İŞ TALEPLERİ-KAYNAKLARI MODELİ: İŞTALEPLERİNİN, YÖNETİCİ DESTEĞİNİN VE OTONOMİNİN İŞE GÖNÜLDEN ADANMA İLE İLİŞKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2014, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 149 - 192, 25.03.2014

Seçil Taştan

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı iş taleplerinin (iş yükü, rol çatışması, rol belirsizliği, iş güvencesizliği) and iş kaynaklarının (yönetici desteği ve iş otonomisi) Türkiye’de sağlık kurumlarında görev yapan hemşirelerin işe gönülden adanma düzeyi ile ilişkilerinin incelenmesidir. Elde edilen sonuçlar iş yükünün dinçlik ve adanmışlık ile negatif yönde ilişkili, iş güvencesizliğinin ise dinçlik, adanma ve yoğunlaşma ile negative yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Amir desteğinin işe gönülden adanmanın çoşku ve adanmışlık boyutları ve toplam gönülden adanmışlık ile güçlü seviyede ilişkili olduğu, otonominin orta derecede etkiye sahip olduğu, rol belirsizliğinin ise coşku, adanmışlık ve toplam gönülden adanmışlık üzerinde orta derecede etkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüm bu elde edilen sonuçlara gore, iş yükü, role belirsizliği, rol çatışması ve iş güvencesizliği algılarından olşaun iş taleplerinin ve otonomi ile amir desteğinden oluşan iş kaynaklarının hemşirelerin işe gönülden adanma algıları ile anlamlı bir ilişkisinin olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

İşe Gönülden Adanma, İş Talepleri, İş Kaynakları, Hemşirelik.

THE THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF JOB DEMANDS– RESOURCES MODEL: A RESEARCH STUDY ON THE RELATIONS OF JOB DEMANDS, SUPERVISOR SUPPORT AND JOB AUTONOMY WITH WORK ENGAGEMENT

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine how job demands (work overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, job insecurity) and job resources (supervisor support and job autonomy) are related to work engagement of nurses working in Turkish Health Organizations. The findings revealed that work overload had a negative relationship with vigor and dedication and job insecurity had significant negative relationships with vigor, dedication, and absorption. It was determined that supervisor support had significant large effect relationships with vigor, dedication, and UWES total. Job autonomy had medium effect relationships with vigour, dedication and UWES total, role ambiguity showed a medium effect relationship with vigor, dedication, and UWES total. Job insecurity and role ambiguity displayed negative relationships with vigor, dedication, and absorption. Based on the findings, the suggestions of the study were supported and it was concluded that perceived job demands as measured with work overload, role ambiguity, role conflict, and job insecurity and job resources as measured with supervisor support and job autonomy had significant relationships with work engagement of nurses.

Keywords

Work Engagement, Job Demands, Job Resources, Nursing.

References

• Abderhalden, C., Needham, I., Friedli, T. K., Poelmans, J. and Dassen, T. (2002). “Perception of aggression among psychiatric nurses in Switzerland”, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol.106, No.412, pp.110-117.
• Arabacı, T. (2012). The role of organizational trust on work engagement - with the moderating effect of work pressure, Unpublished Master Dissertation, Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute, Management and Organization Department, Istanbul.
• Ardıç, K. and Polatçı, S. (2009). “Tükenmişlik sendromu ve madalyonun öbür yüzü: İşle bütünleşme”, Erciyes University İ.İ.B.F.Journal, Vol.32, pp.21-46.
• Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S. and Tan, H. H. (2005). “Rhythms of life: antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.90, No.1, pp.132-147.
• Ashfaq, S., Mahmood, Z. ve Ahmad, M. (2013). “Impact of work-life conflict and work over load on employee performance in banking sector of Pakistan”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.14, No.5, pp.688-695.
• Atilla Bal, E. (2008). Self-efficacy, contextual factors and well-being: The impact of work engagement. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Social Sciences Institute, Department of Organizational Behavior, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Aytaç, S. and Dursun, S. (2013). “Çalışma hayatında kadına yönelik şiddet: Sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, Vol.71, No.1, pp.67-78.
