Aşırı Turizmin Dünya Mirası Şehri Sakinlerinin Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 26.06.2024

Nuray Türker , Cenk Murat Koçoğlu , Ömer Saraç

https://doi.org/10.58768/joinntt.1436906

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Safranbolu'da yaşayan kişilerin aşırı turizme (turizmin etkileri) yönelik algılarını belirlemek ve aşırı turizmin yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen veriler SPSS 22 istatistik paket programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Geçerli ve güvenilir sonuçlara ulaşmak için yüzde, frekans testleri, faktör analizi ve çok değişkenli regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, sakinlerin üçte birinin şehrin aşırı turizmden muzdarip olduğuna ve bunun yaşam kalitesini olumsuz etkilediğine inandığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca katılımcılar turizmin trafik sıkışıklığını, park sorunlarını, çöpleri, su tüketimini ve gürültüyü arttırdığı için fiziksel çevreye zararlı olduğu konusunda ortak görüş bildirmiştir. Bununla birlikte katılımcılar turizmin doğal çevreyi bozduğu ve taşıma kapasitesini aştığı inancındadır. Katılımcılar bu nedenle bölgeye çok fazla turist gelmesinden dolayı kültürel mirasın bozulmasından endişe duymaktadırlar.

Keywords

Aşırı Turizm, Bölge Sakinlerinin Algıları, UNESCO Dünya Mirası Alanı, Safranbolu

Effect of Overtourism on Residents' Quality of Life in World Heritage Cities

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to determine the perceptions of residents towards overtourism (tourism impacts) and to reveal the effect of overtourism on the quality of life in Safranbolu. In the research, the data were analyzed with the statistical package program. Percentage, frequency tests, factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to reach valid and reliable results. Results show that one-third of the residents believe that the city suffers from overtourism, and it affects the quality of life negatively. Besides, residents agree that tourism is harmful for the physical environment as it increases traffic congestion, parking problems, litter, water consumption and noise. In addition, they believe that tourism deteriorates the natural environment and exceeds the carrying capacity. Therefore, they have concerns about the devastation of cultural heritage arising from too many tourists.

Keywords

Overtourism, Residents, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Safranbolu, Residents

