Investigation of Sinterability of WC-Co Component Comprising of AISI 4340 Steel Inserts
Year 2023,
Volume: 36 Issue: 4, 1722 - 1731, 01.12.2023
Mehmet Subaşı
,
Harun Koçak
,
Asghar Safarian
,
Çetin Karataş
Abstract
In this study, sinterability of WC-9% Co component with AISI 4340 steel insert was investigated using Inserted Powder Injection Molding (IPIM) method. Sintering experiments were performed at temperatures of 1200 °C to 1350 °C with dwell times of 120, 240, 360 min. Defects such as gaps, cracks and macro-porosities were observed in specimens, sintered at temperatures of 1200 °C and 1250 °C for all dwell times. It was proved that sintering temperature of 1350 °C was as high as it caused insert to get deformed and melted. As a result, the optimum sintering temperature and dwell time were determined to be 1300 °C and 240 min, respectively, at which the highest hardness, compression strength, and sintered density were obtained without any defects such as cracks or gaps.
Supporting Institution
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK)
References
- [1] Karataş, Ç., Sarıtaş, S., "Toz enjeksiyonla kalıplama: Bir ileri teknoloji imalat metodu", Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 13(2): 193-228, (1998).
- [2] German, R.M., Powder Injection Molding, In ASM Handbook: Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, (1998).
- [3] Safarian, A., Subaşi, M. and Karataş, Ç., "Reducing debinding time in thick components fabricated by powder injection molding", International Journal of Materials Research, 106(5): 527-531, (2015).
- [4] Safarian, A., Subaşi, M. and Karataş, Ç., "The effect of sintering parameters on diffusion bonding of 316L stainless steel in inserted metal injection molding", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89(5): 2165-2173, (2017).
- [5] Koçak, H., Samet, K., Yılmaz, O. and Karataş, Ç., "Investigation of composite part production from WC-Co/HSS using nickel interlayer by inserted powder injection molding method", Gazi University Journal of Science Part C : Design and Technology, 6(2): 374-384, (2018).
- [6] Johnson, J.L., Tan, L.K., Suri, P. and German, R.M., "Design guidelines for processing bi-material components via powder-injection molding", The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 55(10): 30-34, (2003).
- [7] Heaney, D.F., Suri, P. and German, R.M., "Defect-free sintering of two material powder injection molded components Part I Experimental investigations", Journal of Materials Science, 38(24): 4869-4874, (2003).
- [8] Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Gao, B., Shi, Z. and Yuan, Z., "Rapid diffusion bonding of WC-Co cemented carbide to 40Cr steel with Ni interlayer: Effect of surface roughness and interlayer thickness", Ceramics International, 42(15): 16729-16737, (2016).
- [9] Rodelas, J., Hilmas, G. and Mishra, R.S., "Sinterbonding cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide to tungsten heavy alloys", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 27(5): 835-841, (2009).
- [10] Simchi, A., Petzoldt, F., "Cosintering of powder injection molding parts made from ultrafine WC-Co and 316L stainless steel powders for fabrication of novel composite structures", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 41(1): 233, (2009).
- [11] Sun, Y., Su, W., Yang, H. and Ruan, J., "Effects of WC particle size on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of coarse grained WC–8Co cemented carbides fabricated by unmilled composite powders", Ceramics International, 41 (10): Part B, 14482-14491, (2015).
- [12] Pötschke, J., Säuberlich, T., Vornberger, A. and Meese-Marktscheffel, J.A., "Solid state sintered nanoscaled hardmetals and their properties", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 72, 45-50, (2018).
- [13] Sun, L., Jia, C-C. and Xian, M., "A research on the grain growth of WC–Co cemented carbide", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 25 (2) : 121-124, (2007).
- [14] Koçak, H., Subaşı, M. and Karataş, Ç., "Sinter bonding of AISI 4340 and WC-Co using Ni interlayer by inserted powder injection molding", Ceramics International, 45, 22331-22335, (2019).
- [15] Heng, S.Y., Muhamad, N., Sulong, A.B., Fayyaz, A. and Amin, M.S., "Effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of WC–10%Co through micro-powder injection molding (μPIM)", Ceramics International, 39 (4) : 4457-4464, (2013).
- [16] Eso, O., Fang, Z. and Griffo, A., "Liquid phase sintering of functionally graded WC–Co composites", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 23(4): 233-241, (2005).
