Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 419 - 435, 09.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1252048

Abstract

References

  • Anna Komnena, Alexiad, ed., E. R. A. Sewter, Penguin Books, London, 1969.
  • Cass. Dio. (=Cassius Dio, Historia Romana) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Cassius Dio, Historia Romana, ed., E. Car, Loeb Classical Library, London 1961.
  • Cic. Off. (=Cicero, De Officiis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Cicero, De Officiis, trans., M. T. Griffin-E. M. Atkins, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
  • Dion. Hal. (=Dionysios Alexandrou Halikarnasseus, Rhomaike Arkhaiologia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Dionysios Alexandrou Halikarnasseus, Rhomaike Arkhaiologia, trans., E. Cary, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1937.
  • Veg. Mil. (=Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari, ed., N.P. Milner, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1997.
  • Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari (Roma Savaş Sanatı), çev., Samet Özgüler, Kutsi Aybars Çetinalp, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul, 2020.
  • Herodian. (=Herodian, Tes Meta Markon Basileias Historiai) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Herodian, Tes Meta Markon Basileias Historiai (History of the Empire), trans., C. R. Whittaker, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1969.
  • Hdt. (=Herodotos, Historia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Herodotos, Historia, çev., M. Ökmen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • Leonis VI, Tactica, trans., George T. Dennis, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, 2010.
  • Maur. Str. (=Maurice, Strategikon) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Maurice, Strategikon, trans., George. T. Dennis, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1984.
  • Pl. Pol. (=Platon, Politeia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Platon, Politeia (Devlet), çev., Sabahattin Eyüpoğlu-M. Ali Cimcoz, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • Plut. Luc. (= Plutarkhos, Lucullus) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Plutarkhos, Lucullus, trans., B. Perrin, Loeb Classical Library, London and New York, 1959.
  • Polyain. Strat. (=Polyainos, Strategemata) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Polyainos, Strategemata, trans., P. Krentz and E. L. Wheeler, Ares Publishers, Chicago, 1994.
  • Procop. Bell. (=Procopius, De Bellis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Procopius, De Bellis, trans., H. B. Dewing, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1914.
  • Curt. (=Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis, trans., J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1946.
  • Sun Tzu, Savaş Sanatı, çev., A. Demir, Kastaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008.
  • Tres Tractatus Byzantini De Re Militari, trans., George T. Dennis, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, 1985.
  • Akram, A. I., The Muslim Conquest of Persia, Maktabah Publications, Birmingham, 2009.
  • Arı, Tayyar, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dış Politika, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001.
  • Bartholomees, J. B., “Continuity and Change in War”, US Army War Collage Guide to National Security Issues: Theory of War and Strategy, ed., J. B. Bartholomees, US Army War Collage, 2012, s. 79-90.
  • Bishop, M. C. and Coulston, J. C., Roman Military Equipment, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2006.
  • Boon, George C., Isca, the Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon, National Museum of Wales Press, 1972.
  • Bryce, Trevor, Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  • Campbell, Brian, “The Severan Dynasty”, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 12, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, s. 1-27.
  • Canepa, Matthew P., “The Parthian and Sasanian Empire”, The Oxford World History of Empire, Vol. 2, ed., Peter F. Bang, C. A. Bayly and Walter Scheidel, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021, s. 290-324.
  • Caprioli, Mattia, “Equestrian Military Equipment of the Eastern Roman Armies in the Sixth and Seventh Century”, The Materiality of the Horse, ed., Miriam A. Bibby and Brian G. Scott, Trivent Publishing, Budapest, 2020, s. 221-237.
