Towards a Better Life: "Lifestyle Migration"

Year 2010, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 31 - 47, 01.06.2010

İlkay Südaş , Mustafa Mutluer

Abstract

Lifestyle migration terms the migration movement of relatively affluent individuals moving voluntarily to the places where they believe they can lead a better life. A certain definition of this type of migration is difficult. This difficulty is mainly based on the obscurity related to temporality or permanence of the movement; the diversity of migrants in aspect of their motivations and demographic characteristics and the difference of migration destinations. The destination may be a coastal resort, a historical town or a rural area. It is observed that immigrants are generally middle aged or elderly citizens of the affluent countries. There is a strong nexus between migration movement and tourism and lifestyle migration destinations are mostly located in the Mediterranean climate zone. In this article, the theoretical background of lifestyle migration is discussed and the general picture of this relatively new phenomenon is presented.

Keywords: Lifestyle migration, retirement migration, Turkey

Keywords

-

DAHA İYİ BİR HAYATA DOĞRU: “YAŞAM BİÇİMİ GÖÇÜ"

Abstract

Yaşam biçimi göçü, refah düzeyi yüksek bireylerin, daha iyi bir yaşam sürdüreceklerini düşündükleri yerlere, iradi bir biçimde gerçekleştirdikleri tüm nüfus hareketlerinin içine alan, göreceli olarak yeni bir göç türüdür. Bu yeni nüfus hareketin tanımlanmasında çeşitli güçlükler söz konusudur. Bu güçlükler arasında, hareketin kalıcılık ya da geçicilik gibi niteliklerinin belirsizlik göstermesi, göçe katılanların motivasyonlar ve demografik özellikler açısından büyük çeşitlilik sergilemeleri ve birbirinden farklı nitelikteki (kıyı turizmi alanları, tarihsel özelliği olan yerleşmeler, kırsal alanlar vb.) destinasyonlara göç edilmesi sayılabilir. Bununla birlikte, göç destinasyonlarının genel olarak, Akdeniz iklim kuşağında yer aldığı; göçmenlerin, gönderen toplumlardaki ortalama yaşın üzerindeki bireyler oluştuğu ve bu hareketin, turizm ile sıkı bir bağlantısının bulunduğu gözlenmektedir. Bu makalede, yaşam biçimi göçü ifadesinin içerdiği kavramsal çeşitlilik ve görece yeni olan bu konunu kuramsal boyutu ile dünyadaki ve Türkiye’deki durumu üzerinde durulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yaşam biçimi göçü, emekli göçü, Türkiye

