The Research on the Voice and Silence Behaviours of Iranian and Turkish Employees According to Their Demographic Characteristics

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 205 - 220, 30.04.2019

Mehmet Sağlam , Beliz Ülgen , Sahar Mohammadi Bazargani

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.511920

Cited By: 3

Abstract

The aim of
this study was to present how employees’ voice and silence behaviour differ
according to demographic characteristics. Two different sample was used as
Iranian and Turkish. 160 surveys were distributed for both samples. 123 survey
were usable for Iranian sample and 149 surveys were usable for Turkish sample
in various sectors. The data were collected using by
a questionnaire form and analysed with the statistical program SPSS. The
scale for employee voice and silence was adapted from Dyne et al. (2003),
including 30 items and six factors. Explanatory
factor analysis was used to determine the scale factor structure. Then alpha
coefficients were determined for scale reliability. In
order to determine the significant difference of employee voice and silence
behaviour according to demographic characteristics, a t-test and Anova test
were employed. Significant
differences were found for employee voice and silence across demographic
characteristics on both Iranian and Turkish sample. The similarities and differences between the employees were compared in
terms of these two countries.

Keywords

Employee voice, Employee silence, Iranian Employees, Turkish Employees, Demographic characteristics

References

• Adams, J. S. (1965). “Inequity in social exchange”. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, New York: Academic Press. (2), 267-299.
• Afkhami A. M., & Mehrabanfar, E. (2015). “Organizational Silence, from Roots to Solutions: A Case Study in Iran Petroleum Industry” Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 4(2), 68-83.
• Anderson, J.C., Gerbing D.W. (1988) “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two - Step Approach” Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
• Ashford, S. J., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Christianson, M. K. (2009). “Speaking up and speaking out: The leadership dynamics of voice in organizations” In Greenberg, J., & Edwards, M. S. (Eds.). (2009). Voice and silence in organizations. Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 175-202.
• Bagheri, G., Zarei, R., & Aeen, M. N. (2012). “Organizational silence (basic concepts and its development factors)” Ideal Type of Management, 1(1), 47-58.
• Bjerring, J.C., Hansen, J.U., & Pedersen, N.J.L.L. (2014). “On the rationality of pluralistic ignorance” Synthese, 191 (11), 2445-2470.
• Bogosian, R. (2011). “Engaging Organizational Voice: A Phenomenological Study of Employees' Lived Experiences of Silence in Work Group Settings” (Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University).
• Brinsfield, C., Edwards, M., & Greenberg, J. (2009). “Voice and Silence in Organizations: Historical Review and Current Conceptualizations” In J. Greenberg, M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and Silence in Organizations ( 3-33). UK: Emerald Group Publishing LTD.
• Budd, J. W., Gollan, P. J., & Wilkinson, A. (2010). “New approaches to employee voice and participation in organizations” Human Relations, 63(3), 303-310.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). “Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı”, Ankara, Pegem A Yayıncılık.
• Çınar, O., Karcıoğlu, F., & Alioğulları, Z, D. (2013). “The relationship between organizational silence and organizational citizenship behavior: a survey study in the province of Erzurum, Turkey”. 9th International Strategic Management Conference, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (99), 314–321.
• Çoban, H., & Sarıkaya, M. (2016). “A Research on The Relationship Between Organizational Silence And Burnout”, European Scientific Journal. September /SPECIAL/ edition.
• Daft, R. L., & Lane, P. G. (2008). “The leadership experience” (5th ed.). Mason, OH: SouthWestern Cengage Learning.
• Dundon, T. & Gollan, P.J. “Re-conceptualizing voice in the non-union workplace” International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2007, 18, 1182-98.
• Durmuş, B., Yurtkoru, E. S. ve Çinko, M. (2013). “Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le Veri Analizi”, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 5. Baskı.
• Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). “Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs” Journal of management studies, 40(6), 1359-1392.
• Ehtiyar, R., & Yanardağ, M. (2008). “Organizational silence: A survey on employees working in a chain hotel” Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14(1), 51-68.
