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Yaşlanma, Doğuşta Yaşam Beklentisi ve Kentleşmenin İşgücü Arzı Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türki Cumhuriyetleri Üzerine Ampirik Analiz

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 150 - 173, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1242708

Abstract

Özellikle gelişmiş ekonomiler olmak üzere nüfusun yaşlanmasının ülke ekonomileri için ciddi tehditler oluşturduğu ve gelecek on yıllarda ekonomiyi daha da etkileme potansiyeli olduğu bilinmektedir. Bir ülkede nüfusun yaşlı nüfus lehine değişmesinin, ekonomi üzerindeki en önemli etkilerinden birisi de işgücü arzı katılım oranındaki değişimdir. Günümüzde yaşlanma ve yaşlanmanın doğurduğu sorunlar; makro ekonomik değişkenler, işgücü arzı, sosyal güvenlik sistemi, sağlık, bütçe vb. çok boyutlu tartışılmaktadır. Uygulama kısmında Panel DOLS ve Granger nedensellik analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. 2010-2018 dönemlerini kapsayan verilerin analiz sonuçlarına göre, Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde demografik değişim süreci ile ekonomik büyümenin faktörlerinden biri olan işgücü arasında uzun dönemli negatif yönlü bir ilişki vardır. Yaşlı nüfus, yaşam süresi ve kentleşme oranlarındaki %1’lik artış işgücü arzını sırasıyla %0,14 %0,74 ve %0,008 oranında azaltmaktadır.

References

  • Aiyar, S., Ebeke, C., & Shao, X. (2016). The ımpact of workforce aging on european productivity. IMF Working Papers, 16(238), 1-29, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475559729.001
  • Auer, Peter and Mariàngels Fortuny, (2000), “Ageing of the Labour Force in OECD Countries: Economic and Social Consequences”, http://ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_142281.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2022.
  • Banister, J., Bloom, D. E., & Rosenberg, L. (2010, March). Population Aging and Economic Growth in China. Program on the Global Demography of Agıng , 1-38.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Fink, G. (2010). İmplications of population ageing for economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26(4), 583–612.
  • Broniatowska, P. (2019). Population ageing and ınflation. Journal of Population Ageing, 12, 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-017-9209-z
  • Brown, A., & Guttmann, R. (2017, December). Ageing and labour supply in advanced economies. Reserve Bank Of Australia: https://www.rba.gov.au
  • Chalise, H.N. (2019). Aging: Basic concept. American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research, 8-10, http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2019.01.000503
  • Colvo-Sotomayor, I., Laka, J.P., & Aguado, R. (2019). Workforce ageing and labour productivity in Europe. Sustainability, 11(20) 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205851
  • Cooper, D. H., Christopher L. F., María J. L., & Giovanni P. O. (2021). Population aging and the us labor force participation rate. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Current Policy Perspectives. https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/current-policy-perspectives
  • Ecevit, E., Çetin, M., & Yücel, A. G. (2018). Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde sağlık harcamalarının belirleyicileri: bir panel veri analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 10(19), 318-334.
  • Eppsteiner, H., Furman , J., & Powell, W. (2017, July 7). An aging population explains most but not all of the decline in the US labor force participation rate since 2007. Peterson Instıtute For International Economics: https://www.piie.com.
  • Erol, S. İ. (2016). Küresel bir sorun olarak demografik dönüşüm: nedenleri, etkileri ve alınması gereken önlemler. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(37), 75 - 123.
  • Fields, A., Uppal, S., & LaRochelle-Côté, S. (2017, June 14). The impact of aging on labour market participation rates. Statistics Canada: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca
  • Fu, J. (2013). The impact of population aging on economy: evidence from Chine and Japan. Graduate School of Economics and Management Tohoku University, 77.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relation by econometric and cross-sectional method. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438.
  • Gündoğan, N. (2001). İşgücünün yaşlanması ve işgücü piyasalarına etkileri. Ankara Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 56(4), 96-108.
  • Guarino, A. S. (2018, August 2). The economic ımplications of an aging global population. Focus Economics: https://www.focus-economics.com
  • Gudrun, B. (1998) The Impact of Demographic Changes on Labor Supply. Main Facts and Trends, Austrian Economic Quarterly , WIFO, 3(4), 219-228.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Land, K.C., & Lamb, V.L. (2008). Demography of aging. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 89–95. doi:10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00205-7
  • Levin, A., Lin, C.-F., & Chu, C.-S. J. (2002). Unit root test in panel data: asymptotic and finite sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple tes. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
  • Mestres, J. (2018, November). Population ageing and it's macroeconomic impact. CaixaBank Research, 32-34. https://www.caixabankresearch.com.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Serban, A. C. (2012). Aging population and effects on labour market. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1(), 356–364. doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00041-x
  • UN. (2019). World population prospects 2019. https://population.un.org
  • Uyanık, Y. (2017). Yaşlılık , yaşlanan nüfus ve sosyal politika. Gazi Üniversitesi İltisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 3(5), 67-100.
  • Vatandaş, S. (2013, Şubat 12). AB nüfusunda yaşlanma sorunu ve çözüm seçenekleri. Bilge İnsanlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (BİGESAM): https://www.academia.edu
  • Vodopivec, M. & Arunatilake, N. (2011). The ımpact of population aging on the labor market: The case of Sri Lanka. Journal of Population Ageing, 4 (3), 141-163
  • Tikkanen, A. (2018). Old age. Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/old-age
  • Yazıcı, S. (2004). OECD Ülkelerinde demografik eğilimler ve muhtemel etkileri. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı: (http://www.mfa.gov.tr)
  • Yerli, G. (2017). Yaşlılık dönemi özellikleri ve yaşlılara yönelik sosyal hizmetler. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi , 10(52), 1279-1287.
  • Yumurtacı, A. (2013). Demografik değişim: psiko-sosyal ve sosyo-ekonomik boyutları ile yaşlılık. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergis, 2(6), 9-31