• Bakker, A. B. and Demerouti, E. (2007). “The job demands-resources model: State of the art”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.22, No.3, pp.309-328.
• Bakker, A. B. and Demerouti, E. (2008). “Towards a model of work engagement”, Career Development International, Vol.13, No.3, pp.2092
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. and Euwema, M. C. (2005). “Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout”, Occupational Health Psychology, Vol.10, No.2, pp.156-170.
• Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E. and Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). “Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high”, Journal of Educational Esychology, Vol.99, No.2, pp.255-274.
• Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P. and Taris, T. W. (2008). “Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology”, Work & Stress, Vol.22, No.3, pp.187-200.
• Bakker, A., Demerouti, E. and Schaufeli, W. (2003). “Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands–resources model”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol.12, No.4, pp.393-417.
• Blackmore, C. and Kuntz, J. R. (2011). “Antecedents of Job Insecurity in Restructuring Organisations: An Empirical Investigation”, New Zealand Journal of Psychology, Vol.40, No.3, pp.1-23.
• Britt, T. W., Adler, A. B. and Bartone, P. T. (2001). “Deriving benefits from stressful events: the role of engagement in meaningful work and hardiness”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol.6, No.1, pp.21-53.
• Brown, S. P., Jones, E. and Leigh, T. W. (2005). “The attenuating effect of role overload on relationships linking self-efficacy and goal level to work performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.90, No.5, pp.9549
• Bryant, R. M. and Constantine, M. G. (2006). “Multiple role balance, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction in women school counselors”, Professional School Counseling, Vol.9, No.4, pp.265-271.
• Burns, N. and Grove, S. K. (1993). The Practice of Nursing Research. 2nd Edition, W.B. Saunders Company.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı (İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni, SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum), 8th Edition, Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
• Cervoni, A. and DeLucia-Waack, J. (2011). “Role conflict and ambiguity as predictors of job satisfaction in high school counselors”, Journal of School Counseling, Vol.9, No.1, pp.1-19.
• Chipunza, C. and Samuel, M. O. (2012). “Effect of Role Clarity and Work Overload on Perceptions of Justice and Job Insecurity after Downsizing”, Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.32, No.3, pp.243-253.
• Chiu, Y.L., Chung, R., Wu, C. and Ho, C. (2009). “The effects of job demands, control, and social support on hospital clinical nurses' intention to turn over”, Applied Nursing Research, Vol.22, pp.258–263.
• Chung-Yan, G. A. (2010). “The nonlinear effects of job complexity and autonomy on job satisfaction, turnover, and psychological well-being”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol.15, No.3, pp. 237-249. Coetzer, W. J. and Rothmann, S. (2007). “A psychometric evaluation of measures of effective well-being in an insurance company”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.33, No.2, pp.7-15.
• Coetzer, W.J. (2004). Burnout and work engagement of employees in an insurance company. Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation, Industrial Psychology Department, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, U.S.A.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Science. Orlando, CA: Academic Press.
• De Jonge, J. and Schaufeli, W. B. (1998). “Job characteristics and employee wellbeing: A test of Warr's Vitamin Model in health care workers using structural equation modelling”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.19, No.4, pp.387-407.
• De Witte, H. (2000). “Work ethic and job insecurity: Assessment and consequences for well-being, satisfaction and performance at work”. In R. Bouwen, K. de Witte, H. de Witte, & T. Taillieu (Eds.), From group to community (pp. 325–350). Leuven: Garant.
• Deci, E. L. And Ryan, R. M. (1987). “The support of autonomy and the control of behavior”, Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(6), 1024. Demerouti, E. and Bakker, A. B. (2008). The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory: A good alternative to measure burnout and engagement. Handbook of stress and burnout in health care. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
• Demerouti, E. and Bakker, A. B. (2011). “The job demands–resources model: Challenges for future research”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.37, No.2, pp. 1-9.
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2001a). “The job demands-resources model of burnout”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.86, pp.499–512.
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Janssen, P. P. M. and Schaufeli, W. B. (2001b). “Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control”, Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environment and Heath, Vol.27, pp.279-286.
