Siyasal Liderlerin Haber Fotoğraflarında Görsel Çerçeveleme Yanlılığı: 2014 Türkiye Yerel Seçim Kampanyası Örneğinde Gazete Haberciliğinin Karşılaştırmalı Çözümlemesi

Year 2014, Issue: 39, 1 - 25, 30.12.2014

İlker Erdoğan

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2014 yılının Mart ayındaki Türkiye yerel seçim kampanyası örneğinde, siyasal liderlerin (iktidar partisi lideri ve ana muhalefet partisi lideri) haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel çerçeveleme yanlılığını incelemektedir. Bu çalışmanın üç temel amacı bulunmaktadır. Birincisi, gazete haberciliğindeki yanlılığın sürekliliğinin nedenini açıklamak için siyasal taraflılığı deşifre etmektir. İkincisi, gazete haberciliğinde, siyasal liderlerin haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel çerçevelemenin, siyasal liderlerden ve danışmanlarından ziyade, gazetecilerin ve editörlerin kontrolü altında olduğunu göstermektir. Üçüncüsü, gazete haberciliğinde, siyasal liderlerin haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel çerçeveleme yanlılığını ölçmek için metodolojik bir yaklaşım sunmaktır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, üç nedenle, çeşitli medya türlerindeki görsel yanlılık yerine yalnızca gazete içeriğindeki görsel yanlılığı araştırmaktadır. Birincisi, görsel haberleri ele alan pek çok araştırma televizyona odaklanmaktadır. İkincisi, izler kitlesini sürekli olarak görsellere maruz bırakan televizyonun aksine gazete içeriğinde birkaç fotoğraf yer almakta ve bu durum, potansiyel olarak herhangi bir fotoğrafın önemini artırmaktadır. Üçüncüsü, haber içeriği ve haberciliğin siyasal atmosferi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, gazete söz konusu olduğunda televizyondan daha kolaydır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki farklı medya gruplarından seçilen altı gazeteyi (Hürriyet, Sabah, Zaman, Radikal, Yeni Şafak ve Cumhuriyet) çözümlemekte ve haber fotoğraflarını incelemek için bir yöntem olarak hem nicel içerik çözümlemesi hem de görsel çerçeveleme çözümlemesi yöntemini kullanmaktadır. Siyasal liderlerin haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel haber çerçevelerini tanımlayan ve çözümleyen bir görsel çerçeveleme modeli sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, kodlama kategorilerini belirlemek ve siyasal liderlerin çerçevelenmiş görsel imajlarını incelemek için görsel çerçeveleme alanyazınını dikkate almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, 2014 Türkiye yerel seçim kampanyası örneğinde, gazete haberciliğinde, görsel çerçeveleme yanlılığının sıklıkla görüldüğü ortaya konulmaktadır.

Keywords

Görsel Çerçeveleme, Yanlılık, Haber Fotoğrafı, Siyasal Lider, Türkiye, Seçim Kampanyası, Gazete Haberciliği

Visual Framing Bias in News Photographs of Political Leaders: A Comparative Analysis of Newspaper Journalism in the Case of 2014 Turkey's Local Election Campaign

Abstract

This study examines visual framing bias in news photographs of political leaders (who are leader of the party in power and leader of the main opposition party) in the case of Turkey’s local election campaign in March 2014. There are three main objectives of this study. Firstly, it is to uncover the political partisanship in order to account for the persistence of the bias in newspaper journalism. Secondly, it is to demonstrate that visual framing in news photographs of political leaders in newspaper journalism is under the control of journalists and editors rather than political leaders and their consultants. Thirdly, it is to provide a methodological approach to measure visual framing bias in news photographs of political leaders in newspaper journalism. Also, this study examines visual bias only in newspaper coverage for three reasons instead of visual bias in a variety of media. Firstly, most researches on visual news have focused on television. Secondly, unlike television where viewers are exposed to a continuous stream of visuals, fewer photographs accompany newspaper coverage, and this case potentially increases the importance of any single photograph. Thirdly, examining the relationship between news coverage and journalism’s political atmosphere is easier for newspaper than it is for television. This study analyzes six newspapers (Hürriyet, Sabah, Zaman, Radikal, Yeni Şafak and Cumhuriyet) which selected from different media groups in the Turkey and uses both quantitative content analysis and visual framing analysis as a method for examining news photographs. It provides a model of visual framing which identifies and analyses visual news frames in news photographs of political leaders. Furthermore, it considers visual framing literature to designate coding categories and to examine framed visual images of political leaders. As a result of this study, it’s appeared that the visual framing bias occurres frequently in newspaper journalism in the case of 2014 Turkey’s local election campaign.

Keywords

Visual Framing, Bias, News Photograph, Political Leader, Turkey, Election Campaign, Newspaper Journalism

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