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Turizm Sektöründe Ekonomik Sızıntılar Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 39 - 50, 25.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58768/joinntt.1308773

Abstract

Turizm endüstrisi, emek yoğunluğu ve geniş bir hizmet yelpazesi sunabilme kapasitesi sayesinde, ekonomik refah ve sosyal kalkınma sağlama potansiyeline sahip bir sektördür. Bu sektör, ülkelere döviz girdisi sağlamakta, yerel istihdam oluşturmakta ve ekonomik canlılığı artırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, olumlu etkilerin maksimum düzeyde gerçekleştirilmesi ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde yönetilmesi, bazı zorlukları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, turizm sektöründe "Ekonomik sızıntı" olarak adlandırılan bir fenomen incelenmektedir. Ekonomik sızıntı, turizm gelirlerinin yerel ekonomiden çıktığı ve genellikle turizm hizmetlerinin sunulduğu ülkeye giren dövizin bir bölümünün, yerel ekonomi dışına çıktığı bir durumu ifade etmektedir. Bu durum, turizm sektörünün genel ekonomik katkısını azaltmakta ve yerel ekonomik kalkınmayı zayıflatmaktadır. Çalışmada bu tür ekonomik sızıntıların nedenlerini belirlemek ve sızıntıları en aza indirecek stratejiler geliştirmek amacıyla, turizm literatürü detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Sızıntılar genellikle yerel hizmet sağlayıcılarının yetersiz kapasitesi, yabancı yatırımların ve dışa bağımlılığın yüksek olması, döviz kurlarındaki dalgalanmalar ve sektördeki rekabet düzeyleri gibi faktörlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, destinasyon yönetim örgütlerinin bölgesel düzeyde çalışmalar yaparak destinasyonların sızıntı oranlarını tespit etmesi ve bu konuda etkin turizm teşviklerinin oluşturulması önerilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım, turizm gelirlerinin yerel ekonomiye daha fazla katkıda bulunmasını ve böylece sürdürülebilir ekonomik kalkınmayı desteklemesini sağlayabilir.

References

  • Anderson, W. (2013). Leakages in the tourism systems: Case of Zanzibar. Tourism Review, 68(1), 62-76.
  • Alvarez, M. (2010). Marketing of Turkey as a tourism destination. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(1), 123-138.
  • Bahar, O. ve Kozak, M. (2015). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Belisle, F. J. (1984) Tourism and food imports: the case of Jamaica. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32(4), 819-842.
  • Bowen, R. L., Cox, L. J. and Fox, M. (1991). The interface between tourism and agriculture. Journal Of Tourism Studies, 2(2), 43-54.
  • Briassouluis, H. (1991). Methodogical issues: Tourism input-output analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(3), 485-495.
  • Britton, S. G. (1982). The political economy of tourism in the third world. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(3), 331–358.
  • Brown, D. O. (1998). In search of an appropriate form of tourism for africa: Lessons from the past and suggestions for the future. Tourism Management, 19(3), 237-245.
  • Chase, G. L. and Mckee, D. L. (2003). The economic impact of cruise tourism on Jamaica. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(2), 16-22.
  • Diaz, D. (2001). The Viability and Sustainability of International Tourism in Developing Countries. Symposium on Tourism Services, WTO, 22 – 23 February, Geneva / Switzerland (pp. 22-23).
  • Hampton, M. P. (1998). Backpacker tourism and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 639-660.
  • Hemmati, M. and Koehler, N. (2000). Financial leakages in tourism. Sustainable Travel and Tourism, 25-29.
  • Jönsson, C. (2015). Leakage, Economic Tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1-2.
  • Kılıçlar. A. (2004). Türkiye’nin Turizm Gelirlerindeki Sızıntılar ve Bu Sızıntıların Hesaplanmasına Yönelik Bir Yaklaşım. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Kozak N., Kozak M. ve Kozak M. (2018). Genel Turizm Bilgisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Lacher, R. G. and Nepal, S. K. (2010). From Leakages to linkages: local-level strategies for capturing tourism revenue in Northern Thailand. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 77-99.
