Effects of Dietary Sage, Myrtle and/or Probiotic Mixture on Growth, Intestinal Health, Antioxidant Capacity, and Diseases Resistance of Oncorhynchus mykiss

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 721 - 733, 31.03.2023

Öznur Özil , Öznur Diler , Muhammet Hayati Kayhan Tugba Kök Taş , Zeynep Seydim , Behire Işıl Didinen

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1120481

Abstract

It is widely known that the use of medicinal plants and probiotics as feed additives has a positive effect on growth, non-specific immune system, and resistance to diseases in aquaculture. This study examines the effects of dietary supplementation with sage (Salvia officinalis) and myrtle (Myrtus communis), alone or in combination with a probiotic mixture (PM) on growth, intestine microflora and histology, some antioxidant enzymes activities in the muscle tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum. For this purpose, fish were fed with a control diet of 1% sage, 1% myrtle, 1.1% probiotic mixture, 1% sage +1.1% PM and 1% myrtle+1.1% PM supplemented diets for 60 days. At the end of the trial, the fish fed the diets supplemented with myrtle and sage + PM showed a positive effect on feed conversion ratio. According to the histological assessment, the villi length, villi width and goblet cell numbers in the intestines of fish in all groups increased compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase activity in the muscles of fish in the PM group was higher than the fish in the other groups (p<0.05). The malondialdehyde activity was unaffected with the exception of the fish in the sage group (p<0.05). The lactic acid bacteria count in the intestines increased in fish fed the sage + PM (p<0.05). Fish fed the diets supplemented with sage + probiotic mixture, probiotic mixture, myrtle + probiotic mixture, and myrtle saw a significant reduction in mortality (0-32.5%) due to V. anguillarum compared to the control (63.2%) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the use of probiotics, sage and myrtle in combination as a feed supplement showed a positive effect on the growth performance, intestinal microflora and histology, and antioxidant enzymes activities and disease resistance in rainbow trout.

Keywords

Salvia officinalis, Myrtus communis, Probiotic, Histology, Vibrio anguillarum, Rainbow trout

