TİLBAŞAR ORTA TUNÇ ÇAĞI MEZARI IŞIĞINDA PİŞMİŞ TOPRAK ÇIPLAK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ İLE İLGİLİ BAZI DÜŞÜNCELER

Year 2019, Issue: 45, 81 - 112, 18.11.2019

Elif Genc

Abstract

Gaziantep ilinin yaklaşık 32 km güneydoğusunda
yer alan Tilbaşar, Fırat Nehri’nin batı kollarından biri olan Sacır Suyu’nun
suladığı Oğuzeli (Tilbaşar) Ovası’na hâkim bir konumda bulunan önemli Tunç Çağı
kentlerinden biridir. 1994-2006 yılları arasında yürütülen yüzey araştırması ve
kazı çalışmalarından sonra duran kazılar, 2015 yılında, Sacır Suyu üzerine inşa
edilen Doğanpınar Barajı Projesi kapsamında tekrar başlatılmıştır. Tilbaşar’ın baraj
suyundan etkilenecek olan Güney Aşağı Şehrinde, 2017 yılında yapılan kurtarma kazıları
sırasında açığa çıkartılan Orta Tunç Çağı basit toprak mezarı, buluntuları
bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Mezar 10-11 yaşlarında bir çocuğa aittir. Çocuğun sağ
göğsü üstünde bir adet siyah perdahlı şişe, sağ kolu etrafında deniz kabuğundan
kolye taneleri, her iki omzu üstünde - ikisi sağlam, ikisi kırık - dört adet
tunç iğne, sol kulağının altında iki tunç küpe ve boynunda çeşitli boyut ve
şekillerde cam hamurundan boncuk tanelerinin arasında, bu çalışmanın konusunu
oluşturan üç adet pişmiş topraktan figürin bulunmuştur. Kolyenin bir parçası
olan figürinler yassı formlu, kolları yana açık ve ayakta duran çıplak kadınları
temsil eder. Bunlar, Leila Badre’nin “Klasik Orontes Tipi (MAI 2)” olarak
tanımladığı ve Nicolò Marchetti’nin Orta Tunç Çağı IIB ve Geç Tunç Çağı IA’ya
tarihlediği figürinlerdendir.

Kuzeybatı Suriye’de Orta Tunç Çağı’nın
ayırt edici buluntuları arasında yer alan pişmiş toprak çıplak kadın
figürinleri, kronolojik ve tipolojik gelişimi iyi tanımlanan söz konusu
bölgenin Eski Suriye Dönemi görsel sanatının önemli temsilcilerindendir. Bu
çalışma, Orta Tunç Çağı’nın pişmiş toprak çıplak kadın figürinlerinin ne
şekilde kullanıldığı ile ilgili yeni bir öneri getirmektedir. 

Keywords

Tilbaşar, Orta Tunç Çağı, Çıplak Kadın Figürini, Pişmiş Toprak, Eski Suriye Dönemi

References

• Alkım 1969 U. B. Alkım “The Amanus Region in Turkey: New Light on the Historical Geography and Archaeology”, Archaeology 22.4, 1969, 280-289.
• Ascalone 2011 E. Ascalone, “Area N”, içinde: F. Baffi (ed.), Tell Tuqan Excavations 2008-2010, Part I, Università di Lecce, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Collana del Dipartimento 18 (Lecce 2011) 23-59.
• Ascalone 2014 E. Ascalone, “The Long Life of the Dead. A Middle Bronze IB Necropolis at Tell Tuqan, Syria”, içinde: F. Baffi – R. Fiorentino – L. Peyronel (ed.), Tell Tuqan Excavations and Regional Perspectives, Cultural Developments in Inner Syria from the Early Bronze Age to the Persian/Hellenistic Period (Lecce 2014) 189-225.
• Badre 1980 L. Badre, Les Figurines Anthropomorphes en Terre Cuite a L’Age du Bronze en Syrie (Paris 1980).