• Doğan, E. (2002). Çalışanın işine cezbolması: Dönüştürücü liderlik tarzının, lidere olan güvenin, güçlenmenin ve negatif/pozitif duygulanımın etkileri. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Turkey. Doğan, S., Güler, H. and Koçak, E. (1999). “Hemşirelerin öfke davranışlarına tepkileri ve kendi öfke düzeylerinin belirlenmesi”, C.Ü.Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 1-22.
• Edmondson, A. (1999). “Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.44, No.2, pp.350-383.
• Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L. And Rhoades, L. (2002). “Perceived supervisor support: contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.87, No.3, pp.542-565.
• Fox, M., Dwyer, D. and Ganster, D. (1993). “Effects of stressful job demands and control of physiological and attitudinal outcomes in a hospital setting”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.36, pp.289-318.
• Gray-Toft, P. and Anderson, J. G. (1981). “The nursing stress scale: Development of an instrument”, Journal of Behavioral Assessment, Vol.3, No.1, pp.11
• Greenhalgh, L. and Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). “Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity”, Academy of Management Review, Vol.9, No.3, pp. 438-448.
• Gregory, R. J. (2007). Psychological Testing: History, Principles and applications. New York: Pearson.
• Gündüz, B., Çapri, B. and Gökçakan, Z. (2013). “Mesleki Tükenmişlik, İşle Bütünleşme ve İş Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi”, Journal of Educational Sciences Research, Vol.3, No.1, pp.28-49.
• Hackman, J. R. and Oldham, G. R. (1975). “Development of the job diagnostic survey”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.60, No.2, pp.141-159.
• Hackman, J. R. and Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
• Hakanen, J. (2002). “From burnout to job engagement–validation of the Finnish version of an instrument for measuring job engagement (UWES) in an educational organization”, Tyo Ja Ihminen, Vol.16, pp.42-58.
• Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B. and Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). “Burnout and work engagement among teachers”, Journal of School Psychology, Vol.43, No.6, pp.495-513.
• Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R. and Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). “Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.73, No.1, pp. 78-91.
• Halbesleben, J. R. (2010). “A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences”. Bakker, Arnold B. (Ed); Leiter, Michael P. , (2010). Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research. , (pp. 102-117). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
• Hallberg, U. E. and Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). “Same Same" But Different? Can Work Engagement Be Discriminated from Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment?”, European Psychologist, Vol.11, No.2, pp.102-119.
• Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Hayes, T. L. (2002). “Business unit level relationship between employee engagement and business outcomes: a meta-analysis”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.87, pp.268-279.
• Heaney, C. A., Israel, B. A. and House, J. S. (1994). “Chronic job insecurity among automobile workers: Effects on job satisfaction and health”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol.38, No.10, pp. 1431-1437.
• Hingley, P. and Harris, P. (1986). “Stress: lowering the tension”, Nursing Times, Vol.82, No.32, pp.37-52.
• Hipwell, A. E., Tyler, P. A. and Wilson, C. M. (1989). “Sources of stress and dissatisfaction among nurses in four hospital environments”, British Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol.62, No.1, pp.71-79.
• Hutchison, S., Sowa, D., Eisenberger, R. and Huntington, R. (1986). “Perceived organizational support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.71, No.3, pp.500-507.
• Idris, M. K. (2011). “Over Time Effects of Role Stress on Psychological Strain Among Malaysian Public University Academics”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol.2, No.9, pp.154-61.
• İslamoğlu, G. (2010). Kurumlarda İyilik de Var, Nobel Publishing House, Ankara, Turkey.
• Jawahar, I. M., Stone, T. H. and Kisamore, J. L. (2007). “Role conflict and burnout: The direct and moderating effects of political skill and perceived organizational support on burnout dimensions”, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol.14, No.2, pp.128-142.
• Johnson, J. V. and Hall, E. M. (1988). “Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population”, American Journal of Public Health, Vol.78, No.10, pp.1336-1342.
