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Impact of fetal sex combinations on maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes in dichorionic twin pregnancies

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 313 - 318, 21.03.2025

Abstract

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of concordance and discordance in fetal sex on maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes in dichorionic twin pregnancies.
Methods: This retrospective cohort analysis includes DCDA twin pregnancies delivered at Ankara Etlik City Hospital from January 2023 to December 2024. Pregnancies were categorized into three distinct groups according to the combinations of fetal gender: male-male (group 1), female-female (group 2), and male-female (group 3). Maternal demographic, pregnancy, and neonatal outcome data were compared. Composite adverse perinatal outcome (CAPO) was defined as severe neonatal complications. Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and post-hoc analyses were applied with confounder adjustment.
Results: Male-male pregnancies were also characterized by significantly increased maternal age, BMI, parity, and diabetic disease rates compared with female-female pregnancies (p<0.05). Neonatal outcomes indicated a considerable increase in biparietal diameter, head circumference, and abdominal circumference in group 1 and group 3 pregnancies compared with group 2 pregnancies (p<0.01). Additionally, male babies from discordant pregnancies weighed considerably more at birth compared to children born from concordant pregnancies (p=0.04); no notable differences were seen in female infants (p=0.84). Gestational age at birth, preterm labor percentages, and neonatal intensive care unit admission were comparable among groups (p>0.05). CAPO rates did not vary between groups significantly (p=0.396).
Conclusion: Fetal sex combinations impact neonatal and maternal outcomes of dichorionic twin gestations in varying patterns that differ in male-male versus male-female pregnancies. Greater multicenter numbers are necessary to validate the observations and investigate more fully their consequences for maximally optimizing antenatal treatment and further enhancing perinatal outcome for twin pregnancy.

References

  • Hiersch L, Attali E, Melamed N. Special considerations regarding antenatal care and pregnancy complications in dichorionic twin pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022;4(2S):100500. doi:10.1016/ j.ajogmf.2021.100500
  • Miremberg H, Nassar M, Herman HG, et al. Is there an impact of fetal sex in dichorionic discordant twins on placental histopathological abnormalities? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;274:166-170. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.05.030
  • Shaked AB, Pariente G, Wainstock T, Sheiner E. The association between gender in dichorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies and the risk for long-term respiratory morbidity. Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 2023;228(1):S81. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.177
  • Al-Qaraghouli M, Fang YMV. Effect of fetal sex on maternal and obstetric outcomes. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:144. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00144
  • Di Renzo GC, Rosati A, Sarti RD, Cruciani L, Cutuli AM. Does fetal sex affect pregnancy outcome? Gend Med. 2007;4(1):19-30. doi:10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80004-0
  • Paul M, Zakar T, Phung J, et al. 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in the human myometrium at term and preterm birth: relationships to fetal sex and maternal body-mass index. Reprod Sci. 2023;30(8):2512-2523. doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01183-2
  • Retnakaran R, Kramer CK, Ye C, et al. Fetal sex and maternal risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the impact of having a boy. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(5):844-851. doi:10.2337/dc14-2551
  • Muhcu M, Özdamar Ö, Gün İ, Özden O, Müngen E, Atay V. The impact of the fetal gender on ultrasonographic fetal biometric parameters. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni. 2014;45(2):55-60.
  • Bülbül Baytur Y, Yıldız H, Özler A, İnceboz Üs, Çağlar H. Cinsiyetin fetal ultrason ölçümleri üzerine etkisi: cinsiyete özgü büyüme eğrileri gerekli mi? Perinatol Derg. 2006;14(1):26-30.
  • Banjac L, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Gojković T, Bokan-Mirković V, Banjac G, Banjac G. Relationship between insulin-like growth factor type 1 and intrauterine growth. Acta Clin Croat. 2020;59(1):91-96. doi:10.20471/acc.2020.59.01.11
  • Stenhouse C, Bazer FW, Ashworth CJ. Sexual dimorphism in placental development and function: comparative physiology with an emphasis on the pig. Molecul Reproduct Devel. 2023;90(7):684-696. doi:10.1002/mrd.23573
  • Wilms FF, Vis JY, Oudijk MA, et al. The impact of fetal gender and ethnicity on the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in women with symptoms of preterm labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatel Med. 2016;29(21): 3563-3569. doi:10.3109/14767058.2016.1139566
  • Melamed N, Yogev Y, Glezerman M. Fetal gender and pregnancy outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(4):338-344. doi:10.3109/ 14767050903300969
  • Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, et al. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 cohorts. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):6300. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24634-2
  • Bayraktar B, Vural T, Gölbaşı C, Gölbaşı H, Bayraktar MG. Effect of co-twin fetal sex on fetal anthropometry and birth time in twin pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021;43(10):1153-1158. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2021.02.113

Dikoryonik ikiz gebeliklerde fetal cinsiyet kombinasyonlarının anne, gebelik ve yenidoğan sonuçlarına etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 313 - 318, 21.03.2025