• Ellis, J.B., & Van Dyne, L. (2009). “Voice and silence as observer reactions to defensive voice: Predictions based on communication competence theory” In J. Greenberg & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations (pp. 37-61). Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group.
• Field, A. (2009). “Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, Sage Publications”, London, 2009, 3rd Edition.
• Garner, J. T., & Garner, L. T. (2011). “Volunteering an opinion: Organizational voice and volunteer retention in nonprofit organizations” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 813-828.
• Gomez, R., Bryson, A., & Willman, P. (2010). “Voice in the wilderness? The shift from union to non-union voice in Britain”. In A. Wilkinson, P. J. Gollan, M. Marchington, & D. Lewin (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of participation in organizations (pp. 383–406). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Gorden, W. I. (1988). “Range of employee voice” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1(4), 283-299.
• Greenberg, Jerald (1987), "A Taxonomy Of Organizational Justice Theories", Academy of Management Review, 1(12), 9–22.
• Greenberg, Jerald (1990), "Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow", Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432.
• Greenberg, J., & Edwards, M. S. (Eds.). (2009). “Voice and silence in organizations” Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 175-202.
• Hair, J. F.; Black, W. C.; Babin, B. J.; Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2009). “Multivariate Data Analysis”.7th Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Harvey, J. B. (1988). “The Abilene paradox: The management of agreement”. Organizational Dynamics, 17(1), 17-43.
• Hirschman, A. O. (1970). “Exit, voice, and loyalty” Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Hofstede, G. (2001). “Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviours, institutions, and organizations across nations”. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Homans, G. C. (1961). “Social behavior: Its elementary forms”. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.
• Hsiung, H. H. (2012). “Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior: A multi-level psychological process” Journal of business ethics, 107(3), 349-361.
• Johnson-Cartee, K. (2005), “News Narratives and News Framing: Constructing Political Reality” Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
• Kalaycı, Ş. (2005). “SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri”. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Karacaoğlu, K., & Cingöz, A. (2008). “Örgütsel Sessizlik. Özdevecioğlu” M. and H. Karadal (Eds.), Örgütsel Davranışta Seçme Konular, Ankara, 155-167.
• Kim, J., MacDuffie, J. P., & Pil, F. K. (2010). “Employee voice and organizational performance: Team versus representative influence” Human Relations, 63(3), 371-394.
• Korkmaz, E. (2018). “The Relationship Between Organizational Silence and Allen-Meyer Organizational Commitment Model: A Research In The Health Sector In Turkey”, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(1), 200-213.
• Launius, R. D. (1998). “The Reorganized Church, the Decade of Decision, and the Abilene Paradox” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 31(1), 47-65.
• Lee, G. L., Diefendorff, J. M., Kim, T. Y., & Bian, L. (2014). “Personality and participative climate: Antecedents of distinct voice behaviors” Human Performance, 27(1), 25-43.
• LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. (2001). “Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance: Evidence of differential relationships with big five personality characteristics and cognitive ability” Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 326-336.
• Menendez, M. G., & Lucio, M. M. (2014). “Voice across borders: Comparing and explaining the dynamics of participations in a context of change”. In A. Wilkinson, J. Donaghey, T. Dundon, & R. B. Freeman (Eds.), The handbook on employee voice (pp. 381–397). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
• Moaşa, H. (2013). “Struggling for Organizational Identity: Employee Voice and Silence” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92, 574-581.
• Morrison, E.W. & Milliken, F.J. (2000), “Sounds of Silence” Academy of Management Review, 25, 31-35.
• Morrison, E. W. (2014). “Employee voice and silence” The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1),173-197.
• Miles, S. J., & Muuka, G. N. (2011). “Employee choice of voice: a new workplace dynamic” Journal of Applied Business Research, 27(4), 91.
• Nafei, W. A. (2016). “Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Job Engagement in Successful Organizations” International Business Research, 9(4), 100.