• Jones, E., Chonko, L., Rangarajan, D. and Roberts, J. (2007). “The role of overload on job attitudes, turnover intentions, and salesperson performance”, Journal of Business Research, Vol.60, No.7, pp.663-671. Jonker, E. J., Goossens, P. J. J., Steenhuis, I. H. M. and Oud, N. E. (2008). “Patient aggression in clinical psychiatry: perceptions of mental health nurses”, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol.15, No.492–499.
• Judeh, M. (2011). “Role ambiguity and role conflict as mediators of the relationship between orientation and organizational commitment”, International Business Research, Vol.4, No.3, pp. 171-181.
• Judge, T. A., Erez, A. and Bono, J. E. (1998). “Power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance”, Human Performance, Vol.11, pp. 167–187.
• Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D. and Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. Oxford, England: John Wiley. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1965-08866-000. Kahn, W.A. (1990). “Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.33, pp.692-724.
• Kanten, P. and Yeşiltaş, M. (2013). “Pozitif örgütsel davranışlar üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme”, Visionary E-Journal/Vizyoner Dergisi, Vol.4, No.8, pp.83-106.
• Karasek, R.A. (1985). Job Content Instrument: Questionnaire and user’s guide (Rev. 1).
• Keller, R. T. (1975). “Role conflict and ambiguity: Correlates with job satisfaction and values”, Personnel Psychology, Vol.28, No.1, pp.57-64. Keskin, G., Gümüş, A. B. and Engin, E. (2011) “Anger and temperament characteristics of a group of health workers: a relational analysis”, The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, Vol.24, No.3, pp.19920
• Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J. and Roman, P. M. (2009). “Turnover intention and emotional exhaustion" at the top": Adapting the job demandsresources model to leaders of addiction treatment organizations”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol.14, No.1, pp.65-84.
• Kottke, J. L. and Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). “Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support”, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol.48, No.4, pp.1075-1079.
• Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J. and Fiksenbaum, L. (2006). “Work engagement among women managers and professionals in a Turkish bank: Potential antecedents and consequences”, Equal Opportunities International, Vol.25, No.4, pp. 299-310.
• Leather, P., Lawrence, C., Beale, D., Cox, T. and Dickson, R. (1998). “Exposure to occupational violence and the buffering effects of intra-oranizational support”, Work & Stress, Vol.12, No.2, pp.161-178.
• Lee, M. D., Hourquet, P. and MacDermid, S. M. (2002). “Reduced-load work arrangements: the changing nature of professional and managerial work”, In The New World of Work: Challenges and Opportunities (pp.1-11), Malden, MA: Blackwell.
• Lee, R. T. and Ashforth, B. E. (1996). “A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout”, Journal of applied Psychology, Vol.81, No.2, pp.102- 123.
• Leiter, M. P. and Maslach, C. (1988). “Impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.9, No.4, pp.297-308.
• Leiter, M. P. and Schaufeli, W. B. (1996). “Consistency of the burnout construct across occupations”, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, Vol.9, No.3, pp.2292
• Luthans, F. (2002). “The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.23, No.6, pp.69570
• Luthans, F. and Peterson, S. J. (2002). “Employee engagement and manager selfefficacy: Implications of managerial effectiveness and development”, Journal of Management Development, Vol.21, pp.376-387.
• Luthans, K.W., Lebsack, S.A. and Lebsack, R.R. (2008). “Positivity in healthcare: Relation of optimism to performance”, Journal of Health Organization and Management, Vol.22, No.2, pp.178-188.
• Macey, W. H. and Schneider, B. (2008). “The meaning of employee engagement”, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol.1, No.2, pp.3Maguire, J. and Ryan, D. (2007). “Aggression and violence in mental health services: categorizing the experiences of Irish nurses”, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol.14, No.2, pp.120-127.
• Main, K. (2011). Job demands and job resources as antecedents of work engagement among school educators in Pietermaritzburg, KwazuluNatal, Unpublished Master Dissertation, School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu, Natal.
• Malliarou, M., Moustaka, E. and Konstantinidis, T. C. (2009). “Job satisfaction among nurses staff in military health care of Northern Greece”, Balkan Military Medical Review, Vol.12, No.2, pp.63-71.