  • Clausewitz, C. Von, Savaş Üzerine, çev., F. Çeliker, Özne Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • Coloru, Omar, “The Iranian World of Herodian”, Herodian’s World: Empire and Emperors in the III Century, ed., Alessandro Galimberti, Brill, Leiden, 2021, s. 301-322.
  • Crawford, Peter, The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam, Pen and Sword Books, Barnsley, 2013.
  • Delia, Diana, “The Population of Roman Alexandria”, Transactions of the American Philological Association, 118, 1988, s. 275-292.
  • Downey, Glanville, History of Antioch, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1961.
  • Edwell, Peter, Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates,Mesopotamia ans Palmyra Under Roman Control, Routledge, London and New York, 2008.
  • Ffoulkes, Charles, “Pallisadoes and Other Defences”, Journal of Society for Army Historical Research, 1940, 19(73), s. 2-8.
  • Frantantuone, Lee, Roman Conquests Mesopotamian and Arabia, Pen and Swords Books, South Yorkshire, 2020.
  • Gabriel, Richard A., The Great Armies of Antiquity, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, 2002.
  • Glover, R. F., “Some Curiosities of Ancient Warfare”, Greece and Rome, 19(55), 1950, s. 1-9.
  • Goldsworthy, Adrian K., The Roman Army at War: 100 BC-AD 200, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
  • Goldsworthy, Adrian, How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2009.
  • Head, Duncan, Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars, Wargames Research Group Ltd., Cambridge, 1982.
  • Hobbes, T., Liviathan, çev., S. Lim, YKY, İstanbul, 1992.
  • Howard, Dan, Bronze Age Military Equipment, Pen and Sword Books, South Yorkshire, 2011.
  • Hunt, Peter, “Military Forces”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, ed., Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees and Michael Whitby, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, s. 108-146.
  • Javakhishvili, Ivane and Tsurtsumia, Mamuka, “ΤΡΙΒΟΛΟΣ: Byzantine Landmine”, Byzantion, 82, 2012.
  • Jomini, A. H., Savaş Sanatı’nın Ana Hatları, çev., T. Büyükonat, Doruk Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Jones, A. H. M., Cities of The Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971.
  • Kaizer, Ted, A Companion to the Hellenistic and Roman Near East, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2022.
  • Kaya, Muhittin, Silah Bilgisi, Polis Akademisi Yayınları, Ankara, 1986.
  • Kennell, Nigel M., Spartans: A New History, Wley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2010.
  • Macdonald, F., Knights, Castles and Warfare in the Middle Ages, World Almanac Library, New York, 2006.
  • Meijer, Fik, Emperors Don’t Die in Bed, Routledge, London and New York, 2004.
  • Micheal, D., Intriligator and Dagobert T. Brito. “Arms Race”, Defence and Peace Economics, 11, 2000, s. 45-54.
  • Montesquieu, Kanunların Ruhu Üzerine, çev., Berna Günen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür yayınları, İstanbul, 2017.
  • Nodelman, Sheldon, “A Portrait of the Empress Plautilla”, The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal, 10, 1982, s. 105-120.
  • Raccidi, Mattia, “Wagons and Carts in the 3rd Millennium BC Syrian Jazirah: A Study Through the Documentation”, Chasing Chariots, ed., Andre J. Weldmeijer and Salima Ikram, Sidestone Press, Leiden, 2013, s. 175-190.
  • Rousseau, J. J., Toplumsal Sözleşme, çev., Vedat Günyol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Sabin, Philip, “Land Battles”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, ed., Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees and Michael Whitby, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, s. 399-433.
  • Sage, Michael, Septimius Severus and the Roman Army, Pen and Sword Books, South Yorkshire, 2020.
  • Schlude, Jason M., Rome, Parthia and the Politics of Peace: The Origins of War in the Ancient Middle East, Routledge, London and New York, 2020.
  • Scott, Andrew G., Emperors and Usurpers: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018.
  • Sekunda, Nicholas, “Military Forces: Land Forces”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, ed., Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees and Michael Whitby, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, s. 325-356.
  • Southern, P. and Dixon, K. R., The Late Roman Army, Routledge, New York, 2000.
  • Southern, P., The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, London and New York, 2015.
Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 419 - 435, 09.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1252048