• Badre ve diğ. 1994 L. Badre – É. Gubel – E. Capet – N. Panayot, “Tell Kazel (Syrie), Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les 4e-8e Campagnes de Fouilles (1988-1992)”, Syria 71. 3/4, 1994, 259-359.
• Bahrani 1996 Z. Bahrani, “The Hellenization of Ishtar: Nudity, Fetishism, and the Production of Cultural Differentiation in Ancient Art”, Oxford Art Journal 19.2, 1996, 3-16.
• Barrelet 1955 M. - T. Barrelet, “Les déesses armées et ailées”, Syria 32.3/4, 222-260.
• Barrois – Abel 1928 A. Barrois – M. Abel, “Fouilles de l'École Archéologique Française de Jérusalem. Effectuées a Neirab du 12 Septembre au 6 Novembre 1927”, Syria 9.4, 1928, 303-319.
• Buchanan 1981 B. Buchanan, Early Near Eastern Seals in the Yale Babylonian Collection, (London 1981).
• Buhl 1983 M. - L. Buhl, Sukas VII, The Near Eastern Pottery and Objects of Other Materials from the Upper Strata, Publications of the Carlsberg Expedition to Phoenicia 9 (Kobenhavn 1983).
• van Buren 1930 E. D. van Buren, Clay Figurines of Babylonia and Assyria, Yale Oriental Series, Researches XVI (London 1930).
• Burrows 1957 M. Burrows, What Mean These Stones? (New York 1957).
• Collon 1987 D. Collon, First Impressions, Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East (London).
• Dales 1960 G. F. Dales, Mesopotamian and Related Female Figurines: Their Chronology, Diffusion, and Cultural Function, University of Pennsylvania Ph.D (Philadelphia 1960).
• Dales 1963 G. F. Dales, “Necklaces, Bands and Belts on Mesopotamian Figurines”, RAssyr 57.1, 1963, 21-40.
• Dornemann 1977 R. H. Dornemann, “Tell Hadidi: A Millennium of Bronze Age City Occupation”, içinde: D. N. Freedman – J. M. Lundquist (ed.), Archeological Reports from the Tabqa Dam Project: Euphrates Valley, Syria, AASOR 44, 1977, 113-151.
• Dornemann 1989 R. H. Dornemann, “Comments on Small Finds and Items of Artistic Significance from Tell Hadidi and Nearby Sites in the Euphrates Valley, Syria”, içinde: A. Leonard – B. M. Williams (ed.), Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor (Chicago 1989) 59-75.
• Emre 1999 K. Emre, “Syrian Bottles from the Karum of Kanish”, BMECCJ XI, 1999, 39-50.
• Engin ve diğ. 2014 A. Engin – E. Özgen – O. Zengin Koşan – F. Ay Şafak – A. Bozkurt, “Oylum Höyük, 2013”, 36. KST 1, 2014, 235-254.
• Engin ve diğ. 2017 A. Engin – E. Özgen – O. Zengin-Koşan – F. Ay-Şafak – A. Bozkurt, “Oylum Höyük 2015”, 38. KST 1, 2017, 555-576.
• Erkanal 1993 A. Erkanal, Anadolu’da Bulunan Suriye Kökenlli Mühürler ve Mühür Baskıları/Die in Anatolien vorkommenden altsyrischen Siegel und Siegelabdrucke, TTKY VI-42 (Ankara 1993).
• Falsone – Sconzo 2012 G. Falsone – P. Sconzo, “Tell Shiyukh Tahtani, Syria. Report of the 2006-09 Seasons”, içinde: R. Matthews – J. Curtis (ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 3 (Wiesbaden 2012) 167-190.
• Frankfort ve diğ. 1940 H. Frankfort – S. Lloyd –T. Jacobsen, The Gimilsin Temple and the Palace of the Rulers at Tell Asmar, OIP XLIII (Chicago 1940).
• Fugmann 1958 E. Fugmann, Hama. Fouilles et recherches de la Fondation Carlsberg 1931-1938. II.1 L’architecture des périodes pré-hellénistiques, Nationalmuseets skrifyer 4 (Copenhague 1958).
