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GENETİĞİ DEĞİŞTİRİLMİŞ ORGANİZMALAR YARARLI MI, ZARARLI MI? - GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS: USEFUL or HARMFUL?

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 71 - 79, 18.01.2019

Abstract

According
to the latest estimates, it is shown that it will be difficult to achieve a
world without hunger and malnutrition by 2030, and it is predicted that the
world population will increase to 8.5 billion by 2030. Today, technological
possibilities have made it possible to change the genetic material to create
new features for plants, animals, bacteria and fungi. Organisms whose genetic
material had been modified via unnatural ways are called as genetically
modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have been developed and
marketed due to their high efficiency for producers and consumers. Currently,
the main target of commercially available genetically modified crops is to
protect crops by providing resistance to diseases caused by insects or viruses,
or by increasing tolerance to herbicides. According to the 2017 report of the
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications,
in the first 21 years of commercialization of biotechnological products(1996-2016),
are providing significant agricultural, environmental, economic, health and
social benefits for farmers and caused increasing number of consumers.
Oncoming future, it is
aimed to change the nutrient content of foods, reduce the allergic potential
and increase the efficiency of the production systems by genetic modification. Modern
biotechnology methods provide an accelerated development of food products by
recombinant or improved features of increased specificity compared to
conventional techniques. However, risk assessment and procedures for the
adoption or rejection of genetically modified foods by the public should always
be addressed through innovative methodological facilities.

References

  • 1. FAO I, UNICEF. WFP, WHO: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security Rome, FAO. 2017.
  • 2. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241.
  • 3. Atsan T, Kaya TE. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmaların (GDO) tarım ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri. UÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008;22(2):1-6.
  • 4. Şen S, Altınkaynak S. Genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdalar ve potansiyel sağlık riskleri. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2014;18(1):31-8.
  • 5. European Food Safety Authority(EFSA), GMO, Introduction-, 12.07.2018; Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/genetically-modified-organisms
  • 6. World Health Organization (WHO). Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods. World Health Organization mayo http://www who int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/Frequently_asked_questions_on_gm_foods pdf. 2014.
  • 7. Çelik V, BALIK DT. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDO). Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2007;23(1):13-23.
  • 8. World Health Organization (WHO), Food Safety, Food technologies-, 21.09.2018; Available from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/en/ .
  • 9. Rollin F, Kennedy J, Wills J. Consumers and new food technologies. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2011;22(2-3):99-111.
  • 10. Azadi H, Ho P. Genetically modified and organic crops in developing countries: A review of options for food security. Biotechnology advances. 2010;28(1):160-8.
  • 11. World Health Organization (WHO). Modern food biotechnology, human health and development: an evidence-based study. 2005.
  • 12. Lin C-H, Pan T-M. Perspectives on genetically modified crops and food detection. journal of food and drug analysis. 2016;24(1):1-8.
  • 13. Zhang C, Wohlhueter R, Zhang H. Genetically modified foods: A critical review of their promise and problems. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2016;5(3):116-23.
  • 14. Moellenbeck DJ, Peters ML, Bing JW, Rouse JR, Higgins LS, Sims L, et al. Insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis protect corn from corn rootworms. Nature biotechnology. 2001;19(7):668.
  • 15. ISAAA. 2017. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech Crop Adoption Surges as Economic Benefits Accumulate in 22 Years. ISAAA Brief No. 53. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.
  • 16. ISAAA. 2016. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2016. ISAAA Brief No. 52. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.
  • 17. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000). Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity: text and annexes. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
  • 18. Convention on Biological Diversity, The Cartagena Protocol, About the protocol, Introduction-, 21.09.2018; Available from: https://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/ .
  • 19. Convention on Biological Diversity, The Cartagena Protocol, Parties, List of Parties, Country Profile, Profile information and status-, 21.09.2018; Available from: https://bch.cbd.int/about/countryprofile.shtml?country=tr .
  • 20.Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi, e-Mevzuat, Genetik Yapısı Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünlerine Dair Yönetmelik-; 04.10.2018 Available from: http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.14203&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=geneti%C4%9Fi%20de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftirilmi%C5%9F .
  • 21. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO), World Health Organization (WHO). Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods: report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on allergenicity of foods derived from biotechnology. FAO, Rome. 2001.
  • 22. De Vendômois JS, Roullier F, Cellier D, Séralini G-E. A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009;5(7):706.
  • 23. World Health Organization (WHO), Health topics, Food, Genetically modified-, 23.10.2018; Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/food_genetically_modified/en/ .

GENETİĞİ DEĞİŞTİRİLMİŞ ORGANİZMALAR YARARLI MI, ZARARLI MI? - GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS: USEFUL or HARMFUL?

