Foliar zinc sulfate application effects on biomass and forage traits of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in zinc-deficient soils

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 835 - 845, 28.12.2024

Emre Kara

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.4.12

Abstract

Deficiencies of essential micronutrients in forage crops can result in reduced growth, diminished nutrient content, and reduced in forage quality. This can, in turn, affect the nutritional requirements of livestock and the overall productivity of the agricultural sector. The experiment was initiated during the 2023-24 production season and employed four zinc sulfate doses (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 % w/v) and five varieties of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. İlkadım, cv. Master, cv. Baqueno, cv. Caramba, cv. Trinova), with four replications. SPAD measurements were obtained following the foliar application of zinc sulfate, and plant height (cm), flag leaf length (cm), flag leaf width (cm), leaf number per plant, and leaf area (cm2) parameters were collected through the single mowing of annual ryegrass. After the fresh forage yield (t ha-1) measurements, ADF (%), NDF (%), crude protein ratio (%), crude protein yield (kg da-1) and relative feed value were measured and calculated. As a result of the data obtained, it was determined that foliar zinc sulfate applications can make positive changes in yield and quality, while at the same time increasing the amount of fiber. While İlkadım had the highest average value with 1.48 t da-1 in terms of hay yield, the highest value among zinc sulfate doses was obtained from 0.6 % with 1.47 t da-1. High values were obtained at 0.4 % and 0.6 % doses. Among the varieties, İlkadım and Baqueno had higher yield and quality characteristics. However, it is understood that the responses to foliar zinc sulfate applications occurred in different percentages among the others.

Keywords

Foliar fertilizer, Zinc, Ryegrass, Forage quality, SPAD

References

• Alloway, B. J. (2008). Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. International Zinc Association. 16.
• Alloway, B. (2009). Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31(5), 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9255-4
• AOAC. 2003. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 17th Ed. 2nd Rev. Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Association of Analytical Communities.
• Asif, M. (2024). Agronomic bio-fortification of zinc improves the yield and quality of fodder oat. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 25(6), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/187146
• Barman, H., Das, S., & Roy, A. (2018). Zinc in soil environment for plant health and management strategy. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(5), 149-154. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2018.060501
• Broadley, M., White, P., Hammond, J., Zelko, I., & Lee, A. (2007). Zinc in plants. New Phytologist, 173(4), 677-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x
• Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil, 302(1-2), 1-17.
• Dhaliwal, S., Sharma, V., Shukla, A., Shivay, Y., Hossain, A., Verma, V., … & Singh, P. (2022). Agronomic biofortification of forage crops with zinc and copper for enhancing nutritive potential: a systematic review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 103(4), 1631-1643. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12353
• Eyüpoğlu, F., Kurucu, N., & Talaz, S. (1996). Türkiye topraklarının bitkiye yarayışlı bazı mikroelementler bakımından genel durumu. Toprak Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara.
• Hoel, B. O. (1998). Use of a hand‐held chlorophyll meter in winter wheat: Evaluation of different measuring positions on the leaves. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B—Plant Soil Sciences, 48(4), 222-228.
• Horrocks, R.D. and J.F. Vallentine. 1999. Harvested Forages. San Diego, California, USA. Academic Press, 3-87.
• Iqbal, M., Abdul, H., Muzammil, H., Imtiaz, H., Tanveer, A., Saira, I., … & Ali, A. (2019). A meta-analysis of the impact of foliar feeding of micronutrients on productivity and revenue generation of forage crops. Planta Daninha, 37. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582019370100046
• Iuga, V., Rotar, I., Mălinaș, A., & Toth, G. (2018). Yield response and competition ability of italian ryegrass, red clover and their mixture to different technological conditions. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture, 75(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:002317
• Jalal, A. (2024). Interaction of zinc mineral nutrition and plant growth-promoting bacteria in tropical agricultural systems: a review. Plants, 13(5), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050571
• Karami, S., Sanavy, S., Ghanehpoor, S., & Keshavarz, H. (2016). Effect of foliar zinc application on yield, physiological traits and seed vigor of two soybean cultivars under water deficit. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 8(2), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb829793
• Khatun, M., Hossain, M., Bari, M., Abdullahil, K., Parvez, M., Alam, M., … & Kabir, A. (2018). Zinc deficiency tolerance in maize is associated with the up‐regulation of zn transporter genes and antioxidant activities. Plant Biology, 20(4), 765-770. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12837
• Kumar, B. and Ram, H. (2021). Biofortification of maize fodder with zinc improves forage productivity and nutritive value for livestock. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 30(2), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/135932/2021
• Mantawy, R. and Elhag, D. (2018). Effect of skipping irrigation at different growth stages and zinc foliar application on yield and water productivity of sunflower. Journal of Plant Production, 9(3), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2018.35488
• Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press.
• Mendiburu, F., & de Mendiburu, M. F. (2019). Package ‘agricolae’. R Package, Version 1-2. Retrieved on Dec, 10, 2021.
• Olivoto, T., & Lúcio, A. D. C. (2020). metan: An R package for multi‐environment trial analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(6), 783-789.
• Rasel, M., Jha, S., Islam, S., Hasan, A., Rashid, H., & Paul, S. (2023). Maximizing yield of aromatic fine rice through application of zinc and poultry manure. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 8(2), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2023.080207
• Razzaq, K., Khan, A., Malik, A., Shahid, M., & Ullah, S. (2013). Foliar application of zinc influences the leaf mineral status, vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘kinnow’ mandarin. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36(10), 1479-1495. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2013.785567
• Ryan-Salter, T. and Black, A. (2012). Yield of italian ryegrass mixed with red clover and balansa clover. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 201-207. https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2012.74.2862
• Sharma, S. (2022). Zinc for enhancing crop growth of rice-a brief review. Journal of Natural Resource Conservation and Management, 3(2), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.51396/anrcm.3.2.2022.125-129
• Sher, A., Ul‐Allah, S., Sattar, A., Ijaz, M., Qayyum, A., Manaf, A., … & Suleman, M. (2022). Zinc sulfate application to grass forages (oat, barley, annual ryegrass and triticale) for increasing their yield, quality and profitability. Crop and Pasture Science, 73(5), 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1071/cp21476
• Sinclair, S., Senger, T., Talke, I., Cobbett, C., Haydon, M., & Krämer, U. (2018). Systemic upregulation of mtp2- and hma2-mediated zn partitioning to the shoot supplements local zn deficiency responses. The Plant Cell, 30(10), 2463-2479. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.18.00207
• Upadhayay, V., Singh, A., Khan, A., & Sharma, A. (2022). Contemplating the role of zinc-solubilizing bacteria in crop biofortification: an approach for sustainable bioeconomy. Frontiers in Agronomy, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.903321
• Van-Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis. 1991. Method for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nostarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.