- [17] German, R.M., Bose, A., Injection Molding of Metals and Ceramics. First edition edn. Metal Powder Industries Federation, New Jersey: Princeton, (1997).
- [18] Upadhyaya, G. S., Cemented Tungsten Carbides: Production, Properties, and Testing. Noyes Publications, New Jersey, (1998).
- [19] Haglund, S., Ågren, J., "W content in Co binder during sintering of WC–Co", Acta Materialia, 46(8): 2801-2807, (1998).
- [20] Allibert, C.H., "Sintering features of cemented carbides WC–Co processed from fine powders", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 19(1): 53-61, (2001).
- [21] Konyashin, I., Hlawatschek, S., Ries, B., Lachmann, F., Dorn, F., Sologubenko, A. and Weirich, T., "On the mechanism of WC coarsening in WC–Co hardmetals with various carbon contents", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 27(2): 234-243, (2009).
- [22] Sugiyama, I., Mizumukai, Y., Taniuchi, T., Okada, K., Shirase, F., Tanase, T., Ikuhara, Y. and Yamamoto, T., "Carbon content dependence of grain growth mode in VC-doped WC–Co hardmetals", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 52, 245-251, (2015).
- [23] Konyashin, I., Ries, B. and Lachmann, F., "Near-nano WC–Co hardmetals: Will they substitute conventional coarse-grained mining grades", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 28(4): 489-497, (2010).
- [24] http://www.ryerinc.com. Access date: 10.06.2019.
- [25] Erdoğan, M., Erol, A. and Yönetken, A., "Characterization and mechanical properties of WC-Co based scratch", Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, 13 (025701) : 1-11, (2013).
- [26] Fabijanić, T. A., Alar, Ž. and Ćorić, D., "Influence of consolidation process and sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of near nano-and nano-structured WC-Co cemented carbides, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 54, 82-89, (2016).
- [27] Sarıtaş, S., Türker, M. and Durlu, N., Toz Metalurjisi ve Parçacıklı Malzeme İşlemleri Türk Toz Metalurjisi Deneği, Ankara, (2007).
- [28] Okamoto, S., Nakazono, Y., Otsuka, K., Shimoitani, Y. and Takada, J., "Mechanical properties of WC/Co cemented carbide with larger WC grain size", Materials Characterization, 55(4): 281-287, (2005).
- [29] Mandel, K., Radajewski, M. and Krüger, L., "Strain-rate dependence of the compressive strength of WC–Co hard metals", Materials Science and Engineering: A, 612, 115-122, (2014).
- [30] German, R.M., Liquid Phase Sintering. Springer, Boston, MA, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, (1985).
Year 2023,
Volume: 36 Issue: 4, 1722 - 1731, 01.12.2023
Mehmet Subaşı
,
Harun Koçak
,
Asghar Safarian
,
Çetin Karataş
References
- [1] Karataş, Ç., Sarıtaş, S., "Toz enjeksiyonla kalıplama: Bir ileri teknoloji imalat metodu", Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 13(2): 193-228, (1998).
- [2] German, R.M., Powder Injection Molding, In ASM Handbook: Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, (1998).
- [3] Safarian, A., Subaşi, M. and Karataş, Ç., "Reducing debinding time in thick components fabricated by powder injection molding", International Journal of Materials Research, 106(5): 527-531, (2015).
- [4] Safarian, A., Subaşi, M. and Karataş, Ç., "The effect of sintering parameters on diffusion bonding of 316L stainless steel in inserted metal injection molding", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89(5): 2165-2173, (2017).
- [5] Koçak, H., Samet, K., Yılmaz, O. and Karataş, Ç., "Investigation of composite part production from WC-Co/HSS using nickel interlayer by inserted powder injection molding method", Gazi University Journal of Science Part C : Design and Technology, 6(2): 374-384, (2018).
- [6] Johnson, J.L., Tan, L.K., Suri, P. and German, R.M., "Design guidelines for processing bi-material components via powder-injection molding", The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 55(10): 30-34, (2003).
- [7] Heaney, D.F., Suri, P. and German, R.M., "Defect-free sintering of two material powder injection molded components Part I Experimental investigations", Journal of Materials Science, 38(24): 4869-4874, (2003).
- [8] Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Gao, B., Shi, Z. and Yuan, Z., "Rapid diffusion bonding of WC-Co cemented carbide to 40Cr steel with Ni interlayer: Effect of surface roughness and interlayer thickness", Ceramics International, 42(15): 16729-16737, (2016).