• Gates 2000 M. - H. Gates, “Kinet Höyük (Hatay, Turkey) and MB Levantine Chronology”, Akkadica 119-120, 2000, 77-101.
• Genç 2018 E. Genç, “Doğanpınar Barajı Tilbaşar Höyük 2016 Yılı Kazısı” 39. KST 1, 2018, 159-172.
• Genç 2019 E. Genç, “Recent Excavations at Tilbaşar (2015-2018 Seasons): Preliminary Results” Tatarlı Höyük Kazılarının 10 Yılı ve Öğretim Görevlisi Hayriye Akıl Anısına Armağan/For the Memory of Lecturer Hayriye Akıl and to Celebrate the 10th Year of Tatarlı Höyük Excavations (baskıda).
• Genç - Uysal 2017 E. Genç – T. Uysal, “Doğanpınar Barajı Tilbaşar Höyük 2015 Yılı Kazısı”, 38. KST 1, 2017, 293-304.
• Genç - Yıldız Köse 2019 E. Genç – B. Yıldız Köse, “Doğanpınar Barajı Tilbaşar Höyük 2017 Yılı Kazısı”, 40. KST (baskıda).
• de Genouillac 1936 H. de Genouillac, Fouilles de Telloh II. Epoque D’Ur III Dynastie et de Larsa (Paris 1936).
• Girginer 2012 K. S. Girginer, “Tatarlı Höyük Kazısı 2011/Excavations at Tatarlı Höyük in 2011”, ANMED 10, 2012, 110-114.
• Girginer ve diğ. 2011 K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer – H. Akıl, “Tatarlı Höyük Kazısı 2009-2010/Excavations at Tatarlı Höyük in 2009 and 2010”, ANMED 9, 2011, 128-135.
• Inghold 1940 H. Inghold, Rapport Préliminaire sur Sept Campagnes de Fouilles a Hama en Syrie (1932-1938) (Kobenhavn 1940).
• Kaschau 1999 G. Kaschau, Lidar Höyük, The Keramik der Mittleren Bronzezeit, Archaeologica Euphratica Ausgrabungen und Forschungen im Türkischen Euphratgebiet Band 3 (Berlin 1999).
• Kepinski-Lecomte 1996 C. Kepinski-Lecomte, “Surface Research at Tilbeshar 1994”, XIII. AST II, 1996, 199-210.
• Kepinski-Lecomte 2002 C. Kepinski-Lecomte “Researches at Tilbeshar, 2000”, 23. KST 2, 2002, 23-28.
• Kepinski 2004 C. Kepinski, “Tilbeshar About the Early/Middle Bronze Age Transition”, 25. KST 2, 2004, 467-470.
• Kepinski 2005 C. Kepinski, “Tilbeshar - A Bronze Age City in the Sajur Valley (Southeast Anatolia)”, Anatolica XXXI, 2005, 145-159.
• Kepinski 2007a C. Kepinski, “Dynamics, Diagnostic Criteria and Settlement Patterns in the Carchemish Area During the Early Bronze Period”, içinde: (E. Peltenburg (ed.), Euphrates River Valley Settlement. The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium B.C. Vol. 5, Levant Supplementary Series (Oxford 2007) 152-163.
• Kepinski 2007b C. Kepinski, “Continuity and Break at the End of the Third Millennium B.C: The Data from Tilbeşar, Sajur Valley (South-Eastern) Turkey”, içinde: C. Kuzucuoğlu – C. Marro (ed.), Sociétés Humaines et Changement Climatique A la Fin du Troisiéme Millénaire: Une Crise A-T-Elle Eu Lieu en Haute Mésopotamie? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5-8 décembre 2005, Varia Anatolica XIX (İstanbul 2007) 329-340.
• Kepinski 2012 C. Kepinski, “Tilbeshar, au Carrefour d’échanges Dntre la Vallée de l’Euphrate et la Côte Méditerranéenne à l’âge du Bronze”, içinde: O. Henry (ed.), Archéologies et Espaces Parcourus, Nov 2010, Institut Français d'Etudes Anatoliennes Georges Dumézil, 1, Rencontres d'Archéologie de l'IFEA, (İstanbul 2012) 35-44.