• Maslach, C. and Jackson, S .E. (1986). The Maslach Burnout Inventory, 2nd Edition, Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
• Maslach, C. (1993). “Burnout: A multidimensional perspective”. Schaufeli, Wilmar B. (Ed); Maslach, Christina (Ed); Marek, Tadeusz (Ed), (1993). Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Series in applied psychology: Social issues and questions., (pp. 19-32). Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis.
• Maslach, C. and Leiter, M. P. (2006). Burnout. Stress and Quality of Working Life: Current Perspectives in Occupational Health (HC), 37.
• Maslach, C. and Leiter, M.P. (1997). The Truth about Burnout, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
• Matamala, A. (2011). Work Engagement as a Mediator Between Personality and Citizenship Behavior, Unpublished Master Dissertation, Psychology Department, Florida International University, U.S.A.
• Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U. and Ruokolainen, M. (2007). “Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement: A longitudinal study”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.70, No.1, pp.149-171.
• Mauno, S., Leskinen, E. and Kinnunen, U. (2001). “Multi ‐wave, multi‐variable models of job insecurity: applying different scales in studying the stability of job insecurity”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.22, No.8, pp.919-937.
• May, D. R., Gilson, R. L. ana Harter, L. M. (2004). “The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol.77, No.1, pp.11-37.
• McLaney, M. A. and Hurrell Jr, J. J. (1988). “Control, stress, and job satisfaction in Canadian nurses”, Work & Stress, Vol.2, No.3, pp.217-224.
• Meijman, T. F. and Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. Handbook of work and organizational psychology, 2.
• Moore, J. E. (2000). “One road to turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals”, MIS Quarterly, pp.141-168.
• Morter, J. R. (2011). Relationship of role overload to job satisfaction and intent to leave among acute care nurses. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Phoenix, U.S.A..
• Nickklaus, A.L. (2007). The complex relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict, work engagement of HR managers and the implementation of SHRM, Unpublished Master Dissertation, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands.
• Nunnally, J.C. and Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory, 3rd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill. Sharma.
• Oflaz, F. (2006). “Psikiyatri kliniğinde tedavi edici ortam kavramı ve hemşirenin sorumlulukları”, Anatolia Psychiatry Journal (Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi), Vol.7, pp.55-61.
• Othman, N. and Nasurdin, A. M. (2011). “Work engagement of Malaysian nurses: Exploring the ımpact of hope and resilience”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 60, pp.1-22.
• Özkan, S. (2008). “Rol çatışması ve rol belirsizliğinin hekim ve hemşirelerin tükenmişlik düzeyleri üzerine olan etkileri, Unpublished Master Dissertation, Hacettepe University, Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• Pearce, J. L. (1998). “Job insecurity is important, but not for the reasons you might think: The example of contingent workers”, Trends in organizational behavior, Vol.5, pp.31-46.
• Pekriz, Ş. (2009). Psikiyatri hemşirelerinin agresyon algılamalarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Unpublished Master Dissertation, İstanbul University, Health Sciences Institute, İstanbul, Turkey.
• Prouse, E. (2010). The influences of work engagement and intention to turnover in pilots and cabin crew in a New Zealand based airline organisation. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Massey University, Psychology Department, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
• Razak, A. Z. A., Yunus, N. K. Y. and Nasurdin, M. (2011). “Impact of work overload and job involvement on work-family conflict among Malaysian doctors”, Labuan e-Journal Maumalat, Vol.5, pp.1-10.
• Reynders, E.F. (2005). Job insecurity, psychological empowerment and engagement in a government organisation. Unpublished Master Dissertation, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
• Richer, S. F. and Vallerand, R. J. (1995). “Supervisors' interactional styles and subordinates' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.135, No.6, pp. 707-722.
• Rizzo, J., House, R. and Lirtzman, S. (1970). “Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.15, pp.150-163.
• Rothbard, N. P. (2001). “Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 46, No.4, pp. 655-684.
• Rothmann, S. (2007). “Antecedents of work engagement in a multinational oil company”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.33, pp.49-56.
• Rothmann, S. (2008). “Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work-related wellbeing”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.34, No.3, pp.11-16.
