Detection and monitoring of MC-LR and MC-RR in the artifical irrigation ponds at Oltu district

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 743 - 751

Mevra Emeç , Zeynep Eren

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.4.2

Abstract

Although it is defining as natural organic pollutant, surface water resources which are frequently exposed to Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs) due to the increasing nutrient loading in recent years, the increase in temperature caused by climate change and the increase in surface run-off caused by extreme rainfall as a result of the risk of the increasing concentrations of algal toxins into drinking water. Although HABs have caused the problem of eutrophication in surface waters especially at hot seasons in the past decades due to the water pollution, increasing surface water temperatures with climate change cause this problem to extended periods out of season and to be permanent for the year. Therefore, studies including the detection and monitoring of algal toxins are gaining importance in order to observe HAB events at their source. As global temperature increases, HAB events have spread to regions that have even cold climates. Consequently, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), which are the main indicators of HAB events in surface waters were aimed to detect and monitor at the artificial ponds designed for agriculture and animal husbandry purposes in Oltu District of Erzurum Province which has cold climate, for the first time in this study.Microcystins (MCs) concentrations were measured in the samples taken from ponds in four seasons for one year, by LC-MS/MS and; water temperature and pH values were also determined simultaneously. The relationship between the MC-LR and MC-RR distributions and, the pH and temperature were calculated by Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r).

Keywords

Harmful Algal Blooms, Eutrophication, Microcystins, Surface Water Pollution, Climate Change

