Arabsun, a hamlet in 1530, gained the status of a village in 1582. Arabsun renamed as Gülşehri after gaining the status of a district in 1781. The most important cause of this change was Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha, who was originally from Arabsun and one of the grand viziers of Abdulhamid I. Karavezir, who was a Grand Vizier between 1779 and 1781, brought to Arabsun the artifacts and buildings which can be expressed as a complex (kulliye). The sign of being a city instead of a settlement during the Ottoman period was the existence of mosque and market in there. From this point of view, the structures such as mosque, school, madrasah, library, fountain, shadirvan and bathhouse, which were located in the complex, constituted an infrastructure for the transformation a village into district during the Ottoman period. Later, new neighborhoods were formed due to the population migrated here. That is to say, that place was enlivened. This study aimed to reveal the situation of Gülşehri district on the basis of its population census made in 1781 for the determination of avarız and nüzül (war chest/tax) households. This census data book was taken as a starting point for the study, and other sources were examined when necessary.
116 out of 577 individuals in the centre of Gülşehri belonged to the reaya class. 60 of the total number of individuals were derbendci, 319 members of an ashiret (tribe), 16 were amelmande (unable to work), and 20 sadat (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad). These data show the presence of a dense settlement at the kaza. It is also understood that a significant number of individuals made a living from derbendcilik and the waqf. The group that directly contributed to production at the kaza centre was non-Muslims.
In 1781, 1.060 individuals were recorded in the villages of the Gülşehri kaza. According to the data, there were 131 kuloglu (sons of military officials and soldiers), 134 janissaries, 320 reaya, 212 non-Muslims and 132 sadat. Other individuals formed the villages. It is noteworthy that there is a significant number of non-Muslims in the villages of the kaza with even their own neighbourhoods. In addition, it is understood that many who were employed by the military resided in the villages. In the villages, there were also officials who assisted the community in their religious practices, such as monks, imams, and hatips (preacher). In this context, Friday prayers were performed in mosques in the villages. In addition, the tekkenishin and zaviyedar records (records that document those who attended religious institutions such as tekkes and zaviyes) point to the presence of two zaviyes.
One of the most important results revealed in this study is the conditions under which a village transforms into a kaza. Because it is noteworthy that Arabsun, a small village, transformed into a kaza. Of course, the most important reason is Karavezir Mehmed Pasha, who is from Arabsun. More important was his being the grand vizier. The most important indicator of a city was the mosque and the marketplace. These were met by the waqfs established by Mehmed Pasha. The third factor is that the population reaching a certain level, which was fulfilled by the settling of ashirets. Subsequent issues such as the decision of the Divanıhumayun (The Imperial Council), the appointment of a kadı, and the performing of tahrir can be considered as the final touches of the transition from village to kaza or the announcement of the known.
ÖZ
1530 yılında mezra olan Arabsun, 1582 yılında köy statüsü kazanmıştır. 1781 yılında ise kaza statüsü verilen Arabsun, Gülşehri ismini almıştır. Bu değişimin en önemli nedeni I. Abdülhamid’in sadrazamlarından olan ve aslen Arabsunlu olan Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Paşa (1728-1781) idi. 1779-1781 yılları arasında sadrazamlık yapan Karavezir, Arabsun’a külliye olarak ifade edilebilecek eserler kazandırmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde bir yerleşim yerine şehir diyebilmenin göstergesi, orada caminin ve pazarın olmasıydı. Buradan hareketle külliyede bulunan cami, mektep, medrese, kütüphane, çeşme, şadırvan ve hamam gibi yapılar köyden kazaya dönüşümün alt yapısını oluşturmuştur. Daha sonra buraya göç ettirilen nüfus sayesinde yeni mahalleler oluşmuştur. Yani burası şenlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, 1781 yılında avarız ve nüzulhaneleri tespit için Gülşehri’nde yapılan sayım esas alınarak kazanın durumu ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Hareket noktası olarak bu defter alınmış olmakla birlikte gerekli yerlerde diğer kaynaklara da müracaat edilmiştir. Avarız, Müslüman ve gayrimüslim ayrımı gözetilmeden tahrir defterine reaya olarak kaydedilen herkesten alınan bir vergiydi. Nitekim Arabsun/Gülşehri kazasında her iki grup üzerine de avarız yazılmıştır.
Tahrir yapılırken kaza merkezindeki mahallelerden başlanmış sonrasında köyler yazılmıştır. Köyler yazıldıktan sonra kazaya ilhak edilen yerleşim yerlerine değinilmiştir. Muharrir, mübaşir ve kadıdan oluşan ekibe tahriri yapılan yerin ileri gelenleri de eşlik etmiştir. Zira yerleşim yerlerinin hududunu ve gelirlerini en iyi bilenler onlardı. Aynı zamanda böyle bir ekip kurularak otokontrol da sağlanmıştır. Merkez, taşra ve yerleşim yerinin ileri gelenlerinden oluşan heyet, bu işlemin usulüne uygun, kanuna mutabık ve yöreye göre yapılmasını da temin etmiştir. Merkezden gelenler tahririn yapılışını, kadı kanunlara uygun ve adil yapılmasını, köylüler de gelirlerin ve hudutların doğru kaydedilmesini temsil etmişlerdir. Bu bakımdan tahririn yazımında görev alanlar rastgele seçilmemişlerdi. Bu kişiler geçmiş tecrübelere dayanılarak bilinçli şekilde oluşturulmuşlardı.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | Research Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | December 31, 2020 |
Submission Date | September 30, 2020 |
Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 2 |