Keywords

Yaşam biçimi göçü, emekli göçü, Türkiye

References

• Abadan-Unat, N. 2006. Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus-Ötesi Yurttaşlığa. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul
• Ackers, L., P. Dweyer. 2004. “Fixed laws, fluid lives: the citizenship status of post-retirement migrants in the European Union” Ageing and Society 24: 451-475
• Ageing and Society. 2004. Older Migrants in Europe: Papers from a European Science Foundation Scientific Network (Editörler: K. Friedrich, L. Kellaher, S. Torres) 24(3).
• Allen, J., I. Dandolova. 2006. “The English in Bulgaria” Workshop 24: Cross-border Second Home Ownership. Urban Planing Institute of the Republic of Slovenia. Ljubljana.
• Arango J. 2000. “Becoming a Country of Immigration at the End of the Twentieth Century: the Case of Spain” R. King, (Editör) Eldorado or Fortress: Migration in Southern Europe sf. 253–276 Palgrave Publishers. New York
• Arı, Y., P. T. Hurley. 2011. “Doğal Zenginlikler ve Şehirsel Politik Ekolojik Dönüşümler: Edremit Körfezi Örneği, Balıkesir” TÜCAUM VI. Ulusal Coğrafya Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde, sf. 345-353 Ankara
• Bade, K. J., P. C. Emmer, L. Lucassen, J. Oltmer. 2007. Enzyklopädie Migration in Europa: Vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh Paderborn
• Bahar, H.İ., S. Laçiner, İ. Bal, M. Özcan. 2009. “Older Migrants to the Mediterranean: The Turkish Example” Population, Space and Place 15: 509-522
• Balkır, C. , B. Kırkulak. 2009. “Turkey, the New Destination for International Retirement Migration” H. Fassmann, M. Haller, D. Lane (Editörler) Migration and Mobility in Europe: Trends, Patterns and Control sf. 123-143 Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
• Bank, S. P. 2004. “Identity narratives by American and Canadian retirees in Mexico” Journal of Cross- Cultural Gerontology 19: 361–381
• Barke, M. 1991. “The growth and changing pattern of second homes in Spain in the 1970s” Scottish Geographical Magazine. 107 (1): 12–21
• Barke, M., L. A. France. 1988. “Second homes Tourism: Balearic Islands” Geography 73 (2):143–145.
• Benson, M. 2010. “The context and trajectory of lifestyle migration: the case of British residents in southwest France” European Societies, 12 (1):45-64
• Benson, M., K. O’Reilly (Editörler). 2009. Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences, Ashgate
• Buchta, K. 2009. “Djerba –Insel der Glückseligen? Deutsche Staatsbürger mit Dauerwohnsitz in Djerba” Südtunesien Mitteilungen der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft 56: 357-384
• Bulut, İ. 2001. “Yasadışı Göçün Toplumsal ve Kültürel Alanda Ülkemize Etkileri”. Türk Koop. Ekin 18:44-48
• Brown, D. L., N. Glasgow (Editörler). 2008. Rural Retirement Migration Springer. Dordrecht
• Breuer, T. 2005. “Retirement Migration or rather Second-Home Tourism? German Senior Citizens on the Canary Islands” Die Erde 3:313–333.
• Božić, S. 2006. “The Achievement and Potential of International Retirement Migration Research: The Need for Disciplinary Exchange” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8): 1415–1427
• Clark, W. A. V., K. White. 1990. “Modelling Elderly Mobility” Environment and Planning A. 22: 909– 924
• Clary , D. 1991. “La Migration de retraite en Floride” Norois 38(150) : 127–144
• Clout, H. 1995.“International Counterurbanization: British Migrants in Rural France by Henry Buller and Keith Hoggart” Book Review. The Geographical Journal 161(3):330
• Casado-Díaz, M. A., U. Lundh, T. Warnes 2002. Older Migrants in Europe: Projects and Sources Sheffield Institute for Studies on Ageing, University of Sheffield, Sheffield
• Chevan A., L. R. Fischer. 1979. “Retirement and Interstate Migration” Social Forces. 57(4):1365–1380
• Cridland, S. 2008. An Analysis of the Winter Movement of Grey Nomads to Northern Australia: Plannig for Increased Senion Visitation. PhD Thesis.James Cook University.
• Casado-Díaz M. A., 2006. “Retiring to Spain: An Analysis of Differences among North European Nationals” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8):1321–1339
• Deniz, O. 2009. Uluslararası Göçler ve Türkiye’ye Yansıması: Sığınmacılar, Mülteciler ve Yasadışı Göçmenler. Çantay Kitabevi. İstanbul
• Deniz, O. 2011. “1990 Sonrasında Türkiye’ye Yönelen Sığınma Hareketleri ve Etkileri” TÜCAUM VI. Ulusal Coğrafya Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde, sf. 93-102 Ankara
• Deniz, A. M. Özgür. 2010. “Antalya Ruslar İçin Ulusaşırı Toplumsal Bir Alan mı Oluyor?” TÜCAUM VI. Ulusal Coğrafya Sempozyumu. A.Ü.D.T.C.F. Ankara
• Dwyer, P. 2001. “Retired E.U. Immigrants, Healthcare Rights and European Social Citizenship” Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 23 (3):311–327
• Fournier, G. M., D. W. Rasmussen, W. J. Serow. 1988. “Elderly migration: For sun and Money” Population Research and Policy Review 7 (3): 189-199