Supporting Institution

The method was developed with the grant support of Tubitak 1001 project: 119Y414

References

• Amé, M. V., Galanti, L. N., Menone, M. L., Gerpe, M. S., Moreno, V. J., & Wunderlin, D. A. (2010). Microcystin–LR,–RR,–YR and–LA in water samples and fishes from a shallow lake in Argentina. Harmful Algae, 9(1), 66-73.
• Aparicio-Muriana, M. M., Carmona-Molero, R., Lara, F. J., García-Campaña, A. M., & del Olmo-Iruela, M. (2022). Multiclass cyanotoxin analysis in reservoir waters: Tandem solid-phase extraction followed by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta, 237, 122929.
• Chen, L., Giesy, J. P., & Xie, P. (2018). The dose makes the poison. Science of The Total Environment, 621, 649-653.
• Díez-Quijada, L., Prieto, A. I., Guzmán-Guillén, R., Jos, A., & Cameán, A. M. (2019). Occurrence and toxicity of microcystin congeners other than MC-LR and MC-RR: A review. Food and chemical toxicology, 125, 106-132.
• Du, X., Liu, H., Yuan, L., Wang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, R., ... & Zhang, H. (2019). The diversity of cyanobacterial toxins on structural characterization, distribution and identification: A systematic review. Toxins, 11(9), 530.
• Eren, Z. (2021). The relationship of harmful algae bloom and mucilage outbreak in the sea of Marmara. Journal Of Environmental And Natural Studies, Volume, 3, 182-192.
• Harada, K. I., Tsuji, K., Watanabe, M. F., & Kondo, F. (1996). Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria—III. Effect of pH and temperature. Phycologia, 35(sup6), 83-88.
• He, X., Liu, Y. L., Conklin, A., Westrick, J., Weavers, L. K., Dionysiou, D. D., ... & Walker, H. W. (2016). Toxic cyanobacteria and drinking water: Impacts, detection, and treatment. Harmful algae, 54, 174-193.
• IPCC, (2019): IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press.
• Köker, L., Akçaalan, R., Dittmann, E., & Albay, M. (2021). Depth profiles of protein-bound microcystin in Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Toxicon, 198, 156-163.
• Jochimsen, E. M., Carmichael, W. W., An, J., Cardo, D. M., Cookson, S. T., Holmes, C. E., ... & Jarvis, W. R. (1998). Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil. New England Journal of Medicine, 338(13), 873-878.
• LaLiberte, G., & Haber, E. (2014). Literature Review of the effects of ultrasonic waves on cyanobacteria, other aquatic organisms, and water quality. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
• Li, Z., Yu, J., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Burch, M. D., & Han, W. (2010). Cyanobacterial population and harmful metabolites dynamics during a bloom in Yanghe Reservoir, North China. Harmful algae, 9(5), 481-488.
• Mankiewicz-Boczek, J., Palus, J., Gągała, I., Izydorczyk, K., Jurczak, T., Dziubałtowska, E., ... & Zalewski, M. (2011). Effects of microcystins-containing cyanobacteria from a temperate ecosystem on human lymphocytes culture and their potential for adverse human health effects. Harmful Algae, 10(4), 356-365.
• Metcalf, J. S., & Codd, G. A. (2004). Cyanobacterial toxins in the water environment. Foundation for Water Research.
• Minasyan, A., Christophoridis, C., Wilson, A. E., Zervou, S. K., Kaloudis, T., & Hiskia, A. (2018). Diversity of cyanobacteria and the presence of cyanotoxins in the epilimnion of Lake Yerevan (Armenia). Toxicon, 150, 28-38.
• Mishra, A. K., Tiwari, D. N., & Rai, A. N. (Eds.). (2018). Cyanobacteria: from basic science to applications. Academic Press.
• Mooney, K. M., Hamilton, J. T., Floyd, S. D., Foy, R. H., & Elliott, C. T. (2011). Initial studies on the occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins in Irish lakes. Environmental toxicology, 26(5), 566-570.
• Munoz, M., Cirés, S., de Pedro, Z. M., Colina, J. Á., Velásquez-Figueroa, Y., Carmona-Jiménez, J., ... & Casas, J. A. (2021). Overview of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Ibero-American freshwaters: Challenges for risk management and opportunities for removal by advanced technologies. Science of the Total Environment, 761, 143197.
• Okello, W., Ostermaier, V., Portmann, C., Gademann, K., Kurmayer, R., (2010). Spatial isolation favours the divergence in microcystin net production by Microcystis in Ugandan freshwater lakes. Water Res. 44, 2803–2814.
• Pantelić, D., Svirčev, Z., Simeunović, J., Vidović, M., & Trajković, I. (2013). Cyanotoxins: Characteristics, production and degradation routes in drinking water treatment with reference to the situation in Serbia. Chemosphere, 91(4), 421-441.
• Pavlova, V., Stoyneva-Gärtner, M., Uzunov, B., Uzunov, B., Bratanova, Z., Lazarova, A., & Karadjova, I. (2015). Microcystins-LR,-YR and-RR in six Bulgarian water bodies of health and conservational importance (2012-2014). Journal of Water Resource and Protection, (16), 1375.
• Pekar, H., Westerberg, E., Bruno, O., Lääne, A., Persson, K. M., Sundström, L. F., & Thim, A. M. (2016). Fast, rugged and sensitive ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of cyanotoxins in raw water and drinking water—First findings of anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins and microcystin variants in Swedish source waters and infiltration ponds. Journal of Chromatography A, 1429, 265-276.
• Pouria, S., de Andrade, A., Barbosa, J., Cavalcanti, R. L., Barreto, V. T. S., Ward, C. J., ... & Codd, G. A. (1998). Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil. The Lancet, 352(9121), 21-26.
• Rodrigues, M. A., Reis, M. P., & Mateus, M. C. (2013). Liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization ion trap MS2 mass spectrometry application for the determination of microcystins occurrence in Southern Portugal water reservoirs. Toxicon, 74, 8-18.
• Sharma, V. K., Triantis, T. M., Antoniou, M. G., He, X., Pelaez, M., Han, C., ... & Dionysiou, D. D. (2012). Destruction of microcystins by conventional and advanced oxidation processes: a review. Separation and Purification Technology, 91, 3-17.
• Shi, L., Du, X., Liu, H., Chen, X., Ma, Y., Wang, R., ... & Zhang, H. (2021). Update on the adverse effects of microcystins on the liver. Environmental Research, 195, 110890.
• Smith, J. L., Boyer, G. L., & Zimba, P. V. (2008). A review of cyanobacterial odorous and bioactive metabolites: Impacts and management alternatives in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 280(1-4), 5-20.
• Turner, A. D., Dhanji-Rapkova, M., O’Neill, A., Coates, L., Lewis, A., & Lewis, K. (2018). Analysis of microcystins in cyanobacterial blooms from freshwater bodies in England. Toxins, 10(1), 39.
• Vashist, S. K., & Luong, J. H. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of immunoassay technologies: approaches, performances, and applications. Academic Press.
• Vidal, L., Ballot, A., Azeved, S.M.F.O., Padisak, J.,& Welker, M. (2021). Introduction to cyanobacteria. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, 2nd ed; Chorus, I., Welker, M., Eds, 163-211.
• WHO, (1998). Cyanobacterial Toxins: Microcystin-LR. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.
• WHO, (2003). Guidelines for safe recreational water environments: Coastal and fresh waters (Vol. 1). World Health Organization.
• WHO, (2020). Cyanobacterial toxins: microcystins. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and Guidelines for safe recreational water environments.
• Wu, X., Joyce, E. M., & Mason, T. J. (2011). The effects of ultrasound on cyanobacteria. Harmful algae, 10(6), 738-743.
• Žegura, B., Štraser, A., & Filipič, M. (2011). Genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of cyanobacterial toxins–a review. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 727(1-2), 16-41.
• Zhang, Y., Shi, Q., Wei, W., Xu, F., Nie, F., & Yang, H. (2019). Effects of microcystin-LR on the immune dysfunction and ultrastructure of hepatopancreas in giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 89, 586-594.