References

• Aebi H (1974). Catalase In: H U Bergmeyer (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 2nd edn. Verlag Chemie/Academic Press Inc., Weinheim/NewYork, pp. 673-684.
• Al-Niaeem K S, Resen A K & Attee R S (2019). The efficacy of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) as an anaesthetic on common carp Cyprinus carpio juveniles. Journal of Duhok University 22(s2): 95-102
• Amend D F (1981). Potency testing of fish vaccines. In: International Symposium in Fish biologics: Serodiagnostics and Vaccines 49: 447-454
• Askarian F, Kousha A, Salma W & Ringø E (2011). The effect of lactic acid bacteria administration on growth, digestive enzyme activity and gut microbiota in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and beluga (Huso huso) fry. Aquaculture Nutrition 17(5): 488-497
• Awad E & Awaad A (2017). Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 67: 40-54
• Aydin F & Harmantepe F B (2018). Effects of sage oil (Salvia officinalis L.) on haematological and growth parameters in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 50(3): 921-928
• Bernotienė G, Nivinskienė O, Butkienė R & Mockutė D (2007). Essential oil composition variability in sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Chemija 18(4): 38-43
• Bhatnagar A, Raparia S & Kumari S (2012). Isolation and influence of Bacillus coagulans on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Catla catla. Journal of Nature Science Sustainable Technology 6(3): 237-253
• Carović-StanKo K, PeteK M, Martina G, Pintar J, Bedeković D, Herak Custic M & Satovic Z (2016). Medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceaeas functional foods–a review. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34(5): 377-390
• Dadras H, Hayatbakhsh M R & Golpour A (2019). Dietary administration of common sage (Salvia officinalis) and coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia) extracts affects growth, blood parameters and immune responses of beluga, Huso huso. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 20(5): 367-374
• De Silva S S& Anderson T A (1995). Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, London
• Didinen B I, Onuk E E, Metin S & Cayli O (2018). Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792), with inhibitory activity against Vagococcus salmoninarum and Lactococcus garvieae. Aquaculture Nutrition 24(1): 400-407
• Diler Ö & Görmez Ö (2019). Effect of Artemisia campestris L. and Artemisia absinthium L. as feed additives on intestine histomorphology in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Aquatica Turcica 15(1): 10-18
• Diler O, Gormez O, Diler I & Metin S (2017). Effect of oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil on growth, lysozyme and antioxidant activity and resistance against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutrition 23(4): 844-851
• Dorman H D & Deans S G (2000). Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88(2): 308-316
• Draper H H & Hadley M (1990). Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid Peroxidation. In: L Packer & A N Glazer (Eds.), Methods in Enzymology, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, California, pp. 421-431.
• El-Kholy K F (2012). Effect of marjoram (Marjorana hortensis) or sage (Salvia officinalis) additives on growth performance and feed utilization of tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus) monosex fingerlings. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production 3(3): 115-126
• Giannenas I, Triantafillou E, Stavrakakis S, Margaroni M, Mavridis S, Steiner T & Karagouni E (2012). Assessment of dietary supplementation with carvacrol or thymol containing feed additives on performance, intestinal microbiota and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 350: 26-32
• Guardiola F A, Bahi A, Bakhrouf A & Esteban M A (2017). Effects of dietary supplementation with fenugreek seeds, alone or in combination with probiotics, on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) skin mucosal immunity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 65: 169-178
• Gümüş E, Kubilay A, Guney Ş, Guzel Seydim Z, Kok Tas T, Metin S & Ulukoy G (2017). Effect of dietary kefir on the growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acid profile of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Nutrition 23(5): 964-972
• Hać-Szymańczuk E, Cegiełka A, Lipińska E & Ilczuk P (2014). Effect of sage on the microbial quality and TBARS value of mechanically deboned poultry meat. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 70(11): 704-708
• Hać-Szymańczuk E, Cegiełka A, Lipińska E & Czapska S (2015). Evaluation of chemical composition and antibacterial activity of water extracts from selected spices. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych 582: 3-11
• Harikrishnan R, Kim M C, Kim J S, Balasundaram C & Heo MS (2011). Protective effect of herbal and probiotic enriched diet on haematological and immunity status of Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel) against Edwardsiella tarda. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 30: 886– 893
• Heidarieh M, Mirvaghefi A R, Sepahi A, Sheikhzadeh N, Shahbazfar A A & Akbari M (2013). Effects of dietary Aloe vera on growth performance, skin and gastrointestine morphology in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13(2): 367-373
• He J, Qiang J, Gabriel N N, Xu P & Yang R (2015). Effect of feeding-intensity stress on biochemical and hematological indices of gift tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 15(2): 303-310