Abstract

References

  • Anna Komnena, Alexiad, ed., E. R. A. Sewter, Penguin Books, London, 1969.
  • Cass. Dio. (=Cassius Dio, Historia Romana) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Cassius Dio, Historia Romana, ed., E. Car, Loeb Classical Library, London 1961.
  • Cic. Off. (=Cicero, De Officiis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Cicero, De Officiis, trans., M. T. Griffin-E. M. Atkins, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
  • Dion. Hal. (=Dionysios Alexandrou Halikarnasseus, Rhomaike Arkhaiologia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Dionysios Alexandrou Halikarnasseus, Rhomaike Arkhaiologia, trans., E. Cary, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1937.
  • Veg. Mil. (=Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari, ed., N.P. Milner, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1997.
  • Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari (Roma Savaş Sanatı), çev., Samet Özgüler, Kutsi Aybars Çetinalp, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul, 2020.
  • Herodian. (=Herodian, Tes Meta Markon Basileias Historiai) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Herodian, Tes Meta Markon Basileias Historiai (History of the Empire), trans., C. R. Whittaker, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1969.
  • Hdt. (=Herodotos, Historia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Herodotos, Historia, çev., M. Ökmen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • Leonis VI, Tactica, trans., George T. Dennis, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, 2010.
  • Maur. Str. (=Maurice, Strategikon) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Maurice, Strategikon, trans., George. T. Dennis, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1984.
  • Pl. Pol. (=Platon, Politeia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Platon, Politeia (Devlet), çev., Sabahattin Eyüpoğlu-M. Ali Cimcoz, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • Plut. Luc. (= Plutarkhos, Lucullus) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Plutarkhos, Lucullus, trans., B. Perrin, Loeb Classical Library, London and New York, 1959.
  • Polyain. Strat. (=Polyainos, Strategemata) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Polyainos, Strategemata, trans., P. Krentz and E. L. Wheeler, Ares Publishers, Chicago, 1994.
  • Procop. Bell. (=Procopius, De Bellis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Procopius, De Bellis, trans., H. B. Dewing, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1914.
  • Curt. (=Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis, trans., J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1946.
  • Sun Tzu, Savaş Sanatı, çev., A. Demir, Kastaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008.
  • Tres Tractatus Byzantini De Re Militari, trans., George T. Dennis, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, 1985.
  • Akram, A. I., The Muslim Conquest of Persia, Maktabah Publications, Birmingham, 2009.
  • Arı, Tayyar, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dış Politika, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001.
  • Bartholomees, J. B., “Continuity and Change in War”, US Army War Collage Guide to National Security Issues: Theory of War and Strategy, ed., J. B. Bartholomees, US Army War Collage, 2012, s. 79-90.
  • Bishop, M. C. and Coulston, J. C., Roman Military Equipment, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2006.
  • Boon, George C., Isca, the Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon, National Museum of Wales Press, 1972.
  • Bryce, Trevor, Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  • Campbell, Brian, “The Severan Dynasty”, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 12, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, s. 1-27.
  • Canepa, Matthew P., “The Parthian and Sasanian Empire”, The Oxford World History of Empire, Vol. 2, ed., Peter F. Bang, C. A. Bayly and Walter Scheidel, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021, s. 290-324.
  • Caprioli, Mattia, “Equestrian Military Equipment of the Eastern Roman Armies in the Sixth and Seventh Century”, The Materiality of the Horse, ed., Miriam A. Bibby and Brian G. Scott, Trivent Publishing, Budapest, 2020, s. 221-237.