  • Lange, L. (2011). Exploring the Leakage Effect in Tourism in Developing Countries: Issues and Implications. Diploma Thesis, International University of Applied Sciences, Bad Honnef-Bonn.
  • Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1989). Tourism economic, physical and social impact: Longmont Scientific and Technical.
  • Mbaiwa, J. (2005). Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management 26, 157-172.
  • Mitchell, J. and Page, S. (2005). Linkages and Leakages: Local Supply and Imports. http://www. İd21.Org/İnsights/İnsights62/Art04.Html (Accessed 12 October 2022).
  • Momsen, J. (1972). Report on Vegetable Production and the Tourist Industry in St. Lucia. Calgary: University of Calgary Department of Geography.
  • Ödemiş, M., ve Çalık, İ. (2019). Çömlekçilik (Guduculuk) el sanatının sürdürülebilir turizm kapsamında incelenmesi: Gümüşhane Dölek Köyü örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 1274-1288.
  • Roney, S. A. (2011). Turizm: Bir Sistemin Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Sadler, P. G. and Archer, B.H. (1975). The economic impact of tourism in developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 3(1), 15-32.
  • Sandbrook, C. G. (2010). Putting leakage in its place: the significance of retained tourism revenue in the local context in Rural Uganda. Journal Of International Development, 22(1),124-136.
  • Scheyvens, R. (2002). Backpacker Tourism and Third World Development. Annals Of Tourism Research 29:144-164.
  • Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. (1998). Entrepreneurship, small business culture and tourism development. The Economic Geography of The Tourism Industry, 235-55.
  • Smith, C. and P. Jenner. (1992). The leakage of foreign exchange earnings from tourism. EIU Travel and Tourism Analysis, 3, 52-56.
  • Supradist, N. (2004). Economic Leakage in Tourism Sector. IIIEE Master’s Theses, https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1329250&fileOId=1329251 (Accessed 20 January 2023).
  • Telfer, D. and Wall, G. (1996). Linkages between tourism and food production. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 635-653.
  • Terzioğlu, M. (2014). Turizm Endüstrisinde Geri Bağlantılar ve Ekonomik Sızıntılar: Marmaris Otelcilik Endüstrisi Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Muğla.
  • Terzioğlu, M. ve Gökovalı, Ü. (2017). Turizmin yerel ekonomik etkilerinin belirlenmesi: Marmaris otelcilik endüstrisi örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28(1), 27-38.
  • Torres, R. (2000). Linkage Between Tourism and Agriculture in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate Group in Geography, University of California at Davis.
  • Torres, R. (2003). Linkages between tourism and agriculture in Mexico. Annals of Tourism Research 30, 546-566.
  • Ulutürk, Z. G. (1998). Turizmin ekonomik etkisinin ölçülmesi. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 31-38.
  • UNWTO. (2004). Indicators Of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinastions: A Guidebook. Madrid: UNWTO Publishing.
  • USAID and CBD (1984). The Study of Linkages Between Tourism and Local Agriculture in Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia and The Bahamas. Study Report.
  • Ünlüönen, K., Tayfun, A. ve Kılıçlar, A. (2015). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Zoomers, E. B. (2010). Following Financial Tourism Flows: Linking Leakages to Multipliers in Tarabuco, Bolivia. Master's Thesis, Utrecht University.
  • Walpole, M. J. and Goodwin, H. J. (2000). Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annalls of Tourism Research, 27, 559-576.
  • Weaver, D. and Lawton, L. (2002). Tourism Management. Milton: John Wiley& Sons Australia.