• Kepinski-Lecomte - Ahlan 2001 C. Kepinski-Lecomte – H. Ahlan, “ Tilbeshar, Site du Sud-Est Anatolien, de la Fin du Quatrieme au Millieu du Second Millennaires av. J.-C. ”, Anatolica Antiqua IX, 2001, 207-214.
• Kepinski-Lecomte - Ergeç 1997: C. Kepinski-Lecomte – R. Ergeç, “ Tilbeshar 1996”, Anatolia Antiqua 5, 1997, 337-341.
• Kepinski-Lecomte - Ergeç 1999 C. Kepinski-Lecomte – R. Ergeç, “Research at Tilbeshar, 1997”, XX. KST I, 1999, 241-247.
• Kepinski-Lecomte - Ergeç 2000 C. Kepinski-Lecomte – R. Ergeç, “The 1998 Research at Tilbeshar”, 21. KST 1, 2000, 209-216.
• Kepinski-Lecomte - Ergeç 2001 C. Kepinski-Lecomte – R. Ergeç, “Researches at Tilbeshar 1999”, 22. KST 1, 2001, 133-136.
• Kepinski - Bulgan 2007 C. Kepinski – F. Bulgan, “Research at Tilbeshar in 2005 City from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages”, 28. KST 2, 2007, 733-742.
• Kepinski - Önal 2008 C. Kepinski – M. Önal, “Tilbeshar 2006: New Evidence from Early and Middle Bronze”, 29. KST 1, 2008, 193-206.
• Lapp 1969 P. W. Lapp, “The 1968 Excavations at Tell Ta'annek”, BASOR 195, 1969, 2-49.
• Lebeau 1983 M. Lebeau, “Rapport Preliminaire Sur la Ceramique du Chantier A”, M.A.R.I. 2, 1983, 165-193.
• Legrain 1930 L. Legrain, Terra-Cottas from Nippur (Philadelphia 1930).
• Lesure 2011 R. G. Lesure, Interpreting Ancient Figurine, Context, Comarison, and Prehistoric Art (New York 2011).
• Liebowitz 1988 H. Liebowitz, Terra-Cotta Figurines and Model Vehicles, M.van Loon (ed.), Bicliotheca Mesopotamica 22, The Oriental Institute Excavations at Selenkahiye, Syria (Malibu 1998).
• von Luschan 1943 F. von Luschan, Die Kleinfunde von Sendschirli (Berlin 1943).
• Mallowan – Cruikshank Rose 1935 M. E. L. Mallowan - J. Cruikshank Rose, “Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah, 1933”, Iraq 2.1, 1935, i-xv+1-178.
• Al-Maqdissi 1997 M. Al-Maqdissi, “Mishrifeh/Qatna”, AJA 101.1, 1997, 132-133.
• Al-Maqdissi 2006 M. Al-Maqdissi, “Notes d’Archéologie Levantine II. La Nécropole de ‘Ain ‘Assan”, içinde: Les Espaces Syro-Mésopotaiens, Dimensions de L’Expérience Humaine Au Proche-Orient Ancien, Volume D’Hommage Offert A Jean-Cloude Marqueron, Subartu XVII (Brepols 2006) 141-152.
• Al-Maqdissi – Ishaq 2012 M. Al-Maqdissi – E. Ishaq “Notes d’Archéologie Levantine XXXVI. Matériel Archéologique de Tell es-sour Conservé au Musée de Homs”, AL-RĀFIDĀN XXXIII, 2012, 7-14.
• Marchetti 2000 N. Marchetti, “Clay Figurines of the Middle Bronze Age from Northern Inner Syria: Chronology, Symbolic Meaning and Historical Relations”, içinde: P. Matthiae – A. Enea – L. Peyronel – F. Pinnock (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East I (Roma 2000) 839-867.