  • Clausewitz, C. Von, Savaş Üzerine, çev., F. Çeliker, Özne Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • Coloru, Omar, “The Iranian World of Herodian”, Herodian’s World: Empire and Emperors in the III Century, ed., Alessandro Galimberti, Brill, Leiden, 2021, s. 301-322.
  • Crawford, Peter, The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam, Pen and Sword Books, Barnsley, 2013.
  • Delia, Diana, “The Population of Roman Alexandria”, Transactions of the American Philological Association, 118, 1988, s. 275-292.
  • Downey, Glanville, History of Antioch, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1961.
  • Edwell, Peter, Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates,Mesopotamia ans Palmyra Under Roman Control, Routledge, London and New York, 2008.
  • Ffoulkes, Charles, “Pallisadoes and Other Defences”, Journal of Society for Army Historical Research, 1940, 19(73), s. 2-8.
  • Frantantuone, Lee, Roman Conquests Mesopotamian and Arabia, Pen and Swords Books, South Yorkshire, 2020.
  • Gabriel, Richard A., The Great Armies of Antiquity, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, 2002.
  • Glover, R. F., “Some Curiosities of Ancient Warfare”, Greece and Rome, 19(55), 1950, s. 1-9.
  • Goldsworthy, Adrian K., The Roman Army at War: 100 BC-AD 200, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
  • Goldsworthy, Adrian, How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2009.
  • Head, Duncan, Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars, Wargames Research Group Ltd., Cambridge, 1982.
  • Hobbes, T., Liviathan, çev., S. Lim, YKY, İstanbul, 1992.
  • Howard, Dan, Bronze Age Military Equipment, Pen and Sword Books, South Yorkshire, 2011.
  • Hunt, Peter, “Military Forces”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, ed., Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees and Michael Whitby, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, s. 108-146.
  • Javakhishvili, Ivane and Tsurtsumia, Mamuka, “ΤΡΙΒΟΛΟΣ: Byzantine Landmine”, Byzantion, 82, 2012.
  • Jomini, A. H., Savaş Sanatı’nın Ana Hatları, çev., T. Büyükonat, Doruk Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Jones, A. H. M., Cities of The Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971.
  • Kaizer, Ted, A Companion to the Hellenistic and Roman Near East, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2022.
  • Kaya, Muhittin, Silah Bilgisi, Polis Akademisi Yayınları, Ankara, 1986.
  • Kennell, Nigel M., Spartans: A New History, Wley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2010.
  • Macdonald, F., Knights, Castles and Warfare in the Middle Ages, World Almanac Library, New York, 2006.
  • Meijer, Fik, Emperors Don’t Die in Bed, Routledge, London and New York, 2004.
  • Micheal, D., Intriligator and Dagobert T. Brito. “Arms Race”, Defence and Peace Economics, 11, 2000, s. 45-54.
  • Montesquieu, Kanunların Ruhu Üzerine, çev., Berna Günen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür yayınları, İstanbul, 2017.
  • Nodelman, Sheldon, “A Portrait of the Empress Plautilla”, The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal, 10, 1982, s. 105-120.
  • Raccidi, Mattia, “Wagons and Carts in the 3rd Millennium BC Syrian Jazirah: A Study Through the Documentation”, Chasing Chariots, ed., Andre J. Weldmeijer and Salima Ikram, Sidestone Press, Leiden, 2013, s. 175-190.
  • Rousseau, J. J., Toplumsal Sözleşme, çev., Vedat Günyol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Sabin, Philip, “Land Battles”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, ed., Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees and Michael Whitby, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, s. 399-433.
  • Sage, Michael, Septimius Severus and the Roman Army, Pen and Sword Books, South Yorkshire, 2020.
  • Schlude, Jason M., Rome, Parthia and the Politics of Peace: The Origins of War in the Ancient Middle East, Routledge, London and New York, 2020.
  • Scott, Andrew G., Emperors and Usurpers: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018.
  • Sekunda, Nicholas, “Military Forces: Land Forces”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, ed., Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees and Michael Whitby, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, s. 325-356.
  • Southern, P. and Dixon, K. R., The Late Roman Army, Routledge, New York, 2000.
  • Southern, P., The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, London and New York, 2015.

