WELFARE STATE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: BIRTH, RISE AND RESTRUCTURING PROCESS

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 33 - 66, 17.05.2018

İskender Gümüş

Abstract

This
study handles the arguments on emergence, development and transformation of
welfare state in developed Western countries with regard to state intervention
and marketisation. Welfare state, which emerged by
the end of 19th century in Western Europe, found a basis of practise in
developed capitalist countries, following the Second World War. The increasing
social expenditure of that period, the social protection measures, the social
welfare services and the graduated tax rates intended to avoid the social risks
are the basic policies that are used in descibing the interventionist state
approach. Petrol shocks and crises, which took place in 1970’s, caused severe
critisism of generous welfare expenditures made by the Western Europen
governments, as a result of which, the welfare state faced strong pressure for
downsizing. Welfare states, whose financial and fiscal sustainability was being
critised, had to struggle againsy the transformation of economic structure
caused by the increasing internationalisation and competiton on one hand, anf
the effects of the demographic crisis that took place together with thr
trnasformation in social structure. Meanwhile, severe discussions on decrease
of the social expenditures and replacement of social welfare with the market
economy went on. Though the studies on welfare state commonly argue that
welfare state was downsizing or being eliminated, this study suggests that
welfare state has not got weaker, the social expenditures keep on rising, state
intervention is still affective, though not highly, in redistribution of the
welfare, marketisation takes place only in several welfare services, sowelfare
state will maintain its influence in the future, as well.

Keywords

Welfare State, State Intervention, Marketization, Social Expenditure, Neoliberalism

TARİHSEL PERSPEKTİFTE REFAH DEVLETİ: DOĞUŞ, YÜKSELİŞ VE YENİDEN YAPILANMA SÜRECİ

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, tarihsel perspektifte gelişmiş
Batılı ülkelerde refah devletinin ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve dönüşümü ile
ilgili tartışmalar devlet müdahalesi ve piyasalaşma çerçevesinde incelenmiştir.
Batı Avrupa’da 19. Yüzyılın sonlarında ortaya çıkan refah devleti, İkinci Dünya
Savaşı’ndan sonra gelişmiş kapitalist ülkelerde uygulama zemini bulmuştur. Bu
dönemde artan sosyal harcamalar, sosyal korumaya ilişkin önlemler, sosyal refah
hizmetleri ve sosyal riskleri önlemede kullanılan artan oranlı vergi
uygulamaları müdahaleci devlet anlayışını betimleyen temel politikalardır.
1970'li yıllarda ortaya çıkan petrol şokları ve krizler özellikle Batı Avrupa’da
hükümetlerin cömert refah harcamalarının eleştirilmesine neden olmuş ve refah
devletleri bu süreçte küçülme yönünde baskılara maruz kalmıştır. Finansal ve
mali açıdan sürdürülebilirliği eleştiri konusu olan refah devletleri bir yandan
uluslararasılaşma ve rekabetin artmasıyla oluşan iktisadi yapıda yaşanan
dönüşüm, diğer taraftan demografik kriz ve sosyal yapıda meydana gelen
dönüşümün etkileriyle mücadele etmek durumunda kalmıştır. Bu doğrultuda sosyal
harcamaların azaltılması ve refah devleti yerine piyasasının geçmesi
tartışmaları yoğun bir şekilde devam etmiştir. Refah devleti ile ilgili yapılan
çalışmalarda her ne kadar refah devletinin geri çekildiği ya da tasfiye
edildiği gibi iddialar yaygın bir şekilde dillendirilse de bu çalışmada, refah
devletinin güç kaybetmediği, sosyal harcamaların yükselmeye devam ettiği,
devlet müdahalesinin yoğun olmasa da refah dağıtımında halen etkin olduğu,
piyasalaşmanın sadece bazı refah hizmetlerinde ortaya çıktığı, dolayısıyla
gelecekte de refah devletinin etkinliğini koruyacağı ileri sürülmektedir.

Keywords

Refah Devleti, Devlet Müdahalesi, Piyasa, Sosyal Harcamalar, Neoliberalizm

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