• Marchetti 2001 N. Marchetti, La Coraplastica Eblaita E Siriana Nel Bronzo Medio, Campagne 1964-1980, Materiali E Studi Archaeologici Di Ebla V (Roma 2001).
• Marchetti 2007 N. Marchetti, “Chronology and Stratification of Middle Bronze Age Clay Figurines in Syria and Northern Palestine”, içinde: P. Matthiae - F. Pinnock - L. Nigro - L. Peyronel (ed.), Proceedings of the International Colloquium, from Relative Chronology to Absolute Chronology: The Second Millennium BC in Syria-Palestine (Roma 2007) 247-283.
• Marchetti - Nigro 1997 N. Marchetti – L. Nigro, “Cultic Activities in the Sacred Area of Ishtar at Ebla during the Old Syrian Period: The Favissae F.5327 and F.5238”, JCS 49, 1997, 1-44.
• Marchetti - Nigro 2000 N. Marchetti – L. Nigro, “The Favissa F.5238 in the Sacred Area of Ishtar and the Transition from the Middle Bronze II at Ebla”, içinde: K. van Lerberghe - G. Voet (ed.), Languages and Cultures in Contact, at the Crossroad of Civilization in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceeding of the 42th RAI (Leuven 2000) 245-287.
• Matthers 1978 J. Matthers, “Tell Rifa'at 1977: Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Survey”, Iraq 40.2, 1978, 119-162.
• Matthiae 1985 P. Matthiae, I tesori di Ebla (Roma 1985).
• Matthiae 1993 P. Matthiae, “L'aire sacrée d'Ishtar à Ebla: Résultats des Fouilles de 1990-1992”, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 137ᵉ.3, 1993, 613-662.
• Matthiae 1994 P. Matthiae, “The Lions of the Great Goddess of Bbla: A Hypothesis about some Archaic Old Syrian Cylinders”, içinde: H. Gasche – L. de Meyer (ed.), Cinquante-deux Réflexions sur le Proche-Orient Ancien : Offertes en Hommage à Léon De Meyer (Leuven 1994) 329-338.
• Matthiae 2013 P. Matthiae, “Ebla: Resent Excavation Results and the Continuity of Syrian Art’, içinde: J. Aruz – S. B. Graff – Y. Rakic (ed.), Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Symposia (New York 2013) 96-111.
• Matthiae 2016 P. Matthiae, “Quelques notes sur les déesses se dévoilant et les divinités ailées dans la glyptique paléosyrienne“, içinde: M. Lebeau - M. C. Lopes – L. Milano – A. Otto – W. Sallaberger, - V. van der Stede (ed.), Mille et une empreintes Un Alsacien en Orient, Mélanges en l’honneur de 65e anniversaire de Dominique Beyer, Subartu XXXVI (Brepols 2016) 279-297.
• May 1935 H. G. May, Material Remains of the Megiddo Cult, OIP XXVI. (Chicago 1935).
• Mazzoni 2013 S. Mazzoni, “Tell Afis: History and Excavations”, Near Eastern Archaeology 76.4, 2013, 204-212.
• Mazzoni ve diğ. 2005 S. Mazzoni – S. Melis – P. D'Amore – M. Giulia – A. Guzzo – S. Soldi – G. Minunno – M. Matermawi – G. Scandone Matthiae – G. Aletta – F. Virgilio – E. Scigliuzzo – C. Felli – E. Merluzzi – P. Morbidelli – T. Pedrazzi – G. Procacci – B. Chiti – F. Venturi – V. Melchiorri – I. Oggiano – S. M. Cecchini – A. Di Michele – G. Affanni, “ Tell Afis (Syria) 2002-2004”, EgVicOr XXVIII, 2005, 5-210.
• Mellaart 1967 J. Mellaart, Çatal Höyük. A Neolithic Town in Anatolia (New York 1967).
• Mellink 1987 M. J. Mellink, “Archaeology in Anatolia”, AJA 91.1, 1987, 1-30.
