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Utilization of Black Grape Pomace in the Production of Shalgam Juice: Effect on the Ethyl Alcohol Levels

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 109 - 115, 31.12.2020

Abstract

Ethanol naturally occurs at different levels in some foodstuffs resulting from the plant metabolism or fermentation of carbohydrates. The ethanol content of foods produced by the plant metabolism is highly lower than that of ethanol level arisen from the fermentation. Due to being the end product of anaerobic alcoholic fermentation by yeast and lactic acid fermentation by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, the foods subjected to both the alcoholic and lactic acid fermentations contain ethanol. Shalgam juice is a traditional Turkish beverage subjected to lactic acid fermentation. Although the main fermentation (lactic acid fermentation) progress via lactic acid bacteria, Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast also have a role in the production of both ethanol and flavor compounds in shalgam juice.

In this research, enrichment of shalgam juice in terms of polyphenolic compounds via grape pomace addition as a waste of fruit juice industry, evaluation of grape pomace as a value-added product, and determination of the change in ethanol content during the enrichment were aimed. Grape pomace was substituted with black carrot in the formulation and 9 different formulations were obtained according to the grape pomace-black carrot ratios. Fermentation took place at ambient temperature for 44 days, and ethanol content was determined by gas chromatography.

When taking into consideration the grape pomace and black carrot ratios, the lowest ethanol content (0.302 g/100 ml) was determined in the shalgam juice produced from the formulation containing only black carrot. As grape pomace ratio increased in the formulation, higher ethanol contents were found in the shalgam juices. And the highest value (1.048 g/100 ml) was observed in the shalgam juice containing only grape pomace. As a conclusion, the levels of ethanol in the samples containing 50% black grape pomace+50% black carrot and 25% black grape pomace+75% black carrot, which is appreciated and accepted by the consumers, were 0.832% and 0.463%, respectively. Both levels were below 1.2% specified in the relevant legal regulations; Therefore, it was shown in this study that black grape pomace could be used in Shalgam juice production without the need to write the alcohol level on the label.

References

  • Altay, F., Karbancıoglu-Güler, F., Daskaya-Dikmen, C., & Heperkan, D. (2013). A review on traditional Turkish fermented non-alcoholic beverages: microbiota, fermentation process and quality characteristics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(1), 44-56
  • Anonymous (2007). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Alkolsüz İçecekler Tebliği, Tebliğ No: 2007/26. Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 16 Haziran 2007, Sayı: 26553. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/06/20070615-5.htm
  • Anonymous (2015). Alcohol: Fast analysis of alcohols in alcoholic beverages. Application Note, Food Testing & Agriculture, Agilent Teknologies, Inc. USA. http://www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/A01908.pdf Erişim tarihi [08.12.2020]
  • Anonymous (2017). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Etiketleme ve Tüketicileri Bilgilendirme Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 26 Ocak 2017; Sayı 29960 (mükerrer). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170126M1-6.htm
  • Bamforth, C. W., & Cook, D. J. (2019). Food, fermentation, and micro-organisms. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Canbas, A., & Deryaoglu, A. (1993). A research on the processing techniques and characteristics of shalgam beverage. Doga, 17, 119-129.
  • Cogan, T.M., Jordan, K.N. (1994). Metabolism of leuconostoc bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 2704–2717.
  • Coklar, H., & Akbulut, M. 2016. Vitamin c content, organic acid and sugar profiles of ekşikara (Vitis vinifera L.) 1st Black Sea Association of Food science and Technology – B FoST Congress 22-24 September, Ohrid, Macedonia
  • Corbin, K. R., Hsieh, Y. S., Betts, N. S., Byrt, C. S., Henderson, M., Stork, J., ... & Burton, R. A. (2015). Grape marc as a source of carbohydrates for bioethanol: Chemical composition, pre-treatment and saccharification. Bioresource Technology, 193, 76-83.
  • Deryaoğlu, A. (1990). A Research on the Processing Techniques and Characteristics of Shalgam Beverage. Master’s Thesis, Cukurova University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana, Turkey. (In Turkish)
  • Erten, H., Tangüler, H. & Canbaş, A. (2008). A traditional Turkish lactic acid fermented beverage: Shalgam (Şalgam). Food Reviews International, 24, 352-359.
  • Gardner, N. J., Savard, T., Obermeier, P., Caldwell, G., & Champagne, C. P. (2001). Selection and characterization of mixed starter cultures for lactic acid fermentation of carrot, cabbage, beet and onion vegetable mixtures. International journal of food microbiology, 64(3), 261-275.
  • Gunduz, S., Yilmaz, H., & Goren, A. C. (2013). Halal food and metrology: Ethyl alcohol contents of beverages. J. Chem. Metrol, 7(1), 7-9.
  • Fleming H.P, McFeeters, R.F., Thompson, R.L. & Sanders D.C. (1983). Storage stability of vegetable fermented with pH control. J Food Sci 48:975–981.
  • Hui, Y. H., Meunier-Goddik, L., Josephsen, J., Nip, W. K., & Stanfield, P. S. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of food and beverage fermentation technology (Vol. 134). CRC Press.
  • Kabak, B., & Dobson, A. D. (2011). An introduction to the traditional fermented foods and beverages of Turkey. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 51(3), 248-260.
  • Nagraj, G. S., Jaiswal, S., Harper, N., & Jaiswal, A. K. (2020). Carrot. Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables, 323-337.
  • Öztürk, O. (2009). A Research on the Composition of Shalgam Beverages Obtained from Adana Area. Master’s Thesis, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey, (In Turkish)
  • Tanguler, H., & Erten, H. (2012). Occurrence and growth of lactic acid bacteria species during the fermentation of shalgam (salgam), a traditional Turkish fermented beverage. LWT Food Science and Technology, 46(1), 36-41.

