Osmanlı Balkanlarında On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl Ayaklanmaları

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 221 - 235, 22.05.2023

Ceren Uçan

Abstract

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, on altıncı yüzyıldan itibaren dünya ekonomisi ve teknolojisi değiştikçe tebaasıyla ilişkilerinde zorluklarla karşılaştı. Bu değişiklikler reayanın yaşam koşullarında bir gerilemeye yol açtı. Mali kriz, tımar sisteminin çözülmesi, çiftliklerin yükselişi ve taşradaki yöneticilerin, yeniçerilerin, ayanların ve eşkıyaların suiistimalleri nedeniyle reaya sürekli güvensizlik ve yoksulluk içinde yaşadı. Bu arada, imparatorluğun Avrupa topraklarındaki Ortodoks toplulukların orta sınıfları 18. yüzyılda gelişti. Artık reaya statülerinden memnun değillerdi ve imparatorluğun altyapı eksikliği ve mali istikrarsızlığından hoşnut değillerdi. Sırp, Yunan ve Bulgar ayaklanmalarının ilk aşamaları Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun mevcut koşullarına tepkiydi. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ise, kendi toplumlarındaki yeni orta sınıfın üyeleri olan ulusal aydınlar milliyetçiliği desteklemiştir.

Keywords

Ayanlar, Balkanlar, Çiftlikler, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, İsyanlar

THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY UPRISINGS IN THE OTTOMAN BALKANS

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire faced challenges in its relationships with its subjects as the world economy and technology changed from the sixteenth century onwards. These changes led to a decline in living conditions for the reaya. The reaya lived in constant insecurity and poverty because of the financial crisis, the disintegration of the timar system, the rise of the çiftliks, and abuses of provincial administrators, janissaries, ayans, and bandits that were ravishing the countryside. Meanwhile, the middle classes in Orthodox communities in the empire's European territories thrived in the 18th century. They were no longer satisfied with their reaya status and displeased with the lack of infrastructure and financial instability of the empire. The initial phases of the Serbian, Greek, and Bulgarian uprisings were reactions to the current conditions of the Ottoman Empire. Whereas, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the national intelligentsia, who were members of the new middle class in their respective societies promoted nationalism.

Keywords

Ayans, Balkans, Çiftliks, Ottoman Empire, Uprisings

References

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