• Rothmann, S. and Jordaan, G. M. E. (2006). “Job demands, job resources and work engagement of academic staff in South African higher education institutions”. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.32, No.4, pp.85
• Rousseau, D. M. and Tijoriwala, S. A. (1998). “Assessing psychological contracts: Issues, alternatives and measures”, Journal of organizational Behavior, Vol.19, No.1, pp.679-695.
• Ruvio, A. and Rosenblatt, Z. (1999). “Job insecurity among Israeli schoolteachers: Sectoral profiles and organizational implications”, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol.37, No.2, pp.139-168.
• Saks, A. M. (2006). “Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.21, No.7, pp.600-619.
• Salanova, M., Agut, S. and Peiro, J. M. (2005). Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: the mediation of service climate. Journal of applied Psychology, Vol.90, No:6, pp.1217-1227.
• Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Cifre, E., Martínez, I. M. and Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). “Perceived collective efficacy, subjective well-being and task performance among electronic work groups an experimental study”, Small Group Research, Vol.34, No.1, pp.43-73.
• Schaufeli, W. B. and Bakker, A. B. (2004). “Job demands, job resources and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.25, pp.293-315.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V. and Bakker, A. B. (2002). “The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach”, Journal of Happiness studies, Vol.3, No.1, pp.71-92.
• Schaufeli, W. and Salanova, M. (2007). Work engagement: Managing social and ethical issues in organizations, pp.135-177.
• Schnorpfeil, P., Noll, A., Wirtz, P., Schulze, R., Ehlert, U., Frey, K. and Fischer, J. E. (2002). “Assessment of exhaustion and related risk factors in employees in the manufacturing industry–a cross-sectional study”, International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol.75, No.8, pp.535-540.
• Seligman, M. E. (2003). Foreword: The past and future of positive psychology. Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well lived, pp.11-20.
• Seligman, M. E. and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). “Positive psychology: an introduction”, American psychologist, Vol.55, No.1, pp.1-15.
• Serper, Ö. (2010). Uygulamalı İstatistik (Applied Statistics), Bursa: Ezgi Publishing House, 7th Edition.
• Shaughnessy, J. J. and Zechmeister, E. B., (2003). Research Methods in Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W.B., Kosugi, S., Suzuki, A., Nashiwa, H., Kato, A., et al. (2008). “Work engagement in Japan: Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol.57, pp.510-523.
• Silla, I., De Cuyper, N., Gracia, F. J., Peiró, J. M. and De Witte, H. (2009). “Job insecurity and well-being: Moderation by employability”, Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol.10, No.6, pp.739-751.
• Sipahi,B., Yurtkoru, E.S. and Çinko, M. (2012). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS'le Veri Analizi (SPSS Data Analysis for Social Sciences), İstanbul: Beta Publishing.
• Sluss, D. M., Klimchak, M. and Holmes, J. J. (2008). “Perceived organizational support as a mediator between relational exchange and organizational identification”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.73, No.3, pp.4574
• Smith, I.M. (2013). Burnout and work engagement: The incremental validity and relative importance of individual differences over and above characteristics of the work environment. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Department of Applied Psychology, San Diego State University, U.S.A.
• Smithson, J. and Lewis, S. (2000). “Is job insecurity changing the psychological contract?”, Personnel Review, Vol.29, No.6, pp. 680-702.
• Šoljan, I. (2009). “Organizational circumstances for the occurrence of mobbing in health care organizations”, Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol.2, No.3, pp.239-244.
• Sonnentag, S. (2003). “Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: a new look at the interface between nonwork and work”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.88, No.3, pp. 518-533.
• Stamper, C. L. and Johlke, M. C. (2003). “The impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between boundary spanner role stress and work outcomes”, Journal of Management, Vol.29, No.4, pp.569-588.
• Storm, K. and Rothmann, I. (2003). “A psychometric analysis of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in the South African police service”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.29, No.4, pp.62-70.
• Sverke, M., D.G. Gallagher and J. Hellgren (2000). “Alternative work arrangements: Job stress, well-being and work attitudes among employees with different employment contracts”, In K. Isaksson, C. Hogstedt, C. Eriksson and T. Theorell (eds) Health Effects of the New Labour Market. New York: Kluwer Academic.