TRİBOLOS KULLANIMI BAĞLAMINDA NİSİBİS MUHAREBESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 419 - 435, 09.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1252048

Abstract

Savaş mefhumu insanlık tarihinin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Çağlar boyunca hasım taraflar mücadeleden galip ayrılmak gayesiyle yeni silahlar geliştirmişler ya da var olan silah sistemlerini iyileştirmişlerdir. Özellikle süvarinin savaş alanlarında etkin bir güç olarak ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte adı geçen sınıfın etkisini azaltmak amacıyla pek çok silah sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda tarihte kullanılan ilk mayın olma özelliğine sahip olan tribolos ortaya çıkmıştır. Üretimi ve kullanımı oldukça kolay olan tribolos, temelde dört sivri uçtan oluşan ve yere atıldığında her zaman bir ucunun yukarıya baktığı tehlikeli bir silahtır. Adı geçen silah eskiçağ tarihi boyunca pek çok önemli muharebede kullanılmıştır. Tribolos, MS 217 tarihinde meydana gelen Nisibis Savaşı esnasında da Macrinus önderliğindeki Romalılar tarafından Parth süvarisinin etkisini azaltmak bağlamında başarıyla kullanılmıştır. Muharebe öncesinde Romalılar yaşanan gelişmelerle bağlantılı olarak Parthlar ile kıyaslandığında oldukça müşkülatlı bir konumdaydılar. Özellikle Romalılar, Parth süvarisinin etkin bir şekilde harekât icra edebilmesine olanak sağlayacak bir bölgede savaşı kabul etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bununla beraber Romalılar savaşın en kritik anında Parth ağır süvarisinin harekâtını engellemek için triboloslardan istifade etmişlerdir. Tribolosların sağladığı katkı neticesinde Romalılar Parthların ilk hücumunu başarıyla savuşturmuştur. Savaşın uzaması neticesinde başarı umutları ortadan kalkan Parthlar, Romalılar ile barış yapmak zorunda kalmışlardır.