Şalgam Suyu Üretiminde Siyah Üzüm Posasının Kullanımı: Etil Alkol Düzeyine Etkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 109 - 115, 31.12.2020

Abstract

Etanol bitki metabolizması ve karbonhidratların fermantasyonu sonucu bazı gıda maddelerinde farklı düzeylerde doğal olarak oluşmaktadır. Bitki metabolizması yoluyla üretilen gıdaların etanol içeriği fermantasyondan meydana gelen etanol içeriğinden oldukça düşüktür. Maya ile anaerobik alkolik fermantasyonun ve heterofermantatif laktik asit bakteri yoluyla laktik asit fermantasyonun son ürünü olması nedeniyle hem alkolik hem de laktik asit fermantasyonlarına maruz kalan gıdalar etanol ihtiva eder. Şalgam suyu, laktik asit fermantasyonuna tabi tutulan geleneksel bir Türk içeceğidir. Ana fermantasyon (laktik asit fermantasyonu) laktik asit bakterileri yoluyla ilerlemesine rağmen, Saccharomyces ve Saccharomyces olmayan mayalar da Şalgam suyunda hem etanol hem de aroma bileşiklerinin oluşumunda bir rol oynar.
Bu araştırmada, meyve suyu endüstrisi atığı olarak üzüm posası ilavesi ile Şalgam suyunun polifenolik bileşikler açısından zenginleştirilmesi, üzüm posasının katma değeri yüksek bir ürün olarak değerlendirilmesi ve zenginleştirme sırasında etanol içeriğindeki değişimin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kara üzüm posası, formülasyonda siyah havuç ile ikame edilmiş ve üzüm posası-kara havuç oranlarına göre 9 farklı formülasyon elde edilmiştir. Fermantasyon, ortam sıcaklığında 44 gün süreyle gerçekleştirilmiş ve etanol içeriği gaz kromatoğrafisiyle belirlenmiştir.
Üzüm posası ve siyah havuç oranları dikkate alındığında, sadece siyah havuç içeren formülasyondan üretilen Şalgam suyunda en düşük etanol içeriği (0.302 g/100 ml) belirlendi. Formülasyonda üzüm posası oranı arttıkça, Şalgam sularında daha yüksek etanol belirlenmiştir. En yüksek değer ise (1.048 g/100 ml) sadece üzüm posası içeren Şalgam suyunda görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, tüketiciler tarafından beğenilen ve kabul gören %50 siyah üzüm posası + %50 siyah havuç ile %25 siyah üzüm posası+%75 siyah havuç içeren örneklerde etil alkol seviyeleri sırasıyla %0.832 ve %0.463 olarak belirlendi. Her iki seviye de ilgili yasal düzenlemelerde belirtilen %1.2’nin altında olduğu görüldü. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada siyah üzüm posasının etiket üzerine alkol seviyesi yazılmasına gerek kalmadan şalgam üretiminde kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir.