THE EFFECTS OF AGING, LIFE EXPECTATION AND URBANIZATION ON LABOR SUPPLY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON TURKISH REPUBLICS

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 150 - 173, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1242708

Abstract

It is known that the aging of the population, especially in developed economies, poses severe threats to the economies of the countries and has the potential to affect the economy even more in the coming decades. One of the most important effects of the change in the population in a country in favor of the elderly population on the economy is the change in the labor force participation rate. Today, the effects of aging on labor supply are discussed multi-dimensionally. This study discusses the effects of aging on labor supply through the Turkic republics. In the application part, Panel DOLS and Granger causality analyzes were used. According to the results of the data analysis covering the period of 2010-2018, there is a long-term negative relationship between the demographic change process in the Turkic Republics and the labor force, which is one of the factors of economic growth. The 1% increase in the elderly population, life expectancy and urbanization rates reduce the labor supply by 0.14%, 0.74% and 0.008%, respectively. n the near future, the burden of aging on the social security system and the budgetary burden of countries may need to be discussed today.

References

  • Aiyar, S., Ebeke, C., & Shao, X. (2016). The ımpact of workforce aging on european productivity. IMF Working Papers, 16(238), 1-29, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475559729.001
  • Auer, Peter and Mariàngels Fortuny, (2000), “Ageing of the Labour Force in OECD Countries: Economic and Social Consequences”, http://ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_142281.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2022.
  • Banister, J., Bloom, D. E., & Rosenberg, L. (2010, March). Population Aging and Economic Growth in China. Program on the Global Demography of Agıng , 1-38.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Fink, G. (2010). İmplications of population ageing for economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26(4), 583–612.
  • Broniatowska, P. (2019). Population ageing and ınflation. Journal of Population Ageing, 12, 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-017-9209-z
  • Brown, A., & Guttmann, R. (2017, December). Ageing and labour supply in advanced economies. Reserve Bank Of Australia: https://www.rba.gov.au
  • Chalise, H.N. (2019). Aging: Basic concept. American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research, 8-10, http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2019.01.000503
  • Colvo-Sotomayor, I., Laka, J.P., & Aguado, R. (2019). Workforce ageing and labour productivity in Europe. Sustainability, 11(20) 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205851
  • Cooper, D. H., Christopher L. F., María J. L., & Giovanni P. O. (2021). Population aging and the us labor force participation rate. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Current Policy Perspectives. https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/current-policy-perspectives
  • Ecevit, E., Çetin, M., & Yücel, A. G. (2018). Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde sağlık harcamalarının belirleyicileri: bir panel veri analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 10(19), 318-334.
  • Eppsteiner, H., Furman , J., & Powell, W. (2017, July 7). An aging population explains most but not all of the decline in the US labor force participation rate since 2007. Peterson Instıtute For International Economics: https://www.piie.com.