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 71 - 79, 18.01.2019

Abstract

Son
tahminler, 2030 yılına kadar açlık ve malnutrisyonun olmadığı bir dünya
hedefine ulaşmanın zor olacağını göstermekte ve 2030’da dünya nüfusunun
yaklaşık 8.5 milyara çıkacağı öngörülmektedir. Günümüzde ulaşılan teknolojik
imkânlar; bitkiler, hayvanlar, bakteri ve mantarlarda yeni özelliklerin
oluşturulması için genetik materyali değiştirmeyi mümkün hale getirmiştir.
Genetik materyali doğal olmayan yollarla değiştirilmiş organizmalar, genetiği
değiştirilmiş organizma olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Üretici ve tüketici için bazı
avantajlar sağladığından genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalı gıdalar,
genetiği değiştirilmiş tarımsal gıda ürünleri, yüksek verimliliklerinden
dolayı dünya çapında geliştirilmektedir.
Mevcut
durumda piyasada bulunan genetiği değiştirilmiş mahsullerinin temel amacı,
böcekler ya da virüslerin neden olduğu hastalıklara direnç sağlanması veya
herbisitlere toleransın artırılmasıyla verimliliğin artırılmasıdır.
Uluslararası Tarımsal Biyoteknoloji Uygulamaların Edinme Servisi’nin 2017
raporu,
biyoteknolojik ürünlerin ticarileşmesinin ilk 21
yılında (1996-2016), çiftçilere tarımsal, çevresel, ekonomik, sağlık ve sosyal
olarak önemli faydalar sağladığını ve tüketici sayısının giderek arttığını
doğrulamıştır. Gelecekte genetik modifikasyon ile gıdaların besin içeriğini
değiştirmek, alerjik potansiyeli azaltmak ve üretim sistemlerinde verimliliği
artırmak hedeflenmektedir. Modern biyoteknoloji yöntemleri, konvansiyonel
tekniklerle karşılaştırıldığında, artmış bir spesifite ile rekombinant veya
iyileşmiş özelliklere sahip gıda ürünlerinin gelişimini sağlar. Bununla
birlikte, genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdaların toplum tarafından kabul edilmesi ya
da reddedilmesi için risk değerlendirmesi ve prosedürleri, daima yenilikçi
metodolojik imkanlar kullanılarak ele alınmalıdır.

References

  • 1. FAO I, UNICEF. WFP, WHO: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security Rome, FAO. 2017.
  • 2. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241.
  • 3. Atsan T, Kaya TE. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmaların (GDO) tarım ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri. UÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008;22(2):1-6.
  • 4. Şen S, Altınkaynak S. Genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdalar ve potansiyel sağlık riskleri. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2014;18(1):31-8.
  • 5. European Food Safety Authority(EFSA), GMO, Introduction-, 12.07.2018; Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/genetically-modified-organisms
  • 6. World Health Organization (WHO). Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods. World Health Organization mayo http://www who int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/Frequently_asked_questions_on_gm_foods pdf. 2014.
  • 7. Çelik V, BALIK DT. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDO). Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2007;23(1):13-23.
  • 8. World Health Organization (WHO), Food Safety, Food technologies-, 21.09.2018; Available from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/en/ .
  • 9. Rollin F, Kennedy J, Wills J. Consumers and new food technologies. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2011;22(2-3):99-111.
  • 10. Azadi H, Ho P. Genetically modified and organic crops in developing countries: A review of options for food security. Biotechnology advances. 2010;28(1):160-8.
  • 11. World Health Organization (WHO). Modern food biotechnology, human health and development: an evidence-based study. 2005.
  • 12. Lin C-H, Pan T-M. Perspectives on genetically modified crops and food detection. journal of food and drug analysis. 2016;24(1):1-8.
  • 13. Zhang C, Wohlhueter R, Zhang H. Genetically modified foods: A critical review of their promise and problems. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2016;5(3):116-23.
  • 14. Moellenbeck DJ, Peters ML, Bing JW, Rouse JR, Higgins LS, Sims L, et al. Insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis protect corn from corn rootworms. Nature biotechnology. 2001;19(7):668.
  • 15. ISAAA. 2017. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech Crop Adoption Surges as Economic Benefits Accumulate in 22 Years. ISAAA Brief No. 53. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.
  • 16. ISAAA. 2016. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2016. ISAAA Brief No. 52. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.
  • 17. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000). Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity: text and annexes. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
  • 18. Convention on Biological Diversity, The Cartagena Protocol, About the protocol, Introduction-, 21.09.2018; Available from: https://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/ .
  • 19. Convention on Biological Diversity, The Cartagena Protocol, Parties, List of Parties, Country Profile, Profile information and status-, 21.09.2018; Available from: https://bch.cbd.int/about/countryprofile.shtml?country=tr .
  • 20.Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi, e-Mevzuat, Genetik Yapısı Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünlerine Dair Yönetmelik-; 04.10.2018 Available from: http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.14203&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=geneti%C4%9Fi%20de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftirilmi%C5%9F .
  • 21. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO), World Health Organization (WHO). Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods: report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on allergenicity of foods derived from biotechnology. FAO, Rome. 2001.
  • 22. De Vendômois JS, Roullier F, Cellier D, Séralini G-E. A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009;5(7):706.
  • 23. World Health Organization (WHO), Health topics, Food, Genetically modified-, 23.10.2018; Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/food_genetically_modified/en/ .
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ece Elif Öcal

Burhanettin Işıklı

Publication Date January 18, 2019
Submission Date December 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Öcal EE, Işıklı B. GENETİĞİ DEĞİŞTİRİLMİŞ ORGANİZMALAR YARARLI MI, ZARARLI MI? - GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS: USEFUL or HARMFUL?. ESTUDAM Public Health Journal. 2019;4(1):71-9.

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