References

• Abbasian, S., Onn, G. and Arnautovic, D. (2020). Overtourism in Dubrovnik in the eyes of local tourism employees: A qualitative study. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1775944.
• Ap. J., J. Crompton (1993). Residents’ Strategies for responding to tourism impacts. Journal of Travel Research. 32(1), 47-50.
• Bastias-Perex, P. and Var, T. (1995). Perceived impacts of tourism by residents. Annals of Tourism Research 22(1), 208–209.
• Berselli, C., Pereira, L. A., Pereira, T. and Limberger, P. F. (2022). Overtourism: Residents' perceived impacts of tourism saturation. Tourism Analysis, 27(2), 161-172.
• Biagi, B., Ladu, M. G., Meleddu, M. and Royuela, V. (2020). Tourism and the city: The impact on residents' quality of life. International Journal of Tourism Research, 22(2), 168-181.
• Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of tourism area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5-12.
• Çolak, O., Kiper, V. O. ve Batman, O. (2020). Ölçüsüz turizm’e (over-tourism) dair kavramsal bir yaklaşim. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 12(23), 609-621.
• Demirci, B., Yılmaz, İ. Ve Oğuz, Y.E. (2020). Aşırı turizmin kent yaşam memnuniyetine etkisi: Eskişehir Odunpazarı örneği. - Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 4, 204-217.
• Doxey, G. V. A (1975). 1975 A causation theory of visitor–resident irritants: methodology and research inferences. The Impact of Tourism. In the Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings, pp.195-198. San Diego: The Travel Research Association.
• Euoronews (2019). Barcelona's tourist headache as residential population declines 11% since 2015. https://www.euronews.com/2019/07/23/barcelona-s-tourist-headache-as-residential-population-declines-11-since-2015. [Accessed the 23 rd of July 2019].
• Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS For Windows. London: Sage.
• Fyall, A. and Garrod, B. (1998). Heritage tourism: at what price?. - Managing Leisure, 3(4), 213-228.
• Glasson, J. (1994). Oxford: a heritage city under pressure. Tourism Management, 15(2), 137–144.
• Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C. and Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79–105.
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. and Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Dataanalysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
• Hair, J. F., Jr, Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. and Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Thousand Oaks. - CA: Sage Publications.
• Haralambopoulos, N. and Pizam, A. (1996). Perceived impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 503–526.
• Info Barcelona (2019). https://www.barcelona.cat/infobarcelona/en/city-council/the-population-of-the-city-continues-to-grow_685641.html [Accessed the 23th of July 2019].
• Jurowski, C., Uysal, M. and Williams, D. R. (1997). A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of travel research, 36(2), 3-11.
• Jurowski, C. and Gursoy, D. (2004). Distance effects on residents' attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 31(2), 296– 312.
• Karabük Governorship (2019). Safranbolu, http://karabuk.gov.tr/safranbolu-ilcesi [Accessed the 25 th July 2019].
• Kerlinger, F. N. (1978). Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: McGraw Hill.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). NY: Guilford Press.
• Koçoğlu, C. M., Saraç, Ö. ve Batman, O. (2020). Safranbolu’da sürdürülebilir turizm gelişmesine yönelik yerel halkın tutumları. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 202-219.
• Koens, K, Postma, A. and Papp, B. (2018). Is Overtourism overused? understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12), 4384.
• Liberato, P. and Silva, A. (2020). The Tourism Impact on The Residents’ Life Quality–Case Study. Proceedings of the 36th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA), 10565-10573.
• Martín, J. M.M., Martínez, J. M. G. And Fernández, J. A. S. (2018). An Analysis of the Factors behind the Citizen’s Attitude of Rejection towards Tourism in a Context of Overtourism and Economic Dependence on This Activity. Sustainability, 10(8), 1-18.
• McCool, S. F. and Martin, S. R. (1994). Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 29-34.
• Mihalic, T. and Kuščer, K. (2021). Can overtourism be managed? Destination management factors affecting residents’ irritation and quality of life. Tourism Review, 77(1), 16-34.
• Milano, C. (2017). Overtourism and Tourismphobia: Global Trends and Local Contexts, Ostelea School of Tourism and Hospitality, Barcelona.
• Kim, M., Choi, K. W., Chang, M. and Lee, C. H. (2020). Overtourism in Jeju Island: The influencing factors and mediating role of quality of life. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(5), 145-154.
• Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L. And Galí, N. (2018). Overtourism: Residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity-case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3), 277–296.
• Neuts, B. and Nijkamp, P. (2012). Tourist crowding perception and acceptability in cities: An applied modelling study on Bruges. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2133–2153.
• Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Pappalepore, I., Maitland, R. and Smith, A. (2014). Prosuming creative urban areas. Evidence from East London. Annals of Tourism Research, 44(2014), 227–240.
• Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T. and Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), 586–599.
• Popp, M. (2012). Positive and negative urban tourist crowding: Florence, Italy. Tourism Geographies, 14(1), 50–72.
• Rössler, M. (2018). Overtourism in UNESCO World Heritage Sites https://www.tourism-watch.de/en/focus/overtourism-unesco-world-heritage-sites. [Accessed the 20th of January 2021].
• Safranbolu Population Directorate (2019). Population according to districts.
• Safranbolu Tourism Information Office (2019).
• Saraç, Ö. ve Tanrısever, C. (2018). Kastamonu’da yeniden işlevlendirilen tarihi yapıların sürdürülebilirliğe etki eden çekicilik faktörleri. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 29(2), 151-163.
• Seraphin, H., Sheeran, P. and Pilato, M. (2018). Overtourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 9(2018). 374-376.
• Seraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V., Zaman, M. and Lorey, T. (2019). Limitations of Trexit (tourism exit) as a solution to overtourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5), 566-581.
• Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Sirakaya, E., Jamal, T. B. and Choi, H. S. (2001). Developing indicators for destination sustainability. The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, 411-432.
• Smith, S.M. and Albaum, G.S. (2005). Fundamentals of marketing research. London: Sage.
• Tanrısever, C., Saraç, Ö. ve Aydoğdu, A. (2016). Yeniden işlevlendirilen tarihi yapıların sürdürülebilirliği. Akademik Bakiş Dergisi, 54, 1068-1082.
• Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 231–253.
• Türkay, O. ve Saraç, Ö. (2019). Altyapı, üstyapı ve çevre sorunlarının turist şikâyetleri kapsamında değerlendirilmesi ve yerel yönetimlerin çözüm potansiyeli: Antalya örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10, 98-110.
• TRAN (2018). Research for TRAN Committee – Overtourism: Impact and Possible Policy Responses, European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Luxembourg.
• Türker, N. (2013). Host community perceptions of tourism impacts: A case study on the World Heritage City of Safranbolu, Turkey. - Revista De Cercetare Şi Intervenţie Socială (ISI), 43(2013), 115-141.
• UNESCO WHC. (1995). World Heritage Committee 18th Session Report, WHC94/CONF.003/16.
• UNWTO (1981). Saturation of Tourist Destinations: Report of the Secretary General. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
• UNWTO (2018). World Tourism Organization (2018). “International Tourism exceeds expectations in the first months of 2018.” Press Release. http://media.unwto.org/press-release/2018-06-25/international-tourism-exceeds-expectations-first-months-2018. [Accessed the 25th June 2018].
• Valicon (2017), Odnos Mesˇcanov Do Turizma. Porocilo Raziskave. (Engl.: Attitudes of Citizens towards Tourism. Research Report.), 2017, TLJ104, Valicon, Ljubljana
• Van Der Borg, J., Costa, P. and Gotti, G. (1996). Tourism in Europesn heritage cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 306–321.
• Weaver, D. and Lawton, L. (2001). Resident perceptions in the urban-rural fringe. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 349-458.
• Wikipedia (2020). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice. [Accessed the 29th January 2021].
• Williams, J. and Lawson, R. (2001). Community issues and resident opinions of tourism. - Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00030-X.
• Woo, E., Uysal, M. and Sirgy, M. J. (2016). Tourism Impact and Stakeholders’ Quality of Life. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(2), 260-286.
• WTTC and McKinsey and Company (2017). Coping With Success: Managing Overcrowding In Tourism Destinations. https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/policy-research/coping-with-success---managing-overcrowding-in-tourism-destinations-2017.pdf/. [Accessed the 28th March 2021].
• Zengin, B., Colak, O., Cevrimkaya, M. and Sengel, U. (2023). Rethinking overtourism in the post-COVID-19 period: Is demarketing a solution? Journal of Tourism Management Research, 10(1), 32-46.
• Zucco, F. D., Flores Limberger, P., de Souza Farias, F., Foletto Fiuza, T. and Morgana Boos de Quadros, C. (2020). The relationship of subjective well-being in residents’ perceptions of the impacts of overtourism in the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Sustainability, 12(5), 1957.
• Zwick, W. R. and Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 432–442.