• Friedrich, K. A. M.Warnes 2000. „Understanding Contrasts in Later Life Migration Patterns: Germany, Britain and the United States”. Erdkunde 54(2): 108-120
• Fountain, J., M. Hall. 2002. “The impact of lifestyle migration on rural communities: A case study of Akaroa, New Zealand” C. M. Hall, A. M. Williams (Editörler) Tourism and Migration: New Relationships between Production and Consumption sf. 153-168. Kluwer. Dordrecht
• Gelles, R. J., A. Levine. 1995. Sociology: An Introduction. McGraw Hill Publishing Company. New York
• Gober, P. 1985. “The Retirement Community as a Geographical Phenomenon: The Case of Sun City, Arizona” Journal of Geography 84 (5)189–198
• Golant, S. M. 1980. “Future Directions for Elderly Migration Research” Research on Aging 2 (2): 271– 280
• Illés, S. 2005 “Elderly immigration to Hungary” Migration Letters 2 (2): 164 – 169.
• Illés,S. 2007 “Types of elderly migration”. C. Kovács (Editör) From villages to cyberspace sf. 227–237 Department of Economic and Human Geography University of Szeged, Szeged
• International Journal of Population Geography. 1998. Special Issue: International Retirement Migration 4 (2)
• Kaiser, B. 2007. “Türkiye’deki Avrupa Birliği Yurttaşları: Siyasal ve Toplumsal Katılımın Önündeki Engeller”, Kökler ve Yollar: Türkiye’de Göç Süreçleri, (475–490) içinde, (Der. Ayhan Kaya, Bahar Şahin), İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
• Kaiser, B., A. İçduygu. 2005. “Türkiye’deki Avrupa Birliği Yurttaşları” A. Kaya, T. Tahranlı (Editörler) Türkiye’de Çoğunluk ve Azınlık Politikaları: AB Sürecinde Yurttaşlık Tartışmaları sf. 224-238 Tesev Yayınları, İstanbul
• Kaiser, B. 2003. “Lifeworlds of E.U. Immigrants in Turkey” E. Zeybekoğlu, B. Johansson (Editörler) Migration and Labour in Europe: Views from Turkey and Sweden sf. 269-289 MURCIR ve NIWL İstanbul
• Kaiser, C. 2001. "Internationale Ruhesitzmigration und wandelnde Ansprüche an das Lebensumfeld", Vortrag im Rahmen der Fachtagung Mobilität und gesellschaftliche Partizipation im Alter, an der TU Dresden.
• King, R., A. M. Warnes, M. A. Williams. 1998b. “International Retirement Migration in Europe” International Journal of Population Geography 4 (2): 91–111
• King, R., G. Patterson. 1998. “Diverse paths: the elderly British in Tuscany” International Journal of Population Geography 4 (2): 157–82.
• King, R. 2002. “Towards a New Map of Migration” International Journal of Population Geography. 8: 89–106
• King, R., T. Warnes, A. Williams. 2000. Sunset Lives: British Retirement Migration to the Mediterranean. Berg Publishers. New York
• Kockel, U. 1991. “Countercultural Migrants in the West of Ireland” R. King (Editör) Contemporaray Irish Migration sf. 70-82 Geographical Society of Ireland Special Publication 6. Dublin.
• Korpela, M. 2010. “Bohemian Lifestyle Migration” International Workshop on Theorizing Lifestyle Migration: Conceptual approaches for the study of leisure-oriented movements and residential tourism 28-29.01.2010 CSIC Madrid.
• Kritz, M. M. Douglas T. Gurak, L. Chen. 2000. “Elderly Immigrants: Their Composition and Living Arrangements” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 27(1):85–114
• Kubo, T., Y. Ishikawa. 2004. “Searching for "paradise": Japanese international retirement migration” Japanese Journal of Human Geography 56(1):74–87.
• Lardiés, R.; Rodríguez, V.; Rojo, F.; Fernández-Mayoralas, G. 2009. La movilidad residencial internacional como estrategia de calidad de vida en los mayores J.J. Pons, (Editör) Territorio y movilidad interior de la población en España - EUNSA
• La Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales. 2002. Tourisme et Migrations 18 (1)
• Lazaridis, G., J. Poyago-Theotoky, R. King. 1999. “Islands as havens for retirement migration: finding a place in sunny Corfu” R. King ve J. Sunell (Editörler) Small Worlds, Global Lives: Islands and Migration sf. 297–319. Pinter. London
• Lin, G. 1997. “Elderly Migration: Household versus Individual Approaches” Papers in Regional Science. 76 (3): 285–300
• Litwak, E., C. F. Longino. 1987. “Migration patterns among the elderly: A developmental perspective” Gerontology, 27(3): 266-272.
• Longino, C. F., D. E. Bradley. 2003. “A First Look at Retirement Migration Trends in 2000” The Gerontologist. 43 (6): 904–907
• Migration Policy Institue. 2006. America’s Emigrants: US Retirement Migration to Mexico and Panama. Washington DC
• Mings, R. C. 1997. “Tracking “Snowbirds” in Australia: Winter Sun Seekers in Far North Queensland” Australian Geographical Studies. 35(2):168–182
• Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales. 2007. Extranjeros con certificado de registro o tarjeta de residencia en vigor a 30 de junio de 2007. Madrid