  • Erol, S. İ. (2016). Küresel bir sorun olarak demografik dönüşüm: nedenleri, etkileri ve alınması gereken önlemler. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(37), 75 - 123.
  • Fields, A., Uppal, S., & LaRochelle-Côté, S. (2017, June 14). The impact of aging on labour market participation rates. Statistics Canada: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca
  • Fu, J. (2013). The impact of population aging on economy: evidence from Chine and Japan. Graduate School of Economics and Management Tohoku University, 77.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relation by econometric and cross-sectional method. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438.
  • Gündoğan, N. (2001). İşgücünün yaşlanması ve işgücü piyasalarına etkileri. Ankara Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 56(4), 96-108.
  • Guarino, A. S. (2018, August 2). The economic ımplications of an aging global population. Focus Economics: https://www.focus-economics.com
  • Gudrun, B. (1998) The Impact of Demographic Changes on Labor Supply. Main Facts and Trends, Austrian Economic Quarterly , WIFO, 3(4), 219-228.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Land, K.C., & Lamb, V.L. (2008). Demography of aging. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 89–95. doi:10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00205-7
  • Levin, A., Lin, C.-F., & Chu, C.-S. J. (2002). Unit root test in panel data: asymptotic and finite sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple tes. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
  • Mestres, J. (2018, November). Population ageing and it's macroeconomic impact. CaixaBank Research, 32-34. https://www.caixabankresearch.com.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Serban, A. C. (2012). Aging population and effects on labour market. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1(), 356–364. doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00041-x
  • UN. (2019). World population prospects 2019. https://population.un.org
  • Uyanık, Y. (2017). Yaşlılık , yaşlanan nüfus ve sosyal politika. Gazi Üniversitesi İltisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 3(5), 67-100.
  • Vatandaş, S. (2013, Şubat 12). AB nüfusunda yaşlanma sorunu ve çözüm seçenekleri. Bilge İnsanlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (BİGESAM): https://www.academia.edu
  • Vodopivec, M. & Arunatilake, N. (2011). The ımpact of population aging on the labor market: The case of Sri Lanka. Journal of Population Ageing, 4 (3), 141-163
  • Tikkanen, A. (2018). Old age. Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/old-age
  • Yazıcı, S. (2004). OECD Ülkelerinde demografik eğilimler ve muhtemel etkileri. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı: (http://www.mfa.gov.tr)
  • Yerli, G. (2017). Yaşlılık dönemi özellikleri ve yaşlılara yönelik sosyal hizmetler. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi , 10(52), 1279-1287.
  • Yumurtacı, A. (2013). Demografik değişim: psiko-sosyal ve sosyo-ekonomik boyutları ile yaşlılık. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergis, 2(6), 9-31
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Vugar Hazıyev 0000-0002-3379-4084

Eyyup Ecevit 0000-0002-2417-4043

Early Pub Date January 1, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date January 27, 2023
Acceptance Date December 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Hazıyev, V., & Ecevit, E. (2023). Yaşlanma, Doğuşta Yaşam Beklentisi ve Kentleşmenin İşgücü Arzı Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türki Cumhuriyetleri Üzerine Ampirik Analiz. InTraders International Trade Academic Journal, 6(2), 150-173. https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1242708

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