• Naus, F., Van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. (2007). “Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees' responses to adverse conditions in the workplace” Human Relations, 60(5), 683-718.
• Nikmaram, S., Yamchi, H. G., Shojaii, S., Zahrani, M, A., & Alvani, S. M. (2012). “Study on Relationship Between Organizational Silence and Commitment in Iran”. World Applied Sciences Journal 17(10), 1271-1277
• Pacheco, D. C., Moniz, A. I. A., & Caldeira, S. N. (2015). “Silence in organizations and psychological safety: a literature review” European Scientific Journal, (Special Edition), 293-308.
• Perlow, L. A., & Repenning, N. P. (2009). “The dynamics of silencing conflict” Research in organizational behavior, 29, 195-223.
• Pinder, C. C., & Harlos, K. P. (2001). “Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice” In Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 331-369). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). “Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research” Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563.
• Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1993). “Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: some consequences of misperceiving the social norm” Journal of personality and social psychology, 64(2), 243.
• Rezabeygil, S., & Almasi, D. (2014). “Organizational Silence: A Dangerous Phenomenon in the Way of the Organizational Progress” International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research, 3, 300-306.
• Richard, N. (2003). “Why Do We Remain Silent in the Face of Unethical Behavior?, The Politics of Ethics: Methods for Acting, Learning, and Sometimes Fighting, with Others in Addressing Ethics Problems in Organizational Life”. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Rusbult, C.E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G. & Mainous III, A.G. “Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction” Academy of Management Journal, 1988, 31(3), 599–627.
• Sarıkaya, M. (2013). “Karar Verme Süreçleri ve Örgütsel Sessizlik” Master Thesis, University of Pamukkale.
• Schechtman, G. (2008). “When Silence speaks louder than words: Computer-mediated communications and perceived ostracism” PhD, Washington State University.
• Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2005). “Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance” Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(1), 91.
• Shamir, J., & Shamir, M. (1997). “Pluralistic ignorance across issues and over time: Information cues and biases” Public Opinion Quarterly, 227-260.
• Sholekar, S., & Shoghi, B. (2017). “The Impact of Organizational Culture on Organizational Silence and Voice of Faculty Members of Islamic Azad University in Tehran”. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 10(1), 113-142.
• Slade, M. R. (2008). “The adaptive nature of organizational silence: A cybernetic exploration of the hidden factory” (Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University).
• Soltani, E., Liao, Y.Y., Gholami, A. K., & Iqbal, A. (2017). “Saying it without words: a qualitative study of employee voice in the Iranian building sector”, International Journal of Human Resource Management.
• Tavşancıl, E. (2005). “Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi”. Ankara: Nobel Basımevi.
• Turgut, T., Agun, H. (2016). “The Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Organizational Cynicism The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and Employee Voice” İş'te Davranış. 1, 15-26.
• Vangel, K. (2011). “Employee responses to job dissatisfaction” In Schmidt Labor Research Center Seminar Series, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA. 1-17.
• Walster, E., Berscheid, E., & Walster, G. W. (1973). “New directions in equity Research”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 151-176
• Wilkinson, A., Dundon, T., & Marchington, M. (2013). “Employee involvement and voice”. In S. Bach & M. R. Edwards (Eds.), Managing human resources: Human resource management in transition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 268–288
• Wood, G. (2010). “Employee participation in developing and emerging countries”. In A. Wilkinson, P. J. Gollan, D. Lewin, & M. Marchington (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of participation in organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 552–569.
• Zanna, M.P. (1996). “Advances in Experimental Social Psychology” Volume 28. California: Academic Press, Inc.
• Zehir, C., & Erdoğan, E. (2011). “The Association between Organizational Silence and Ethical Leadership through Employee Performance”, 7th International Strategic Management Conference, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (24), 1389-1404.
• http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=TR (17.5.2017)
• http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=IR (17.5.2017)