• Mutluer, M. 2004. “Migrations vers la Turquie: survol des processus historiques et des données récentes” A. Manço (Editör) Turquie: vers de nouveaux horizons migratoires? sf. 85-107 L’Harmattan. Paris
• Mutluer, M. 2003a. Uluslararası Göçler ve Türkiye: Kuramsal ve Ampirik Bir Alan Araştırması – Denizli/Tavas Çantay Kitabevi. İstanbul
• Mutluer, M., 2003b. “Les migrations irrégulières en Turquie” Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales 19(3): 151-172.
• Ono, M. 2010. “Migration as a Retirement Lifestyle: Japanese Retirees and their self-actualization in Malaysia” Theorizing Lifestyle Migration: Conceptual approaches for the study of leisure-oriented movements and residential tourism 28-29.01.2010 CSIC Madrid
• Ono, M. 2008. “Long-stay Tourism and International Retirement migration: Japanese Retirees in Malaysia”, M. Yamashita, D.W. Minami, W. Haines, J. S. Eades, (Editörler) Transnational Migration in East Asia: Japan in a Comparative Focus sf. 151-162 Senri Ethnological Reports 77. National Mueseum of Ethnology Osaka
• O’Reilly, K. 1995 “Constructing and managing identities: ‘residential tourists’ or a British expatriate community in Fuengirola, southern Spain”. Essex Graduate Journal of Sociology 1: 25–37.
• O'Reilly, K. 2007a. “The Rural Idyll, Residential Tourism and the Spirit of Lifestyle Migration” Thinking through Tourism Paper presented at the ASA (Association of Social Anthropologists).
• O’Reilly, K. 2007b. “Intra-European Migration and the Mobility–Enclosure Dialectic” Sociology 41(2): 277–293
• O’Reilly, K., M. Benson, 2009. “Lifestyle Migration: Escaping to the Good Life?” M. Benson ve K. O’Reilly (Editörler) Lifestyle Migration. Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences içinde, 1-13 Farnham: Ashgate
• Özbek, Ç. 2008. Uluslararası Göçler Bağlamında Yurttaşlık ve Kimliğin Değişen Anlamı: Marmaris Örneği. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Muğla
• Özgüç, N. 2007. Turizm Coğrafyası: Özellikler ve Bölgeler. Çantay Kitabevi. İstanbul
• Rogers, A. 1988. “Age patterns of elderly migration: an international comparison” Demography 25 (3):355–370
• Rodrìguez, V, G. Fernández-Mayoralas, F.Rojo, 1998. “European retirees on the Costa del Sol: a cross- national comparison” International Journal of Population Geography 4 (2): 183–200.
• Sastry, M. L. 1992. “Estimating the Economic Impacts of Elderly Migration: An Input-Output Analysis” Growth and Change 23 (1):54-79
• Shinozaki, M. 2006. “Japenese International Retirement Migration: A Case Study of Japanese retired couples in New Zealand” Paper Presentation Workshop Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies (GSAPS)
• Südaş, İ., M. Mutluer. 2006. “Immigration européenne de retraités vers la «Riviera turque»: le cas d’Alanya (côte méditerranéenne)” Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales (REMI) 22 (3):203–223.
• Tekeli, İ. 2007. “Türkiye’nin Göç Tarihindeki Değişik Kategoriler” A. Kaya, B. Şahin (Editörler) Kökler ve Yollar: Türkiye’de Göç Süreçleri sf. 448-473 İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul
• Tomljenovic, R., B. Faulkner. 2000. “Tourism and older residents in a sunbelt resort” Annals of Tourism Research 27 (1): 93–114.
• Torkington, K. 2010. “Defining lifestyle migration” Dos Algarves 19: 99-111
• Walters, H. W. 2000. “Types and Patterns of Later Life Migration” Geografiska Annaler. 82 (3) :129–147
• Walters, H. W. 1994. “Climate and US Elderly Migration Rates” Papers in Regional Science 73 (3): 309– 329
• Walters, W. H., E. I. Wilder. 2003. “Disciplinary Perspectives on Later-Life Migration in the Core Journals of Social Gerontology” The Gerontologist. 43 (5):758–760
• Warnes. A. M. 2001. “The International Dispersal of Pensioners from Affulent Contries” International Journal of Population Geography 7 (5):373–388
• Warnes, A. M., G. Patterson. 1998. “British Retirees in Malta: Components of the Cross-National Relationship”. International Journal of Population Geography 4 (2): 113–133
• Williams, A.M., R. King, A. Warnes. 1997. “A place in the sun: international retirement migration from Northern to Southern Europe” European Urban and Regional Studies 4: 115-134
• Williams, A., M. Hall. 2000. “Tourism and Migration: New Relationships between Production and Consumption” Tourism Geographies 2 (1):5–27
• Williams, A. M., R. King, A. Warnes, G. Patterson. 2000. “Tourism and International Retirement Migration: New Forms of an Old Relationship in Southern Europe” Tourism Geographies 2(1): 5- 27
• Wiseman, R.F. and Roseman, C.C. 1979. “A typology of elderly migration based on the decision making process” Economic Geography 55: 324–37. 1
• Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, Research on Ageing, Journal of Applied Gerontology ve The Gerontologist
• Annals of Association of American Geographers, International Journal of Population Geography, Professional
• Geographer ve Progress in Human Geography