Enerji yoksulluğunun sağlık, istihdam ve eğitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliği üzerindeki rolü: ASEAN ülkeleri örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 154 - 164

Emre Gökçeli

Abstract

Üretimde makinelerin artan kullanımı ve teknolojik ilerlemeler sayesinde yaşamı kolaylaştıran cihazların çoğalması ile enerji, hem üretim sektöründe hem de yaşam kalitesini artırmada hayati bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle enerjiye erişimi olmayan toplumlar, bu konuda önemli dezavantajlarla karşılaşmış ve enerji yoksunluğu akademik çalışmaların bir konusu haline gelmiştir. Benzer şekilde, yalnızca cinsiyete dayalı olarak bazı hakların veya fırsatların yoksunluğu, sosyal bilimler açısından başka bir önemli konu oluşturmaktadır. Bu iki önemli konu literatürde birçok çalışma ile geniş bir şekilde ele alınmış olsa da, bunlar arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen sadece birkaç çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, 1990-2021 yılları arasında beş ASEAN ülkesinde enerji yoksunluğunun eğitim, istihdam ve sağlık alanlarındaki cinsiyet eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkisini Dinamik Ordinary Least Squares-Mean Group (DOLS-MG) yöntemi ile analiz ederek bu boşluğu doldurmayı ve literatüre katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, enerji yoksunluğunun her üç alanda da cinsiyet eşitsizliğini şiddetlendirdiğine dair kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Ancak, enerji yoksunluğunun etkisi sağlık sektöründe en belirgin olup, onu istihdam ve eğitim izlemektedir. Sonuçlara dayanarak, çalışma bu kritik sorunları ele almak için birkaç politika önerisi sunmakta ve bu konuya yönelik gelecekteki araştırmalar için önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

Enerji yoksunluğu, Enerji Erişimi, Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği

The role of energy poverty in gender inequality across health, employment, and education: A case study of ASEAN countries

Abstract

With the increasing use of machinery in production and the proliferation of appliances that make life easier due to technological advancements, energy plays a crucial role in both the production sector and improving the quality of life. Therefore, societies without access to energy have faced significant disadvantages in this regard, making energy deprivation a subject of academic studies. Similarly, the deprivation of certain rights or opportunities solely based on gender constitutes another critical topic in social science. Although these two important issues have been extensively addressed in the literature through numerous studies, only a few works examine the relationship between them. In this context, this study aims to fill this gap and contribute to the literature by analyzing the effect of energy deprivation on gender inequality in the fields of education, employment, and health across five ASEAN countries from 1990 to 2021, using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares-Mean Group (DOLS-MG) method. The findings of the study provide evidence that energy deprivation exacerbates gender inequality in all three areas. However, the impact of energy deprivation is most pronounced in the health sector, followed by employment, and is least significant in education. Based on the results, the study offers several policy recommendations to address these critical issues and provides suggestions for future research on the topic.

Keywords

Energy Poverty, Access to electricity, Gender inequality

References

• Acheampong, A. O., Dzator, J., & Shahbaz, M. (2021). Empowering the powerless: does access to energy improve income inequality?. Energy Economics, 99, 105288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105288
• Aguayo-Tellez, E. (2012). The impact of trade liberalization policies and FDI on gender inequalities. World development report.
• Apergis, N., Polemis, M., & Soursou, S. E. (2022). Energy poverty and education: Fresh evidence from a panel of developing countries. Energy Economics, 106, 105430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105430
• Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., & Kao, C. (2012). A Lagrange Multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.04.004
• Baltagi, B.H., (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Jhon Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Third edition, England.
• Braunstein, E., Bouhia, R., & Seguino, S. (2020). Social reproduction, gender equality and economic growth. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 44(1), 129-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez032
• Butty, O. N., Seraj, M., & Özdeşer, H. (2024). Does energy poverty contribute to gender inequality and environmental degradation in Africa?. International Journal of Energy Sector Management. DOI 10.1108/IJESM-01-2024-0027
• Crentsil, A. O., Asuman, D., & Fenny, A. P. (2019). Assessing the determinants and drivers of multidimensional energy poverty in Ghana. Energy Policy, 133, 110884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110884Get rights and content
• Doğanalp, N., Ozsolak, B., & Aslan, A. (2021). The effects of energy poverty on economic growth: a panel data analysis for BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(36), 50167-50178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14185-x
• Dong, K., Dou, Y., & Jiang, Q. (2022). Income inequality, energy poverty, and energy efficiency: Who cause who and how?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179, 121622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121622
• Garba, I., & Bellingham, R. (2021). Energy poverty: Estimating the impact of solid cooking fuels on GDP per capita in developing countries-Case of sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, 221, 119770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119770
• González-Eguino, M. (2015). Energy poverty: An overview. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 47, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.013
• Igawa, M., & Managi, S. (2022). Energy poverty and income inequality: An economic analysis of 37 countries. Applied Energy, 306, 118076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118076
• Kaygusuz, K. (2011). Energy services and energy poverty for sustainable rural development. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(2), 936-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.003
• Nawaz, S. (2021). Energy poverty, climate shocks, and health deprivations. Energy Economics, 100, 105338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105338
• Nguyen, C. P., & Nasir, M. A. (2021). An inquiry into the nexus between energy poverty and income inequality in the light of global evidence. Energy Economics, 99, 105289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105289
• Nguyen, C. P., & Su, T. D. (2021). Does energy poverty matter for gender inequality? Global evidence. Energy for Sustainable Development, 64, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.07.003
• Njiru, C. W., & Letema, S. C. (2018). Energy poverty and its implication on standard of living in Kirinyaga, Kenya. Journal of Energy, 2018(1), 3196567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3196567
• Oum, S. (2019). Energy poverty in the Lao PDR and its impacts on education and health. Energy Policy, 132, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.030
• Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and statistics, 83(4), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers. Economics, 1240(1), 1.
• Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
• Pieters, J. (2018). Trade liberalization and gender inequality. IZA World of Labor.
• Pueyo, A., & Maestre, M. (2019). Linking energy access, gender and poverty: A review of the literature on productive uses of energy. Energy Research & Social Science, 53, 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.019
• Robinson, C. (2019). Energy poverty and gender in England: A spatial perspective. Geoforum, 104, 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.05.001
• Shahbaz, M., Destek, M. A., Okumus, I., & Sinha, A. (2019). An empirical note on comparison between resource abundance and resource dependence in resource abundant countries. Resources Policy, 60, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.12.002
• Song, Y., Gao, J., & Zhang, M. (2023). Study on the impact of energy poverty on income inequality at different stages of economic development: Evidence from 77 countries around the world. Energy, 282, 128816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128816
• Sovacool, B. K. (2013). Confronting energy poverty behind the bamboo curtain: A review of challenges and solutions for Myanmar (Burma). Energy for Sustainable Development, 17(4), 305-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.010
• Sule, I. K., Yusuf, A. M., & Salihu, M. K. (2022). Impact of energy poverty on education inequality and infant mortality in some selected African countries. Energy Nexus, 5, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100034
• Sy, S. A., & Mokaddem, L. (2022). Energy poverty in developing countries: A review of the concept and its measurements. Energy Research & Social Science, 89, 102562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102562
• Ullah, S., Khan, M., & Yoon, S. M. (2021). Measuring energy poverty and its impact on economic growth in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(19), 10969. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910969
• Wagner, M., & Hlouskova, J. (2009). The performance of panel cointegration methods: results from a large scale simulation study. Econometric Reviews, 29(2), 182-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930903382182
• Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of applied econometrics, 23(2), 193-233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967