References

  • Altay, F., Karbancıoglu-Güler, F., Daskaya-Dikmen, C., & Heperkan, D. (2013). A review on traditional Turkish fermented non-alcoholic beverages: microbiota, fermentation process and quality characteristics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(1), 44-56
  • Anonymous (2007). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Alkolsüz İçecekler Tebliği, Tebliğ No: 2007/26. Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 16 Haziran 2007, Sayı: 26553. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/06/20070615-5.htm
  • Anonymous (2015). Alcohol: Fast analysis of alcohols in alcoholic beverages. Application Note, Food Testing & Agriculture, Agilent Teknologies, Inc. USA. http://www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/A01908.pdf Erişim tarihi [08.12.2020]
  • Anonymous (2017). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Etiketleme ve Tüketicileri Bilgilendirme Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 26 Ocak 2017; Sayı 29960 (mükerrer). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170126M1-6.htm
  • Bamforth, C. W., & Cook, D. J. (2019). Food, fermentation, and micro-organisms. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Canbas, A., & Deryaoglu, A. (1993). A research on the processing techniques and characteristics of shalgam beverage. Doga, 17, 119-129.
  • Cogan, T.M., Jordan, K.N. (1994). Metabolism of leuconostoc bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 2704–2717.
  • Coklar, H., & Akbulut, M. 2016. Vitamin c content, organic acid and sugar profiles of ekşikara (Vitis vinifera L.) 1st Black Sea Association of Food science and Technology – B FoST Congress 22-24 September, Ohrid, Macedonia
  • Corbin, K. R., Hsieh, Y. S., Betts, N. S., Byrt, C. S., Henderson, M., Stork, J., ... & Burton, R. A. (2015). Grape marc as a source of carbohydrates for bioethanol: Chemical composition, pre-treatment and saccharification. Bioresource Technology, 193, 76-83.
  • Deryaoğlu, A. (1990). A Research on the Processing Techniques and Characteristics of Shalgam Beverage. Master’s Thesis, Cukurova University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana, Turkey. (In Turkish)
  • Erten, H., Tangüler, H. & Canbaş, A. (2008). A traditional Turkish lactic acid fermented beverage: Shalgam (Şalgam). Food Reviews International, 24, 352-359.
  • Gardner, N. J., Savard, T., Obermeier, P., Caldwell, G., & Champagne, C. P. (2001). Selection and characterization of mixed starter cultures for lactic acid fermentation of carrot, cabbage, beet and onion vegetable mixtures. International journal of food microbiology, 64(3), 261-275.
  • Gunduz, S., Yilmaz, H., & Goren, A. C. (2013). Halal food and metrology: Ethyl alcohol contents of beverages. J. Chem. Metrol, 7(1), 7-9.
  • Fleming H.P, McFeeters, R.F., Thompson, R.L. & Sanders D.C. (1983). Storage stability of vegetable fermented with pH control. J Food Sci 48:975–981.
  • Hui, Y. H., Meunier-Goddik, L., Josephsen, J., Nip, W. K., & Stanfield, P. S. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of food and beverage fermentation technology (Vol. 134). CRC Press.
  • Kabak, B., & Dobson, A. D. (2011). An introduction to the traditional fermented foods and beverages of Turkey. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 51(3), 248-260.
  • Nagraj, G. S., Jaiswal, S., Harper, N., & Jaiswal, A. K. (2020). Carrot. Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables, 323-337.
  • Öztürk, O. (2009). A Research on the Composition of Shalgam Beverages Obtained from Adana Area. Master’s Thesis, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey, (In Turkish)
  • Tanguler, H., & Erten, H. (2012). Occurrence and growth of lactic acid bacteria species during the fermentation of shalgam (salgam), a traditional Turkish fermented beverage. LWT Food Science and Technology, 46(1), 36-41.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Akbulut 0000-0001-5621-8293

Hacer Çoklar 0000-0002-4948-0960

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Acceptance Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akbulut, M., & Çoklar, H. (2020). Utilization of Black Grape Pomace in the Production of Shalgam Juice: Effect on the Ethyl Alcohol Levels. Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle, 2(2), 109-115.

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Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle