HİZMETKAR LİDERLİK VE PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ: ÖRGÜT KÜLTÜRÜNÜN DÜZENLEYİCİ ETKİSİ

Year 2016, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 10th Year Special Issue, 75 - 104, 15.12.2016

Tamer Bolat , Oya İnci Bolat , Murad Yüksel

https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.662160

Cited By: 25

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, hizmetkar liderlik ve psikolojik güçlendirme arasında
anlamlı bir ilişkinin olup olmadığını ve bu ilişkide örgüt kültürünün düzenleyici etkisini
belirlemektir. Çalışmanın örneklemi Eskişehir’de faaliyet gösteren bir mobilya fabrikası ile
Balıkesir’de faaliyet gösteren borik-asit fabrikasıdır. Veriler anket yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Bu kapsamda beş yüz yirmi altı anket analizlerde kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları,
hizmetkar liderlik ve psikolojik güçlendirme arasında anlamlı ve pozitif bir ilişkinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sonuca göre hizmetkar liderlik tarzını benimseyen yöneticilerin
takipçileri, kendilerini psikolojik olarak daha fazla güçlendirilmiş hissetmektedirler. Ayrıca
örgüt kültürü alt boyutlarından klan kültürünün hizmetkar liderlik ve psikolojik güçlendirme arasındaki ilişki üzerinde düzenleyici etkisinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın
en önemli kısıtı, çalışmanın sonuçlarının, araştırmanın sadece bir mobilya fabrikası ile bir
borik-asit fabrikasında yapılması nedeniyle imalat sektörüne yönelik genellenememesidir

Keywords

Hizmetkar Liderlik, Psikolojik Güçlendirme, Klan Kültürü, Adhokrasi Kültürü, Hiyerarşi Kültürü, Pazar Kültürü

The Relationship Between Servant Leadership and Psychological Empowerment: Moderating Effect of Organizational Culture

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a significant
relationship between servant leadership and psychological empowerment and to determine
the moderating effect of organizational culture on this relationship. The sample of the study is
a furniture factory in Eskişehir and an acid-boric factory in Balıkesir. The data were collected
by using questionnaires. In this frame, five hundred and twenty six questionnaires were
analyzed. The results of the study showed that there was a significant relationship between
servant leadership and psychological empowerment. According to this result, followers of managers who adopts servant leadership style, feel more psychologically empowered.
Besides, it is found that clan culture, which is a sub dimension of organizational culture,
has a moderating effect on relationship between servant leadership and psychological
empowerment. The most important limitation of the study that the results of the study
cannot be generalized in manufacturing sector, as the survey was administered in only a
furniture factory and an acid-boric factory.

Keywords

Servant Leadership, Psychological Empowerment, Clan Culture, Adhocracy Culture, Hierarchy Culture, Market Culture