References

  • Anna Komnena, Alexiad, ed., E. R. A. Sewter, Penguin Books, London, 1969.
  • Cass. Dio. (=Cassius Dio, Historia Romana) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Cassius Dio, Historia Romana, ed., E. Car, Loeb Classical Library, London 1961.
  • Cic. Off. (=Cicero, De Officiis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Cicero, De Officiis, trans., M. T. Griffin-E. M. Atkins, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
  • Dion. Hal. (=Dionysios Alexandrou Halikarnasseus, Rhomaike Arkhaiologia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Dionysios Alexandrou Halikarnasseus, Rhomaike Arkhaiologia, trans., E. Cary, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1937.
  • Veg. Mil. (=Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari, ed., N.P. Milner, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1997.
  • Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari (Roma Savaş Sanatı), çev., Samet Özgüler, Kutsi Aybars Çetinalp, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul, 2020.
  • Herodian. (=Herodian, Tes Meta Markon Basileias Historiai) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Herodian, Tes Meta Markon Basileias Historiai (History of the Empire), trans., C. R. Whittaker, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1969.
  • Hdt. (=Herodotos, Historia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Herodotos, Historia, çev., M. Ökmen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • Leonis VI, Tactica, trans., George T. Dennis, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, 2010.
  • Maur. Str. (=Maurice, Strategikon) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Maurice, Strategikon, trans., George. T. Dennis, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1984.
  • Pl. Pol. (=Platon, Politeia) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Platon, Politeia (Devlet), çev., Sabahattin Eyüpoğlu-M. Ali Cimcoz, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • Plut. Luc. (= Plutarkhos, Lucullus) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Plutarkhos, Lucullus, trans., B. Perrin, Loeb Classical Library, London and New York, 1959.
  • Polyain. Strat. (=Polyainos, Strategemata) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Polyainos, Strategemata, trans., P. Krentz and E. L. Wheeler, Ares Publishers, Chicago, 1994.
  • Procop. Bell. (=Procopius, De Bellis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Procopius, De Bellis, trans., H. B. Dewing, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1914.
  • Curt. (=Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis) Kullanılan metin ve çeviri: Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis, trans., J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1946.
  • Sun Tzu, Savaş Sanatı, çev., A. Demir, Kastaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008.
  • Tres Tractatus Byzantini De Re Militari, trans., George T. Dennis, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, 1985.
  • Akram, A. I., The Muslim Conquest of Persia, Maktabah Publications, Birmingham, 2009.
  • Arı, Tayyar, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dış Politika, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001.
  • Bartholomees, J. B., “Continuity and Change in War”, US Army War Collage Guide to National Security Issues: Theory of War and Strategy, ed., J. B. Bartholomees, US Army War Collage, 2012, s. 79-90.
  • Bishop, M. C. and Coulston, J. C., Roman Military Equipment, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2006.
  • Boon, George C., Isca, the Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon, National Museum of Wales Press, 1972.
  • Bryce, Trevor, Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  • Campbell, Brian, “The Severan Dynasty”, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 12, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, s. 1-27.
  • Canepa, Matthew P., “The Parthian and Sasanian Empire”, The Oxford World History of Empire, Vol. 2, ed., Peter F. Bang, C. A. Bayly and Walter Scheidel, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021, s. 290-324.
  • Caprioli, Mattia, “Equestrian Military Equipment of the Eastern Roman Armies in the Sixth and Seventh Century”, The Materiality of the Horse, ed., Miriam A. Bibby and Brian G. Scott, Trivent Publishing, Budapest, 2020, s. 221-237.
  • Clausewitz, C. Von, Savaş Üzerine, çev., F. Çeliker, Özne Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • Coloru, Omar, “The Iranian World of Herodian”, Herodian’s World: Empire and Emperors in the III Century, ed., Alessandro Galimberti, Brill, Leiden, 2021, s. 301-322.
  • Crawford, Peter, The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam, Pen and Sword Books, Barnsley, 2013.
  • Delia, Diana, “The Population of Roman Alexandria”, Transactions of the American Philological Association, 118, 1988, s. 275-292.
  • Downey, Glanville, History of Antioch, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1961.
  • Edwell, Peter, Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates,Mesopotamia ans Palmyra Under Roman Control, Routledge, London and New York, 2008.
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  • Frantantuone, Lee, Roman Conquests Mesopotamian and Arabia, Pen and Swords Books, South Yorkshire, 2020.
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Battle of Nisibis in the Context of Using Tribulus

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 419 - 435, 09.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1252048

Abstract

The concept of war is an integral part of human history. Throughout the ages, competitors have developed new weapons or improved existing weapon systems in order to emerge victorious from the struggle. Especially with the emergence of the cavalry as an effective power on the battlefields, many weapon systems have been developed in order to reduce the influence of the aforementioned class. In this context, tribulus, which is the first mine used in history, has emerged. Tribulus, which is very easy to manufacture and use, is a dangerous weapon that basically consists of four pointed ends and one end always points upwards when thrown to the ground. The aforementioned weapon has been used in many important battles throughout ancient history. Tribulus was also successfully used by the Romans under Macrinus during the Battle of Nisibis in 217 AD to reduce the influence of the Parthian cavalry. Before the battle, the Romans were in a very difficult position compared to the Parthians in connection with the developments. In particular, the Romans had to accept the war in a region that would allow the Parthian cavalry to operate effectively. However, the Romans used tribulus to prevent the Parthian heavy cavalry from operating at the most critical moment of the battle. As a result of the contribution of the tribulus, the Romans successfully repelled the first attack of the Parthians. The Parthians, whose hopes of success disappeared as a result of the prolongation of the war, had to make peace with the Romans.

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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Classical Greek and Roman History
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Olcay Turan 0000-0002-8093-9143

Early Pub Date August 6, 2023
Publication Date August 9, 2023
Submission Date February 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago Turan, Olcay. “TRİBOLOS KULLANIMI BAĞLAMINDA NİSİBİS MUHAREBESİ”. History Studies 15, no. 3 (August 2023): 419-35. https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1252048.