DETECTION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE IN FOODS AND FEEDSTUFF BY PCR METHODS

Year 2018, , 971 - 983, 01.11.2018

Melike Baran Ekinci , Filiz Özçelik

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD18071

Abstract

In this study twenty six maize kernels and 64
processed maize food including maize flour, starch, corn flakes were collected
from different markets located in Turkey, analyzed for genetic modification
using the polymerase chain reaction. The samples were examined for the presence
of genetic elements located in the majority of transgenic crops such as NOS
terminator and CaMV 35S promoter using conventional PCR and then verified real
time PCR, too. Additionally, Bt11, Bt176, Mon810, CBH351 and T25 events which
have been enjoyed, limited data in Turkey, examined in the products using
conventional PCR. Then, quantification of the all lines (except CBH351) was
performed via real time PCR too. The results indicated that foreign genetic
elements were found in analyzed 14 samples raw and processed materials and the
quantity in one sample (maize flour) was greater than 0.9%, the limit at which
labeling is required by Biosafety Law in Turkey.

Keywords

GM maize (corn), feedstuffs, PCR, real-time PCR

GIDA VE YEMLERDE GENETİK MODİFİYE MISIRIN PCR METOTLARI İLE TESPİTİ

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye piyasasından toplanan ve mısır unu,
mısır nişastası, mısır cipsi ve mısır gevreğini içeren 64 adet işlenmiş mısır
ürünü ile 19 adet işlenmemiş yemlik tane mısırda PCR yöntemi ile genetik
modifikasyon araştırılmıştır. Tüm numunelerde, birçok bitkide düzenleyici
elementlerden olan 35S promotör ve NOS terminatör taranması önce konvensiyonel
PCR ile yapılarak daha sonra real time PCR ile doğrulanmıştır. Ürünlerde,
Türkiye’ de kısıtlı veriye sahip olan Bt11, Bt176, Mon810, T25 ve CBH351
mısırların varlığı konvensiyonel PCR ile aranmış ve CBH351 hariç adı geçen tüm
hatlarda real-time PCR kullanılarak miktar analizi yapılmıştır.  Sonuçlar 14 örnekte yabancı genetik element bulunduğunu,
bir örneğin (mısır unu) ise Türkiye “Biyogüvenlik Yasası” na göre %0.9 olan
etiketleme değerinin üstünde olduğunu göstermektedir. 