• Mellink 1989 M. J. Mellink, “Anatolian and Foreign Relations of Tarsus in the Early Bronze Age”, içinde: K. Emre - M. Mellink - B. Hrouda - N. Özgüç (ed.), Anatolia and the Ancient Near East, Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç/Tahsin Özgüç’e Armağan, TTKY (Ankara 1989) 319-331.
• du Mesnil du Buisson 1927 C. du Mesnil du Buisson, “Les Ruines d'El-Mishrifé, au nord-est de Homs (Émèse) ”, Syria 8.1, 1927, 13-33.
• du Mesnil du Buisson 1930 C. du Mesnil du Buisson, “Compte rendu de la quatrième campagne de fouilles à Mishrifé-Qatna”, Syria 2, 1930, 146-163.
• du Mesnil du Buisson 1932 C. du Mesnil du Buisson, “Une Campagne de Fouilles à Khan Sheikhoun”, Syria 13.2, 1932, 171-188.
• Meyer – Pruss 1994 J.-W. Meyer – A. Pruss, Die Kleinfunde von Tell Halawa A, Ausgrabungen in Halawa herausgegeben von W. Orthmann 2 (Saarbrücken 1994).
• Di Michele 2010 A. Di Michele, “Osservazioni Sulla Coraplastica Antropomorfa Del Bronzo Medio Dall’Area N di Tell Afis (Siria)”, Quaderni della Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna OCNUS 18, 2010, 145-154.
• Di Michele – Pedrosi 2012 A. Di Michele – M. E. Pedrosi, “Fortification and Burial Grounds in Tell Afis (Syria) Between Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age”, içinde: F. Borrell - M. Bouso - A. Gómez - C. Tornero - O. Vicente (ed.), Broadening Horizons 3. Conference of Young Researchers Working in the Ancient Near East. Congressos 8. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Bellaterra 2012) 169-182.
• Moorey 2001 P. R. S. Moorey, Idols of the People, Miniature Imagines of Clay in the Ancient Near East (New York 2001).
• Moorey 2005 P. R. S. Moorey, Ancient Near Eastern Terracottas with a Catalogue of the Collection in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford 2005).
• Morandi Bonacossi 2012 D. Morandi Bonacossi, “Ritual Offering and Termination Rituals in a Middle Bronze Age Sacred Area in Qatna’s Upper Town”, içinde: G. B. Lanfranchi – D. M. Bonacossi – C. Pappi - S. Ponchia (ed.), Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales (Wiesbaden 2012) 539-582.
• Mullins 2010 R. A. Mullins, “A Comparative Analysis of the Alalakh 2003-2004 Season Pottery with Woolley’s Levels”, içinde: K.Aslıhan Yener (ed.), Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh, Vol.1, The 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, Chapter 3, Amuq Valley Regional Projects Excavations in the Plain of Antioch, (İstanbul 2010) 51-66.
• Negbi 1976 O. Negbi, Canaanite Gods in Metal (Tel Aviv 1976).
• Nigro 2002 L. Nigro, “The Middle Bronze Age Pottery Horizon of Northern Inner Syria on the Basis of the Stratified Assemblages of Tell Mardikh and Hama”, içinde: M. Al-Maqdissi - V. Matoian - C. Nicolle (ed.), Céramique de L’Age du Bronze en Syrie I, La Syrie du Sud et la Vallée de l’Oronte, Institut Français d’Archéologie du Proche-Orient, Beyrouth-Damas-Amman, Bibliothéque Archéologique et Historique 161 (Beyrouth 2002) 97-128.
• Nigro 2003 L. Nigro, “The Smith and the King of Ebla. Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware, Metallic Wares and the Ceramic Chronology of Middle Bronze Syria”, içinde: M. Bietak (ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II (Vienna) 345-363.
• Novak – Kozal 2013 M. Novak – E. Kozal, “Sirkeli Höyük 2011 Yılı Çalışmaları”, 34. KST 1, 2013, 413-428.
• Novak – Pfalzner 2005 M. Novak – P. Pfalzner, “Ausgrabungen in Tall Mişrife-Qatna 2003”, MDOG 137, 2005, 57-78.