• Swanberg, J. E., McKechnie, S. P., Ojha, M. U. and James, J. B. (2011). “Schedule control, supervisor support and work engagement: A winning combination for workers in hourly jobs?”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.79, No.3, pp.613-624.
• Tahir, S., Yusoff, R. B. M., Azam, K., Khan, A. and Kaleem, S. (2012). “The effects of work overload on the employees’ performance in relation to customer satisfaction: A Case of water & power development authority, attock, Pakistan”, World, Vol.2, No.1, pp.174-181.
• Taştan, S. B. and Serinkan, C. (2013). “An empirical research on the relationship between individuals’ psychological empowerment and voluntary performance behaviors: An assessment of the combination of psychological power and intimate will”, Journal of Global Strategic Management, Vol.13, pp.100-124.
• Taştan, S. B. (2011). The mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relationship between participative organizational climate, self-efficacy and ındividual performance behaviors. Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation, Social Sciences Institute, Department of Organizational Behavior, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Terry, D. J. and Jimmieson, N. L. (1999). “Work control and employee wellbeing: A decade review”, Int.Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol.14, pp.95-148.
• Thomas, L. T. and Ganster, D. C. (1995). “Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: a control perspective”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.80, No.1, pp.1-16.
• Topuz, A. (2006). Hemşirelerde rol çatışması ve rol belirsizliği, iş stresi ve aralarındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi, Unpublished Master Dissertation, Cumhuriyet University, Health Sciences Institute, Sivas, Turkey.
• Turgut, T. (2011). “Çalışmaya tutkunluk: İş yükü, esnek çalışma saatleri, yönetici desteği ve iş-aile çatışması ile ilişkileri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi/Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol.25, No.3-4, pp.155-179.
• Ünal, Z.M., Turgut, T. (2013). “Birey-örgüt uyumunun çalışan tutkunluğuna katkısı”, 1. Organizational Behavior Conference, Conference Proceedings Book, pp.215-227.
• Väänänen, A., Toppinen-Tanner, S., Kalimo, R., Mutanen, P., Vahtera, J. and Peiró, J. M. (2003). “Job characteristics, physical and psychological symptoms, and social support as antecedents of sickness absence among men and women in the private industrial sector”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol.57, No.5, pp.807-824.
• Van den Berg, H., Manias, D. and Burger, S. (2008). “The influence of job-related factors on work engagement of staff at the University of the Free State”, Acta Academica, Vol.40, pp.85-114.
• Van Schalkwyk, S., Du Toit, D. H., Bothma, A. S. and Rothmann, S. (2010). “Job insecurity, leadership empowerment behaviour, employee engagement and intention to leave in a petrochemical laboratory”, SA Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.8, No.1, pp.1-7.
• Van Wyk, M. (2007). Setting a research agenda for job insecurity in South African organisations. Unpublished Master Dissertation, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
• Vanam, S. (2009). Job engagement: examining the relationship with situational and personal factors. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Department of Psychology, San Jose State Univerity.
• Warr, P. (1994). “A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health”, Work & Stress, Vol.8, No.2, pp.84-97.
• Wefald, A. J. and Downey, R. G. (2009). “Construct dimensionality of engagement and its relation with satisfaction”, The Journal of Psychology, Vol.143, pp.91-111.
• Wilkerson, K. and Bellini, J. (2006). “Intrapersonal and organizational factors associated with burnout among school counselors”, Journal of Counseling & Development, Vol.84, No.4, pp.440-450.
• Winnubst, J. A. M. and Schabracq, M. J. (1996). Social support, stress and organization: Towards optimal matching, Handbook of Work and Health Psychology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
• Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. and Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). “The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model”, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol.14, No.2, pp.121-144. Xie, J. L. and Johns, G. (1995). “Job scope and stress: Can job scope be too high?”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.38, No.5, pp.1288-1309. Yi-wen, Z. and Yi-Qun, C. (2005). “The Chinese version of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: An examination of reliability and validity”, Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol.13, No.3, pp.268-270.