- [9] Rodelas, J., Hilmas, G. and Mishra, R.S., "Sinterbonding cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide to tungsten heavy alloys", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 27(5): 835-841, (2009).
- [10] Simchi, A., Petzoldt, F., "Cosintering of powder injection molding parts made from ultrafine WC-Co and 316L stainless steel powders for fabrication of novel composite structures", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 41(1): 233, (2009).
- [11] Sun, Y., Su, W., Yang, H. and Ruan, J., "Effects of WC particle size on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of coarse grained WC–8Co cemented carbides fabricated by unmilled composite powders", Ceramics International, 41 (10): Part B, 14482-14491, (2015).
- [12] Pötschke, J., Säuberlich, T., Vornberger, A. and Meese-Marktscheffel, J.A., "Solid state sintered nanoscaled hardmetals and their properties", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 72, 45-50, (2018).
- [13] Sun, L., Jia, C-C. and Xian, M., "A research on the grain growth of WC–Co cemented carbide", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 25 (2) : 121-124, (2007).
- [14] Koçak, H., Subaşı, M. and Karataş, Ç., "Sinter bonding of AISI 4340 and WC-Co using Ni interlayer by inserted powder injection molding", Ceramics International, 45, 22331-22335, (2019).
- [15] Heng, S.Y., Muhamad, N., Sulong, A.B., Fayyaz, A. and Amin, M.S., "Effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of WC–10%Co through micro-powder injection molding (μPIM)", Ceramics International, 39 (4) : 4457-4464, (2013).
- [16] Eso, O., Fang, Z. and Griffo, A., "Liquid phase sintering of functionally graded WC–Co composites", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 23(4): 233-241, (2005).
- [17] German, R.M., Bose, A., Injection Molding of Metals and Ceramics. First edition edn. Metal Powder Industries Federation, New Jersey: Princeton, (1997).
- [18] Upadhyaya, G. S., Cemented Tungsten Carbides: Production, Properties, and Testing. Noyes Publications, New Jersey, (1998).
- [19] Haglund, S., Ågren, J., "W content in Co binder during sintering of WC–Co", Acta Materialia, 46(8): 2801-2807, (1998).
- [20] Allibert, C.H., "Sintering features of cemented carbides WC–Co processed from fine powders", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 19(1): 53-61, (2001).
- [21] Konyashin, I., Hlawatschek, S., Ries, B., Lachmann, F., Dorn, F., Sologubenko, A. and Weirich, T., "On the mechanism of WC coarsening in WC–Co hardmetals with various carbon contents", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 27(2): 234-243, (2009).
- [22] Sugiyama, I., Mizumukai, Y., Taniuchi, T., Okada, K., Shirase, F., Tanase, T., Ikuhara, Y. and Yamamoto, T., "Carbon content dependence of grain growth mode in VC-doped WC–Co hardmetals", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 52, 245-251, (2015).
- [23] Konyashin, I., Ries, B. and Lachmann, F., "Near-nano WC–Co hardmetals: Will they substitute conventional coarse-grained mining grades", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 28(4): 489-497, (2010).
- [24] http://www.ryerinc.com. Access date: 10.06.2019.
- [25] Erdoğan, M., Erol, A. and Yönetken, A., "Characterization and mechanical properties of WC-Co based scratch", Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, 13 (025701) : 1-11, (2013).
- [26] Fabijanić, T. A., Alar, Ž. and Ćorić, D., "Influence of consolidation process and sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of near nano-and nano-structured WC-Co cemented carbides, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 54, 82-89, (2016).
- [27] Sarıtaş, S., Türker, M. and Durlu, N., Toz Metalurjisi ve Parçacıklı Malzeme İşlemleri Türk Toz Metalurjisi Deneği, Ankara, (2007).
- [28] Okamoto, S., Nakazono, Y., Otsuka, K., Shimoitani, Y. and Takada, J., "Mechanical properties of WC/Co cemented carbide with larger WC grain size", Materials Characterization, 55(4): 281-287, (2005).
- [29] Mandel, K., Radajewski, M. and Krüger, L., "Strain-rate dependence of the compressive strength of WC–Co hard metals", Materials Science and Engineering: A, 612, 115-122, (2014).
- [30] German, R.M., Liquid Phase Sintering. Springer, Boston, MA, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, (1985).