• Novak ve diğ. 2002 M. Novak – P. Pfalzner – U. Sievertsen, “Ausgrabungen in Tall Mişrife-Qatna 2001 Vorbericht der Deutschen Komponente des Internationalen Kooperationsprojektes”, MDOG 134, 2002, 207-246.
• Orphanides 2001 A. G. Orphanides, “The Bronze Age Anthropomorphic Figurines from Cyprus: Women's Child Caring Role”, KypA IV, 2001, 83-94.
• Orthmann 1981 W, Orthmann, Halawa 1977 bis 1979, Vorläufiger Bricht über die 1. bis 3. Grabunskampagne (Bonn 1981).
• Otto 2000 A. Otto, Die Entstehung und Entwichlung der Klassisch-Syrischen Glyptik (Berlin 2000).
• Özgen 1989 E. Özgen, “Ein “Göttin“-Statuette aus Oylum Höyük in Südost-Anatolien“, içinde: K. Emre - M. Mellink - B. Hrouda - N. Özgüç (ed.), Anatolia and the Ancient Near East, Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç (Ankara 1989) 369-371.
• Özgen – Helwing 2001 E. Özgen – B. Helwing, “Ausgrabungen auf dem Oylum Höyük 1997-2000. Zweiter Vorlaufiger Bericht”, IstMitt 51, 2001, 61-136.
• Özgen ve diğ. 1997 E. Özgen – B. Helwing – H. Tekin, “Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen auf dem Oylum Höyük mit Beitragen von Joachim Lutz und Rainer Pasternak”, IstMitt 47, 1997, 39-90.
• Özgüç 1968 N. Özgüç, Kültepe Karum Ib Katı Mühürleri ve Mühür Baskıları/Seals and Seal Impressions of Level Ib from Karum Kanish, TTKY V-25 (Ankara 1968).
• Özgüç 2006 N. Özgüç, Kültepe-Kaniš/Neša, Yerli Peruwa ve Aššur-ımitti’nin oğlu Assur’lu Tüccar Uşur-ša-Ištar’ın Arşivlerine ait Kil Zarflar/ Seal Impressions on the Clay Envelopes form the Archives of the Native Peruwa and Assyrian Trader Uşur-ša-Ištar son of Aššur-ımitti, TTKY V-50 (Ankara 2006).
• Özgüç 1943 T. Özgüç, “Öntarihte Anadolu İdollerinin Anlamı”, DTCFD 5, 1943, 65-72.
• Özgüç 1963 T. Özgüç, “An Assyrian Trading Outpost”, Scientific American 208.2, 1963, 96-108.
• Öztan 2007 A. Öztan, “Yeni Bir Tanrı Kabartması Işığında Köşk Höyük Kabartmalı Vazolarında Sembolizm”, içinde: G. Umurtak – Ş. Dönmez – A. Yurtsever (ed.), Refik Duru’ya Armağan/Studies in Honour of Refik Duru (İstanbul 2007) 69-73.
• Petty 2006 A. Petty, Bronze Age Anthropomorphic Figurines form Umm el-Marra, Syria, Chronology, visual analysis and Functions BAR International Series 1575 (Oxford 2006).
• Peyronel 2008 L. Peyronel, “Area P” içinde: F. Baffi (ed.), Tell Tuqan, Excavations 2006-2007, Part I, Università di Lecce, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, (Lecce 2008) 21-70.
• Pézard 1931 M. Pézard, Qadesh, Mission Archéologique a Tell Nebi Mend 1921-1922, (Paris 1931).
• Pinnock 2000 F. Pinnock, “Some Thoughts About the Transmission of Iconographies between North Syria and Cappadocia, End of the Third-Beginning of the Second Millennium B.C.”, içinde: P. Matthiae - A. Enea - L. Peyronel - F. Pinnock (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 2, (Roma 2000) 1397-1415.
• Pruss 2010 A. Pruss, Die Amuq-Terrakotten. Untersuchungen zu den Terrakotta-Figuren des 2. und 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. aus den Grabungen des Oriental Institute Chicago in der Amuq-Ebene, Subartu XXVI (Turnhout 2010).