• Karmakar S, Sahay Khare R, Ojha S, Kundu K & Kundu S (2012). Development of probiotic candidate in combination with essential oils from medicinal plant and their effect on enteric pathogens: a review. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 1-6.
• Kennedy D A, Kurath G, Brito I L, Purcell M K, Read A F, Winton J R & Wargo A R (2016). Potential drivers of virulence evolution in aquaculture. Evolutionary Applications 9: 344–354
• Keven-Karademir F & Avunduk S (2015). Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Myrtus communis L. growing wild in Marmaris. GIDA Journal of Food 40: 193-199
• Kök Taș T, Ekinci F Y & Güzel-Seydim ZB (2012). Identification of microbial flora in kefir grains produced in Turkey using PCR. International Journal of Dairy Technology 65(1): 126-131
• Lara-Flores M (2011). The use of probiotic in aquaculture: an overview. International Research Journal of Microbiology 2(12): 471-478
• Livingstone D R (2001). Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(8): 656-666
• Mehdizadeh T, Tajik H, Jafarie S & Kaboudari A (2019). Effect of Salvia officinalis L. extract on chemical, microbial, sensory and shelf life of rainbow trout fillet. Food Science and Biotechnology 28(5): 1499-1506
• Metin S, Didinen B I, Kara N & Diler Ö (2020). Effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis) essential oils on disease resistance against Aeromonas sobria in goldfish (Carassius auratus). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture 72: 1-10.
• Mohamadi Saei M, Beiranvand K, Khalesi M K & Mehrabi F (2016). Effects of dietary savory and myrtle essential oils on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 47(6): 779-785
• Mohammadian T, Alishahi M, Tabande M R, Ali Z D & Nejad A J (2017). Effect of different levels of Lactobacillus casei on growth performance and digestive enzymes activity of Shirbot (Barbus gryprus). Journal of Veterinary Research 72(1): 43-52
• Ringø E & Song S K (2016). Application of dietary supplements (synbiotics and probiotics in combination with plant products and β‐glucans) in aquaculture. Aquaculture Nutrition 22(1): 4-24
• Ritola O, Tossavainen K, Kiuru T, Lindström Seppä P & Mölsä, H (2002). Effects of continuous and episodic hyperoxia on stress and hepatic glutathione levels in one summer old rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 18(3): 159-164
• Roby M H H, Sarhan M A, Selim K A H & Khalel K I (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Industrial Crops and Products 43: 827-831
• Safari R, Hoseinifar S H, Van Doan H & Dadar M (2017). The effects of dietary myrtle (Myrtus communis) on skin mucus immune parameters and mRNA levels of growth, antioxidant and immune related genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 66: 264-269
• Salomón R, Firmino J P, Reyes-López F E, Andree K B, González-Silvera D, Esteban M A, Tort L, Quintela J C, Pinilla-Rosas J M, Vallejos-Vidal E & Gisbert E (2020). The growth promoting and immunomodulatory effects of a medicinal plant leaf extract obtained from Salvia officinalis and Lippia citriodora in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 524: 735291
• Santos L & Ramos F (2018). Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 52: 135–143
• Sönmez A Y, Bilen S, Alak G, Hisar O, Yanık T & Biswas G (2015). Growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed diets supplemented with sage, mint and thyme oils. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 41(1): 165-175
• Srichaiyo N, Tongsiri S, Hoseinifar S H, Dawood M A, Jaturasitha S, Esteban M A, Ringo E & Doan H V (2020). The effects gotu kola (Centella asiatica) powder on growth performance, skin mucus, and serum immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Aquaculture Reports 16: 100239
• Taee H M, Hajimoradloo A, Hoseinifar S H & Ahmadvand H (2017a). The effects of dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) supplementations on growth performance and some innate immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 5(4): 252-259
• Taee H M, Hajimoradloo A, Hoseinifar S H & Ahmadvand H (2017b). Dietary myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) improved non-specific immune parameters and bactericidal activity of skin mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 64: 320-324
• Terzioğlu S & Diler Ö (2016). Effect of dietary sage (Salvia officinalis L.), licorice root (Glycyrrhize glabra L.), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and echinaceae (Echinacea angustifolia Hell) on nonspecific immunity and resistance to Vibrio anguillarum infection in rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Egirdir Fisheries Faculty 12(2): 110-118
• Van Doan H, Doolgindachbaporn S & Suksri A (2016). Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of Pangasius catfish (Pangasius bocourti, Sauvage 1880). Aquaculture Nutrition 22(2): 444-456
• Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P & Verstraete W (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64(4): 655-671
• Wang Y (2011). Use of probiotics Bacillus coagulans, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Lactobacillus acidophilus as growth promoters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 17: 372-378
• Wojdyło A, Oszmiański J & Czemerys R (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry 105(3): 940-949
• Yagi K (1984). Assay for blood plasma or serum. In: L Packer (Ed.), Methods in Enzymology, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, California, pp. 328-331.
• Yu L, Zhai Q, Zhu J, Zhang C, Li T, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tian F & Chen W (2017). Dietary Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation enhances growth performance and alleviates aluminum toxicity in tilapia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 143: 307-314