Abstract

Amaç Bu çalışmanın amacı dikoryonik ikiz gebeliklerde fetal cinsiyette konkordans ve diskordansın maternal, gebelik ve neonatal sonuçlar üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif kohort çalışmaya Ocak 2023-Aralık 2024 tarihleri arasında Etlik Şehir Hastanesi'nde doğan DCDA ikiz gebelikler dahil edildi. Gebelikler fetal cinsiyet çiftlerine göre üç farklı gruba ayrıldı: erkek-erkek, kız-kadın ve erkek-kadın. Maternal demografik, gebelik ve neonatal sonuç verileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bileşik olumsuz perinatal sonuç (CAPO) ciddi neonatal komplikasyonlar olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ki-kare, tek yönlü ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis ve post-hoc analizleri karıştırıcı düzeltmesi ile uygulandı.
Sonuçlar: Erkek-erkek gebeliklerde, kadın-kadın gebeliklere kıyasla anne yaşı, VKİ, parite ve diyabetik hastalık oranları anlamlı olarak artmıştır (p < 0.05). Yenidoğan sonuçları, erkek-erkek ve erkek-kadın gebeliklerde kız-kadın gebeliklere kıyasla biparietal çap, baş çevresi ve karın çevresinde anlamlı bir artış olduğunu göstermiştir (p < 0.01). Ayrıca, uyumsuz gebeliklerden doğan erkek bebekler, uyumlu gebeliklerden doğan çocuklara kıyasla doğumda önemli ölçüde daha ağırdı (p = 0.04); kız bebeklerde ise önemli bir fark görülmedi (p = 0.84). Doğumdaki gebelik yaşı, erken doğum yüzdeleri ve YYBÜ'ye kabul, gruplar arasında benzerdi (p > 0,05). CAPO oranları gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermedi (p = 0,396).
Sonuçlar: Fetal cinsiyet kombinasyonları, dikoryonik ikiz gebeliklerin neonatal ve anne sonuçlarını, erkek-erkek ve erkek-kadın gebeliklerinde farklılık gösteren farklı şekillerde etkilemektedir. Gözlemleri doğrulamak, doğum öncesi tedaviyi maksimum düzeyde optimize etmek ve ikiz gebelik için perinatal sonuçları daha da artırmak amacıyla sonuçlarını daha kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırmak için daha büyük çok merkezli sayılara ihtiyaç vardır.

References

  • Hiersch L, Attali E, Melamed N. Special considerations regarding antenatal care and pregnancy complications in dichorionic twin pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022;4(2S):100500. doi:10.1016/ j.ajogmf.2021.100500
  • Miremberg H, Nassar M, Herman HG, et al. Is there an impact of fetal sex in dichorionic discordant twins on placental histopathological abnormalities? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;274:166-170. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.05.030
  • Shaked AB, Pariente G, Wainstock T, Sheiner E. The association between gender in dichorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies and the risk for long-term respiratory morbidity. Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 2023;228(1):S81. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.177
  • Al-Qaraghouli M, Fang YMV. Effect of fetal sex on maternal and obstetric outcomes. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:144. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00144
  • Di Renzo GC, Rosati A, Sarti RD, Cruciani L, Cutuli AM. Does fetal sex affect pregnancy outcome? Gend Med. 2007;4(1):19-30. doi:10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80004-0
  • Paul M, Zakar T, Phung J, et al. 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in the human myometrium at term and preterm birth: relationships to fetal sex and maternal body-mass index. Reprod Sci. 2023;30(8):2512-2523. doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01183-2
  • Retnakaran R, Kramer CK, Ye C, et al. Fetal sex and maternal risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the impact of having a boy. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(5):844-851. doi:10.2337/dc14-2551
  • Muhcu M, Özdamar Ö, Gün İ, Özden O, Müngen E, Atay V. The impact of the fetal gender on ultrasonographic fetal biometric parameters. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni. 2014;45(2):55-60.
  • Bülbül Baytur Y, Yıldız H, Özler A, İnceboz Üs, Çağlar H. Cinsiyetin fetal ultrason ölçümleri üzerine etkisi: cinsiyete özgü büyüme eğrileri gerekli mi? Perinatol Derg. 2006;14(1):26-30.
  • Banjac L, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Gojković T, Bokan-Mirković V, Banjac G, Banjac G. Relationship between insulin-like growth factor type 1 and intrauterine growth. Acta Clin Croat. 2020;59(1):91-96. doi:10.20471/acc.2020.59.01.11
  • Stenhouse C, Bazer FW, Ashworth CJ. Sexual dimorphism in placental development and function: comparative physiology with an emphasis on the pig. Molecul Reproduct Devel. 2023;90(7):684-696. doi:10.1002/mrd.23573
  • Wilms FF, Vis JY, Oudijk MA, et al. The impact of fetal gender and ethnicity on the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in women with symptoms of preterm labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatel Med. 2016;29(21): 3563-3569. doi:10.3109/14767058.2016.1139566
  • Melamed N, Yogev Y, Glezerman M. Fetal gender and pregnancy outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(4):338-344. doi:10.3109/ 14767050903300969
  • Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, et al. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 cohorts. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):6300. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24634-2
  • Bayraktar B, Vural T, Gölbaşı C, Gölbaşı H, Bayraktar MG. Effect of co-twin fetal sex on fetal anthropometry and birth time in twin pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021;43(10):1153-1158. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2021.02.113
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Nazan Vanlı Tonyalı 0000-0002-7284-6887

Gülşan Karabay 0000-0003-2567-2850

Betül Tokgöz Çakır 0000-0003-0202-4981

Gizem Aktemur 0000-0001-6824-881X

Zeynep Şeyhanlı 0000-0003-3924-3723

Sevinç Çetin 0009-0004-0547-1888

Nazlı İncekara 0009-0007-9145-8613

Ali Turhan Çağlar 0000-0002-7022-3029

Publication Date March 21, 2025
Submission Date January 28, 2025
Acceptance Date February 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Vanlı Tonyalı N, Karabay G, Tokgöz Çakır B, Aktemur G, Şeyhanlı Z, Çetin S, İncekara N, Çağlar AT. Impact of fetal sex combinations on maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes in dichorionic twin pregnancies. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. March 2025;8(2):313-318.

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