• Porada 1948 E. Porada, Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals, in the North American Collections, the Collection of the Pierpont Morgan Library, in collaboration with Briggs Buchanan. The Bollinger Series XIV, Vol. I (Washington 1948).
• Pritchard 1943 J. B. Pritchard, Palestinian Figurines in Relation to Certain Goddesses Known Through Literature, American Oriental Series XXIV (New Haven 1943).
• Ramazzotti 2011 M. Ramazzotti, “Aesthetic and Cognitive Report on Ancient Near Eastern Clay Figurines, Based on Some Early Syrian and Old Syrian Records Discovered at Ebla-Tell Mardikh (Syria)”, ScAnt 17, 2011, 345-375.
• Schaeffer 1949 C. F. A. Schaeffer, Mission de Ras Shamra V, Ugaritica II, Nouvelles Etudes Relatives aux Découvertes de Ras Shamra (Paris 1949).
• Schwartz ve diğ. 2012 G. M. Schwartz - H. H. Curvers - S. S. Dunham – J. A. Weber, “From Urban Origins to Imperial Integration in Western Syria: Umm el-Marra 2006, 2008”, AJA 116. 1, 2012, 157-193.
• Scondane Matthiae 1998 G. Scondane Matthiae, “La coraplastica del Bronzo Antico IV e del Bronzo Medio II”, içinde: S. M. Cecchini – S. Mazzoni (ed.), Tell Afis I (Syria), Scavi sull’acropoli 1988-1992/The 1988-1992 Excavations on the Acropolis, Ricerche di archeologia del Vicino Oriente I (Pisa 1998) 385-414.
• Sconzo 2007 P. Sconzo “Collapse or Continuity? The case of the EB-MB transition at Tell Shiyukh Tahtani”, içinde: C. Kuzucuoğlu - C. Marro (ed.), Sociétés Humaines et Changement Climatique à la Fin du Troisième Millénaire: Une Crise a-t-Elle Eu Lieu en Haute Mésopotamie? Varia Anatolica XIX (Actes du Colloque de Lyon 5-8 décembre 2005) Institut Français d’études Anatoliennes Georges-Dumézil (İstanbul 2007) 267-310.
• Sertok – Kulakoğlu 2002 K. Sertok - F. Kulakoğlu, “Şaraga Höyük 2000”, içinde: N. Tuna – J. Velibeyoğlu (ed.), Ilısu ve Karkamış Baraj Gölleri Altında Kalacak Arkeolojik ve Kültür Varlıklarını Kurtarma Projesi 2000 Yılı Çalışmaları/Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities in 2000, ODTÜ-TAÇDAM (Ankara 2002) 351-381.
• Suleiman – Gritsenko 1987 A. Suleiman – A. Gritsenko, “Landmarks of the Ancient City of Ansari (Yamhad)”, Syria 64.3-4, 1987, 231-243.
• Teissier 1984 B. Teissier, Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals from the Marcopoli Collection (California 1984).
• Thissen 1988 L. Thissen, “The Burials”, içinde: M. N. van Loon (ed.) Hammam et-Turkman I, Report on the University of Amsterdam’s 1981-84 Excavations in Syria I, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te (Istanbul 1988) 143-179.
• Thureau-Dangin – Dunand 1936 F. Thureau-Dangin – M. Dunand, Til-Barsib, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique XXIII (Paris 1936).
• Yener - Yazıcıoğlu 2010 K. A. Yener - G. B. Yazıcıoğlu, “Excavation Results”, içinde: A. Yener (ed.), Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh, Vol.1, The 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, Chapter 2, Amuq Valley Regional Projects Excavations in the Plain of Antioch (İstanbul 2010) 11-49.
• Weiss 1997 H. Weiss, “Archaeology in Syria”, AJA 101.1, 1997, 97-148.
• Woolley 1955 L. Woolley, Alalakh, An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949 (Oxford 1955).