An Evaluation on Economic Leaks in The Tourism Sector

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 39 - 50, 25.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58768/joinntt.1308773

Abstract

The tourism industry, with its labor-intensive nature and capacity to offer a wide range of services, holds potential for enhancing economic prosperity and social development. This sector contributes to countries by providing foreign exchange earnings, creating local employment, and boosting economic vitality. However, maximizing these positive effects and managing them sustainably also bring about certain challenges. In this study, a phenomenon termed as "economic leakage" in the tourism sector is examined. Economic leakage refers to the situation where a portion of the foreign exchange entering the country for tourism services leaks out of the local economy. This situation reduces the overall economic contribution of the tourism sector and weakens local economic development. In this study, the tourism literature has been examined in detail to identify the causes of such economic leakages and to develop strategies to minimize these leakages. Leakages usually stem from factors such as insufficient capacity of local service providers, high levels of foreign investment and dependency, fluctuations in exchange rates, and levels of competition in the sector. The study concludes with the recommendation that destination management organizations should conduct regional studies to determine the leakage rates of destinations and create effective tourism incentives in this regard. This approach could enable tourism revenues to contribute more to the local economy and thus support sustainable economic development.

References

  • Anderson, W. (2013). Leakages in the tourism systems: Case of Zanzibar. Tourism Review, 68(1), 62-76.
  • Alvarez, M. (2010). Marketing of Turkey as a tourism destination. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(1), 123-138.
  • Bahar, O. ve Kozak, M. (2015). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Belisle, F. J. (1984) Tourism and food imports: the case of Jamaica. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32(4), 819-842.
  • Bowen, R. L., Cox, L. J. and Fox, M. (1991). The interface between tourism and agriculture. Journal Of Tourism Studies, 2(2), 43-54.
  • Briassouluis, H. (1991). Methodogical issues: Tourism input-output analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(3), 485-495.
  • Britton, S. G. (1982). The political economy of tourism in the third world. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(3), 331–358.
  • Brown, D. O. (1998). In search of an appropriate form of tourism for africa: Lessons from the past and suggestions for the future. Tourism Management, 19(3), 237-245.
  • Chase, G. L. and Mckee, D. L. (2003). The economic impact of cruise tourism on Jamaica. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(2), 16-22.
  • Diaz, D. (2001). The Viability and Sustainability of International Tourism in Developing Countries. Symposium on Tourism Services, WTO, 22 – 23 February, Geneva / Switzerland (pp. 22-23).
  • Hampton, M. P. (1998). Backpacker tourism and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 639-660.
  • Hemmati, M. and Koehler, N. (2000). Financial leakages in tourism. Sustainable Travel and Tourism, 25-29.
  • Jönsson, C. (2015). Leakage, Economic Tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1-2.
  • Kılıçlar. A. (2004). Türkiye’nin Turizm Gelirlerindeki Sızıntılar ve Bu Sızıntıların Hesaplanmasına Yönelik Bir Yaklaşım. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Kozak N., Kozak M. ve Kozak M. (2018). Genel Turizm Bilgisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Lacher, R. G. and Nepal, S. K. (2010). From Leakages to linkages: local-level strategies for capturing tourism revenue in Northern Thailand. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 77-99.
  • Lange, L. (2011). Exploring the Leakage Effect in Tourism in Developing Countries: Issues and Implications. Diploma Thesis, International University of Applied Sciences, Bad Honnef-Bonn.
  • Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1989). Tourism economic, physical and social impact: Longmont Scientific and Technical.
  • Mbaiwa, J. (2005). Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management 26, 157-172.
  • Mitchell, J. and Page, S. (2005). Linkages and Leakages: Local Supply and Imports. http://www. İd21.Org/İnsights/İnsights62/Art04.Html (Accessed 12 October 2022).
  • Momsen, J. (1972). Report on Vegetable Production and the Tourist Industry in St. Lucia. Calgary: University of Calgary Department of Geography.
  • Ödemiş, M., ve Çalık, İ. (2019). Çömlekçilik (Guduculuk) el sanatının sürdürülebilir turizm kapsamında incelenmesi: Gümüşhane Dölek Köyü örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 1274-1288.
  • Roney, S. A. (2011). Turizm: Bir Sistemin Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Sadler, P. G. and Archer, B.H. (1975). The economic impact of tourism in developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 3(1), 15-32.
  • Sandbrook, C. G. (2010). Putting leakage in its place: the significance of retained tourism revenue in the local context in Rural Uganda. Journal Of International Development, 22(1),124-136.
  • Scheyvens, R. (2002). Backpacker Tourism and Third World Development. Annals Of Tourism Research 29:144-164.
  • Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. (1998). Entrepreneurship, small business culture and tourism development. The Economic Geography of The Tourism Industry, 235-55.
  • Smith, C. and P. Jenner. (1992). The leakage of foreign exchange earnings from tourism. EIU Travel and Tourism Analysis, 3, 52-56.
  • Supradist, N. (2004). Economic Leakage in Tourism Sector. IIIEE Master’s Theses, https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1329250&fileOId=1329251 (Accessed 20 January 2023).
  • Telfer, D. and Wall, G. (1996). Linkages between tourism and food production. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 635-653.
  • Terzioğlu, M. (2014). Turizm Endüstrisinde Geri Bağlantılar ve Ekonomik Sızıntılar: Marmaris Otelcilik Endüstrisi Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Muğla.
  • Terzioğlu, M. ve Gökovalı, Ü. (2017). Turizmin yerel ekonomik etkilerinin belirlenmesi: Marmaris otelcilik endüstrisi örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28(1), 27-38.
  • Torres, R. (2000). Linkage Between Tourism and Agriculture in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate Group in Geography, University of California at Davis.
  • Torres, R. (2003). Linkages between tourism and agriculture in Mexico. Annals of Tourism Research 30, 546-566.
  • Ulutürk, Z. G. (1998). Turizmin ekonomik etkisinin ölçülmesi. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 31-38.
  • UNWTO. (2004). Indicators Of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinastions: A Guidebook. Madrid: UNWTO Publishing.
  • USAID and CBD (1984). The Study of Linkages Between Tourism and Local Agriculture in Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia and The Bahamas. Study Report.
  • Ünlüönen, K., Tayfun, A. ve Kılıçlar, A. (2015). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Zoomers, E. B. (2010). Following Financial Tourism Flows: Linking Leakages to Multipliers in Tarabuco, Bolivia. Master's Thesis, Utrecht University.
  • Walpole, M. J. and Goodwin, H. J. (2000). Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annalls of Tourism Research, 27, 559-576.
  • Weaver, D. and Lawton, L. (2002). Tourism Management. Milton: John Wiley& Sons Australia.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Öykü Demir 0000-0001-7738-1823

Bahar Türkay 0000-0002-2634-6355

Mithat Dinçer 0000-0002-4928-8303

Early Pub Date June 25, 2023
Publication Date June 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demir, Ö., Türkay, B., & Dinçer, M. (2023). Turizm Sektöründe Ekonomik Sızıntılar Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Journal of New Tourism Trends, 4(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.58768/joinntt.1308773