Keywords

GM mısır, yem, konvensiyonel PCR, real-time PCR

References

• Abdel-Mawgood, A.; Gassem, M. A.; Alsadon, A. A.; Alghamdi, S. S. & Al-Doss, A. A. (2010). Monitoring of genetically modified food in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Food Science, 4(8) pp. 536 -540.
• Aguilera, M.; Querci, M.; Balla, B.; Pastor, S.; Ermolli, M. & Van den Eede, G. (2008). Genetic and phenotypic stability of the MON 810 trait in commercial seed maize varieties: qualitative and quantitative approaches. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Ahmed, F.E. (2002). Detection of genetically modified organisms in food. Trends in Biotechnol. 20, 215-223.
• Aril, S. & Çakir, O. (2008). Detection of genetically modified soy in processed foods sold commercially in Turkey by PCR based method. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Badulescu, L.; Dobrescu, A.; Ispas, D.; Delian, E. & Burzo, I. (2008). The evaluation of test portion and sample soybean matrix influences on the DNA quantification by real-Time PCR. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June, Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Baran, M. & Yilmaz, R. (2008). Guest Editorial.. The biosafety policy on genetically modified organisms in Turkey. Environ. Biosafety Res., 7, 57-59.
• BATS (2003). BATS (Centre for biosafety and sustainability) report. Genetically modified (GM) crops: Molecular and regulatory details. 2, pp.192.
• Berben, G. & Dardenne, P. (2001). Traçage et authentification des produits à base d’organismes génétiquement modifiés, Recherches financées par les SSTC dans le cadre du programme de “Recherche pré-nominative dans le secteur alimentaire”, CRA-W, rapport finale contract NP/42/026.
• Bergerova, E.; Hrncirova, Z.; Stankovska, M.; Laposovska, M. & Siekel, P. (2008). Effect of heat on DNA degredation in selected food plant matrices. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June, Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Biosafety Commission. (2011). Official Journal. 27827. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/01/20110126-9.htm
• Biosafety Law. (2010). No. 5977. Official Journal. No. 27533. (26.03.2010). In force 26 September 2010.
• CERA (2012). GM Crop Database; Global status of approved genetically modified plants. International Life Sciences Institute. http://cera-gmc.org.
• Cetiner, S.; Budak, H. & Ertugrul, A. (2009). A comprehensive survey of genetically modified products in the Turkish market using DNA based qualitative and quantitative techniques. Abstract Book of 3rd International Congress on Food and Nutrition. 22-25 April. p.56 Antalya, Turkey.
• Demeke, T. & Ratmayaka, I. (2008). Effect of DNA extraction and purification methods on Real-Time quantitative PCR analysis of Roundup Ready soybean. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June .Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• EC. (1997). Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council, concerning the novel foods and novel food ingredients. 27 January 1997.
• EC. (2003). Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003., of the European Parliament and of the Council, concerning the Traceability and Labeling of Genetically Modified Organisms and the Traceability of Food and Feed Products Produced from Genetically Modified Organisms and Amending Directive 2001/18/EC. 15798/1/ 02 REV1. European Council, Brussels. In force 18 April 2004.
• Ertugrul, A.; Budak, H. & Cetiner, S. (2008). The DNA based qualitative and quantitative analysis of genetically modified products in Turkish market. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June.Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Food Standard Agency. (2004). GM Labeling. http://www.food.gov.uk
• FSAI (2001). Survey of Tortilla Chips and Taco Shells for Genetically Modified Ingredients. FSAI (The Food Safety Authority of Ireland). Ireland. http://www.fsai.ie
• FSAI (2004). GM Maize Survey. Sweet corn and Popcorn. FSAI (The Food Safety Authority of Ireland). Ireland. http://www.fsai.ie
• GMO-Compass (2012). GMO database. Genetically modified food and feed: Authorization in the EU. . http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/gmo/db/.
• Goerlich, O.; Müler, A.; Hilen, M. & Busch, U. (2008). Analysis of conventional seed for genetically modified components in Bavaria. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Guillaume, P. ; Gruère, S. & Rao, R. (2007). A review of international labeling policies of genetically modified food to evaluate India’s proposed rule. AgBioForum, 10(1), 51-64.
• Gurakan, C.G., Aydin, G. & Yilmaz, R. (2011) Qualitative detection of GM maize (Bt11) in food and feed sold commercially in Turkey by PCR based methods. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 10, 143-146.
• Holst-Jensen A.; Rønning S. B.; Løvseth, A. & Berdal, K. G. (2003). PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 375, 985-993.
• IIA.MSU (2007). Institute of International Agriculture. Michigan State University. Biosafety and risk assessment in agricultural biotechnology. A workbook for technical training. Part 5: Monitoring. http://www.iia.msu.edu.
• James, C. (2010). Brief 42: Global status of commercialized Biotech/GM crops: ISAAA Briefs. Ithaca, NY. (http://www.isaaa.org).
• Kok J.E.; Scholtens, I.M.J.; Van Hoef, A.M.A. & Aarts, H.J.M. (2000). Detection of genetically modified DNA in food. 1-3. www. ifis.org.
• Lipp, M.; Bluth, A.; Eyguem, F.; Kruse, L.; Schimmel, H.; Van Den Eede, G. & Anklam, E. (2001). Validation of a method based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genetically modified organisms in various processed foodstuffs. European Food Research and Technology. 212, 497-504
• Minegishi, Y.; Kurosawa, Y.; Nishikawa, C.; Doi, N.; Kanayama, S.; Kodama, T.; Kasahara, M.; Matsuoka, T.; Watanabe, T.; Akiyama, H.; Teshima,R.; Mano, J.; Furui, S.; Hino, An. & Kitta, K. (2008). Evaluation of a new DNA extraction method for PCR detection of genetically modified soybean. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• OCA. (2005). Organic Concumers Association. OrganicDetailed Description on New GMO Labeling Rules in EU. www.organicconsumers.org.
• Oraby, H.A.S; Hassan, A.A. & Abou Mossallam, A. A. (2005). Screening food products for the presence of CaMV 35S promoter and NOS terminator. J. Sci. Food Agric., 85, 1974-1980.
• Papazova, N.; Taverniers, I.; Van Houdth, L. & De Loose, M. (2008). Study on parameters influencing the quality of DNA for GMO quantification. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Pauli, U.; Liniger, M.; Zimmerman, A. & Schrott, (2000). M. Extraction and amplification of DNA from 55 foodstuffs. Mitt. Lebensm. Hyg. 91, 491-501.
• Querci, M., Van den Eede, G. & Jermini, M. (2002). The analysis of food samples for the presence of genetically modified organisms. European Commission. Joint Research Centre Manual. Part 2, 5-8.
• Roger, S. O. & Bendich, A. J. (1985). Extraction of DNA from milligram amounts of fresh, herbarium and plant tissues. Plant Mol. Biol. 5, 69-76.
• Sanhoty, R. E.; Broll, H.; Grohmann, L.; Linke, B.; Spiegelberg, A.;, K. W. & Zagon,. J. (2002). Genetically modified maize and soybean on the Egyptian food market. Nahrung Food, 46 (5), 360–363.
• Sheskin, D.J. (2000). Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures, 2nd ed. Chapman 8. Hall/CRC.
• Sieradzki, Z.; Walczak, M. & Kwiatek, K. (2006). Occurrence of genetically modified maize and soybean in animal feedingstuffs. Bull Vet Inst. Pulawy. 51, 567-570.
• Sim, J. & Wright, C. C. (2005). The Kappa Statistic in reliability studies: Use, interpretation, and sample size requirements. Physical Therapy. 85, 257-268.
• Taski-Ajdukovic, K.; Nicolic, Z.; Vujokovic, M., Milosevic, M.; Ingjatov, M. & Petrovic, D. (2008). Monitoring of Roundup Ready soybean in processed meat product on the Serbia food market. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• TemaNord. (2004). Control of GMO Content in Seed and Feed- possibilities and limitations. TemaNord 2004:541. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. 74p.
• Tozzini, A.; Martinez, M. C.; Lucca, M. F.; Rovere, C. & Distefano, A. J. (2000). Semiquantative detection of genetically modified grain based on CaMV 35S promoter amplification. Technical Note. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 3, 149-153.
• Treml, D. & Arisi, A. C. M. (2008). Monitoring of Roundup Ready soybean in processed meat products sold in Brazilian markets from 2007 to 2008. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June.Villa Erba, Como, Italy. TurkStat. (2010). Turkish Statistical Institute.. Foreign trade. No.151. www.turkstat. gov.tr.
• Wang, Z. M.; Koh, M. C.,; Teo, E., Liau, S. H.; Chiew, K. T. & Chew, S. T. (2008). A practical analytical approach to screen for GM presence in rice products. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.
• Zaulet, M.; Georgescu, S.; Petcu, C.; Popovici, A.; Tanasuica, R. & Rebedea, M. (2008). PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified soybeans from foods. Abstract Book of 1st Global Conference on GMO Analysis. (Organized by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) 24-27 June. Villa Erba, Como, Italy.