhan, J., Zhai, Y., Zhao, F., Asiedu Kumi, M., Wang, C., . . . Wang, H. (2023). Linking ecosystem service supply and demand to evaluate the ecological security in the pearl river delta based on the pressure-state-response model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4062.
• Mally, K. V. (2007). Linking socio-economic development and environmental pressures. Dela, 27, 149-162.
• Nguefack-Tsague, G., Klasen, S., & Zucchini, W. (2011). On weighting the components of the human development index: a statistical justification. Journal of Human development and Capabilities, 12(2), 183-202.
• Nussbaum, M. (2000). Women and human development: The capabilities approach. Cambridge University Press.
• Panayotou, T. (1997). Demystifying the environmental Kuznets curve: turning a black box into a policy tool. Environment and development economics, 2(4), 465-484.
• Ramos, S. B., de Paula Silva, J., Bolela, C. A., & de Andrade, M. (2018). Prediction of human development from environmental indicators. Social Indicators Research, 138, 467-477.
• Ravallion, M. (2012). Troubling tradeoffs in the human development index. Journal of development economics, 99(2), 201-209.
• Sagar, A. D., & Najam, A. (1998). The human development index: a critical review. Ecological Economics, 25(3), 249-264.
• Saud, S., Chen, S., & Haseeb, A. (2020). The role of financial development and globalization in the environment: accounting ecological footprint indicators for selected one-belt-one-road initiative countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 250, 119518.
• Sen, A. (2014). Development as freedom (1999) (Cilt 525). Oxford University Press: The globalizat,on and development reader: Perspectives on development and global change.
• Sinha Babu, S., & Datta, S. K. (2015). Revisiting the link between socio-economic development and environmental status indicators—focus on panel data. Environment Development and Sustainability, 17, 567-586.
• Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World development, 32(8), 1419-1439.
• Yang, X., Liu, W., Liu, W., & Tao, D. (2019). A survey on canonical correlation analysis. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 33(6), 2349-2368.
• Yavuz, S., & Karabulut, T. (2016). Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi Metodu İle Birbirinin Devamı Olan Dersler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: İşletme Bölümü Örneği. Kafkas Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 18, 459-476.
• Yılmaz, T., & Sevuktekın, M. (2023). Bankaların Borsa Performans Oranı ve Likidite Oranının Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi ile İncelenmesi. UMAY Sanat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 86-100.
• Zambrano, E. (2014). An axiomatization of the human development index. Social Choice and Welfare, 42, 853-872.