References

• Acar, P., Kıyak, M. ve Sine, B. (2014). The Relationship between Organizational Culture and Mobbing: An Application on Construction Companies. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 29 (4), 281-298.
• Ahadi, S., Suandi, T., Ismail, M. ve Omar, Z. (2011). Influence of Organizational Culture on Psychological Empowerment of Academicians in Research Universities. 12th International Conference on HRD Research and Practice across Europe: Sustaining Growth through Human Resource Development: 25-27 Mayıs 2011- University of Gloucestershire (1-27) Cheltenham, UK.
• Aiken, L.S. ve West, S.G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.
• Allahyari, R., Mirkamali, S.M. ve Kharazi, K. (2011). Survey of Relationship between the Psychological Empowerment of Employees with Organizational Learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1549-1554. Allameh, S.M., Heydari, M. ve Davoodi, S.M.R. (2012). Studying the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Psychological Empowerment of Teachers in Abade Township. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 224-230.
• Alvesson, M. (2002). Understanding Organizational Culture, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
• Arseven, A. (1986). Benlik Tasarımı (Gelişimi ve Okul Başarısıyla İlişkisi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 15-26.
• Asag-Gau, L. ve Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). The Impact of Servant Leadership on Organisational Commitment among the Highly Talented: The Role of Challenging Work Conditions and Psychological Empowerment. European Journal of International Management, 5 (5), 463-483.
• Aslan, E. (1992). Benlik Kavramı ve Bireyin Yaşamındaki Etkileri. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 7-14.
• Ataman, G. (2001). İşletme Yönetimi Temel Kavramlar & Yeni Yaklaşımlar, İstanbul: Türkmen Kitabevi.
• Avolio, B.J., Zhu, W., Koh, W. ve Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Structural Distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25 (8), 951-968.
• Balay, R., Kaya, A. ve Geçdoğan-Yılmaz, R. (2014). Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Hizmetkâr Liderlik Yeterlikleri ile Farklılıkları Yönetme Becerileri Arasındaki İlişki. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları, 4, 229-249.
• Barton, H. ve Barton, L.C. (2011). Trust and Psychological Empowerment in the Russian Work Context. Human Resource Management Review, 21 (3), 201-208.
• Bitmiş, M.G. ve Ergeneli, A. (2011). Contingency Approach to Strategic Management: A Test of the Mediating Effect of Leader Member Exchange on the Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction in 21st Century Workplace. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1143-1153.
• Cameron, K.S., ve Quinn, R.E. (2006). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
• Cerit, Y. (2010). The Effects of Servant Leadership on Teachers’ Organizational Commitment in Primary Schools in Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 13 (3), 301-317.
• Chang, L.C., Shih, C.H. ve Lin, S.M. (2010a). The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment for School Health Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47 (4), 427-433.
• Chang, S.-J., Witteloostuijin, A.V. ve Eden, L. (2010b) From the Editors: Common Method Variance in International Business Research, Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 178-184.
• Chen, C.Y., Chen, C.H.V. ve Li, C.I. (2013). The Influence of Leader’s Spiritual Values of Servant Leadership on Employee Motivational Autonomy and Eudaemonic Well-Being. Journal of Religion and Health, 52 (2), 418-438.
• Chung, J.Y., Jung, C.S., Kyle, G.T. ve Petrick, J.F. (2010). Servant Leadership and Procedural Justice in the US National Park Service: The Antecedents of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 28 (3), 1-15.
• Cohen, J. ve Cohen. P. (1983). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2.ed.). Erlbaum, NJ: Hillsdale.
• Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan Güçlendirmenin İşgören Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9 (1), 35-46.
• Daft, R.L. (2010). Understanding the Theory and Design of Organizations (3.ed.). China: China Translation and Printing Services Limited.
• Dastmalchian, A., Lee, S. ve Ng, I. (2000). The Interplay between Organizational and National Cultures: A Comparison of Organizational Practices in Canada and South Korea Using the Competing Values Framework. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11 (2), 388-412.
• Deal, T. ve Kennedy, A. (1982). Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Dennis, R.S. ve Bocarnea, M. (2005). Development of the Servant Leadership Assessment Instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26 (8), 600-615.
• Deshpandé, R. ve Farley, J.U. (2004). Organizational Culture, Market Orientation, Innovativeness, and Firm Performance: An International Research Odyssey. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21 (1), 3-22.
• Dosoglu-Guner, B. (2001). Can Organizational Behavior Explain the Export Intention of Firms? The Effects of Organizational Culture and Ownership Type. International Business Review, 10 (1), 71-89.
• Duyan, E.C. ve Van Dierendonck, D. (2014). Hizmetkar Liderliği Anlamak: Teoriden Ampirik Araştırmaya Doğru. Sosyoloji Konferansları, 49, 1-32.
• Dwyer, S., Richard, O.C. ve Chadwick, K. (2003). Gender Diversity in Management and Firm Performance: The Influence of Growth Orientation and Organizational Culture. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 1009-1019.
• Ehrhart, M.G. (2004). Leadership and Procedural Justice Climate as Antecedents of Unit-Level Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 61-94.
• Erdem, R. (2007). Örgüt Kültürü Tipleri ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Elazığ İl Merkezindeki Hastaneler Üzerinde Bir Çalışma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2(2), 63-79.
• Ergeneli, A., Arı, G.S. ve Metin, S. (2007). Psychological Empowerment and its Relationship to Trust in Immediate Managers. Journal of Business Research, 60 (1), 41-49.
• Fernet, C., Trépanier, S.G., Austin, S., Gagné, M. ve Forest, J. (2015). Transformational Leadership and Optimal Functioning at Work: On the Mediating Role of Employees’ Perceived Job Characteristics and Motivation. Work & Stress, 29(1), 11-31.
• Giritli, H., Öney-Yazıcı, E., Topçu-Oraz, G. ve Acar, E. (2013). The Interplay between Leadership and Organizational Culture in the Turkish Construction Sector. International Journal of Project Management, 31(2), 228-238.
• Gregory, B.T., Harris, S.G., Armenakis, A.A. ve Shook, C.L. (2009). Organizational Culture and Effectiveness: A Study of Values, Attitudes, and Organizational Outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 673-679.
• Harrison, R. (1972). Understanding Your Organisation’s Character. Harvard Business Review, 50, 119-128.
• Hiçdurmaz, D. ve Fatma Ö. (2011). Benliğin Bilişsel Yaklaşımla Güçlendirilmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik Dergisi, 18(2), 68-78.
• Hill, N.S., Kang, J.H. ve Seo, M.G. (2014). The Interactive Effect of Leader– Member Exchange and Electronic Communication on Employee Psychological Empowerment and Work Outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), 772-783.
• Hofstede G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 7 (1), 81-94.
• Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D.D. ve Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286-316.
• Houghton, J.D. ve Yoho, S.K. (2005). Toward A Contingency Model of Leadership and Psychological Empowerment: When Should Self-Leadership be Encouraged?. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(4), 65- 83.
• Jones, R.A., Jimmieson, N.L. ve Griffiths, A. (2005). The Impact of Organizational Culture and Reshaping Capabilities on Change Implementation Success: The Mediating Role of Readiness for Change. Journal of Management Studies, 42(2), 361-386.
• Keskes, I. (2014). Relationship between Leadership Styles and Dimensions of Employee Organizational Commitment: A Critical Review and Discussion of Future Directions. Intangible Capital, 10(1), 26-51.
• Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S.C., Jonas, K., Quaquebeke, N.V. ve Dick, R. (2012). How Do Transformational Leaders Foster Positive Employee Outcomes? A Self-Determination-Based Analysis of Employees’ Needs as Mediating Links. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1031-1052.
• Krog, C.L. ve Govender, K. (2015). The Relationship between Servant Leadership and Employee Empowerment, Commitment, Trust and Innovative Behaviour: A Project Management Perspective, Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1), 1-12.
• Kudelko, J., Juzyk, A. ve Zaremba, L. (2014). Conditions of Management by Values in Mining Companies. Revista Minelor/Mining Revue, 20(3), 23- 30.
• Kuzgun Meyvacıoğlu, Y. (1983). Benlik ve İdeal Benlik Kavramlarının “Tercih Edilen Meslek” Kavramı İle İlişkisi”. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 1-10.
• Lan, X.M. ve Chong, W.Y. (2015). The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment between Transformational Leadership and Employee Work Attitudes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 184-191.
• Laub, J.A. (2000). Assessing the Servant Organization: Development of the Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) Instrument. Doctoral Dissertation, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida.
• Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., Zhao, H. ve Henderson, D. (2008). Servant Leadership: Development of A Multidimensional Measure and Multi-Level Assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161-177.
• Lin, H.C. ve Rababah, N. (2014). CEO–TMT Exchange, TMT Personality Composition, and Decision Quality: The Mediating Role of TMT Psychological Empowerment. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(5), 943-957.
• Martin, C.A. ve Bush, A.J. (2006). Psychological Climate, Empowerment, Leadership Style, and Customer-Oriented Selling: An Analysis of the Sales Manager–Salesperson Dyad. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3), 419-438.
• Meng, L., Jin, Y. ve Guo, J. (2016). Mediating and/or Moderating Roles of Psychological Empowerment. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 104-110.
• Menon, S. (2001). Employee Empowerment: An Integrative Psychological Approach. Applied Psychology, 50(1), 153-180.
• Messaoud, M. (2014). Relationship between Empowerment and the Adoption of Total Quality Management: From the Point of View of Top and Middle Leaders in Al Baraka Bank of Algeria. Journal of Business and Management. 16(1), 23-27.
• Myers, D.G. (2015),“Bölüm 2: Sosyal Dünyada Benlik Kavramı”, Çev. Gamze Sart (Çev. Edt. Serap Akfırat), Sosyal Psikoloji, 10. basımdan çeviri, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic.Ltd.Şti., Ankara.
• O’Brien, J.L. (2010). Structural Empowerment, Psychological Empowerment and burnout in registered staff nurses working in outpatient dialysis centers. Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School, Newark. O’Reilly, C.A., Chatman, J. ve Caldwell, D.F. (1991). People and Organizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person-Organization Fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487-516.
• Öcal, H. ve Ağca, V. (2010). Teknolojik Değişim Hızına Bağlı Olarak Farklılaşan Endüstri Yapılarının Örgüt Kültürü ve İsletme Performansı Üzerindeki Etkileri. Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(1), 157-182.
• Patterson, K.A. (2003). Servant Leadership: A Theoretical Model. School of Leadership Studies, Regent University.
• Pettigrew, A.M. (1979). On Studying Organizational Cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 570-581.
• Pfister, J. (2009). Managing Organizational Culture for Effective Internal Control: From Practice to Theory. Berlin: Physica-Verlag.
• Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y. ve Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
• Quiñones, M., Van den Broeck, A. ve De Witte, H. (2013). Do Job Resources Affect Work Engagement via Psychological Empowerment? A Mediation Analysis. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 29(3), 127-134.
• Reiman, T. ve Oedewald, P. (2004). Measuring Maintenance Culture and Maintenance Core Task with Culture-Questionnaire-A Case Study in the Power Industry. Safety Science, 42(9), 859-889.
• Richard, O.C., McMillan-Capehart, A., Bhuian, S.N. ve Taylor, E.C. (2009). Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological Contracts: Does Organizational Culture Really Matter?. Journal of Business Research, 62(8), 818-825.
• Rubio-Sanchez, A., Bosco, S.M. ve Melchar, D.E. (2013). Servant Leadership and World Values. Global Studies Journal, 5(3), 19-33.
• Ruíz, P., Martínez, R. ve Rodrigo, J. (2010). Intra-Organizational Social Capital in Business Organizations. A Theoretical Model with a Focus on Servant Leadership as Antecedent. Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics, 1(1), 43-59.
• Russell, R.F. ve Stone, A. G. (2002). A Review of Servant Leadership Attributes: Developing A Practical Model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(3), 145-157.
• Sanı, F.O.Ü., Çaliskan, S.C., Atan, Ö. ve Yozgat, U. (2013). Öğretim Üyelerinin Hizmetkâr Liderlik Davranışları ve Ardılları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Ege Akademik Bakış, 13(1), 63-82.
• Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational Culture and Leadership. (3. Bs.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Shamir, B., House, R.J. ve Arthur, M.B. (1993). The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory. Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594.
• Sigler, T.H. ve Pearson, C.M. (2000). Creating an Empowering Culture: Examining the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of Empowerment. Journal of Quality Management, 5(1), 27-52.
• Sotirofski, K. (2014). Organizational Culture Impact on Psychological Empowerment of Academic Staff. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(2), 119-124.
• Spears, L.C. (2010). Character and Servant Leadership: Ten Characteristics of Effective, Caring Leaders. The Journal of Virtues & Leadership, 1(1), 25-30.
• Spreitzer, G.M. (1995). Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465. Spreitzer, G.M. (1996). Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 483-504. Spreitzer, G.M., De Janasz, S.C. ve Quinn, R.E. (1997). Empowered to Lead: The Role of Psychological Empowerment in Leadership. Ceo Publication T 97-7 (319), 1-24. Stoica, M., Liao, J. ve Welsch, H. (2004). Organizational Culture and Patterns of Information Processing: The Case of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 251-266.
• Stone, A.G., Russell, R.F. ve Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus Servant Leadership: A Difference in Leader Focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 349-361.
• Şekercioğlu, G. ve Güzeller, C.O. (2012). Ergenler İçin Benlik Algısı Profili’nin Faktör Yapısının Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi. Bilig, 60, 215-236.
• Taormina, R.J. (2008). Interrelating Leadership Behaviors, Organizational Socialization, and Organizational Culture. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(1), 85-102.
• Taylor, T., Martin, B.N., Hutchinson, S. ve Jinks, M. (2007). Examination of Leadership Practices of Principals Identified as Servant Leaders. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 10(4), 401-419.
• TDK. (2005). Türkçe Sözlük. (10. Bs.). Ankara: Akşam Sanat Okulu Matbaası.
• Tolay, E., Sürgevil, O. ve Topoyan, M. (2012). Akademik Çalışma Ortamında Yapısal ve Psikolojik Güçlendirmenin Duygusal Bağlılık ve İş Doyumu Üzerindeki Etkileri, Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(4), 449-465.
• Van Dierendonck, D. ve Nuijten, I. (2011). The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(3), 249-267.
• Van Oudenhoven, J.P. (2001). Do Organizations Reflect National Cultures? A 10-Nation Study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 89- 107.
• Van Winkle, B., Allen, S., DeVore, D. ve Winston, B. (2014). The Relationship between the Servant Leadership Behaviors of Immediate Supervisors and Followers’ Perceptions of Being Empowered in the Context of Small Business. Journal of Leadership Education, 13(3), 70-82.
• Vigoda-Gadot, E. ve Dryzin-Amit, Y. (2006). Organizational Politics, Leadership and Performance in Modern Public Worksites: A Theoretical Framework. Vigoda-Gadot, E. and Drory, A. (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Politics içinde (pp. 3-15). Great Britain: MPG Books Ltd.
• Wang, G. ve Lee, P.D. (2009). Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction: An Analysis of Interactive Effects. Group & Organization Management, 34(3), 271-296. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G. ve Coffey, V. (2013). Organizational Culture and Willingness to Share Knowledge: A Competing Values Perspective in Australian Context. International Journal of Project Management, 31(8), 1163-1174.
• Yıldırım, N. ve Birinci, S. (2013). Impacts of Organizational Culture and Leadership on business Performance: A Case Study on Acquisitions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 71-82.
• Zehir, C., Ertosun, Ö.G., Zehir, S. ve Müceldili, B. (2011). The Effects of Leadership Styles and Organizational Culture over Firm Performance: Multi-National Companies in İstanbul. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1460-1474.
• Zhang, X. ve Bartol, K.M. (2010). Linking Empowering Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Process Engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.
• Zhou, Y. ve Miao, Q. (2014). Servant Leadership and Affective Commitment in the Chinese Public Sector: The Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support. Psychological Reports, 115(2), 381-395