Research Article
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Development of autism awareness scale: A study of validity and reliability

Year 2023, Volume: 58 Issue: 58, 18 - 40, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1189906

Abstract

The number of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased over the years in Turkey, as in the rest of the world. In other words, the number of people interacting with individuals with ASD has increased in many areas within the society. For this reason, it is a necessity to increase the awareness of autism in the society in order to make the social life more qualified. For this purpose, it is important to determine the situation of ASD awareness and to determine the effect of the studies regarding ASD. In this context, the aim of the study is to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine autism awareness. Suggestions given by experts were applied to the item pool consisting of 55 items created after the review of the literature. In order to develop the autism awareness scale, data obtained from 367 participants for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) stage and 324 participants for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) stage were used. In the study in which simple random sampling method was used, the seven factors (limited interests and repetitive behaviors in autism, social interaction and communication in autism, causes of autism, friendships in autism, basic elements in the intervention process in autism, physical characteristics in autism, early warning signs of autism) of the scale were determined by EFA and confirmed via CFA. The reliability coefficient of the autism awareness scale was determined by the Cronbach Alpha coefficient, and it is seen that the reliability coefficients of the seven sub-dimensions and the total score of the scale are in the reliable reference range. When the findings on the development of the autism awareness scale are examined, it is seen that the scale is valid and reliable for measuring autism awareness levels.

References

  • Ahmed, W., Bath, P. A., Sbaffi, L. ve Demartini, G. (2018). Measuring the effect of public health campaigns on Twitter: the case of World Autism Awareness Day. In International Conference on Information (ss. 10-16). Springer, Cham.
  • Alsehemi, M. A., Abousaadah, M. M., Sairafi, R. A. ve Jan, M. M. (2017). Public awareness of autism spectrum disorder. Neurosciences Journal, 22(3), 213-215.
  • Al-Sharbati, M. M., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Ouhtit, A., Waly, M. I., Al-Shafaee, M., Al-Farsi, O., ... ve Al-Adawi, S. (2015). Awareness about autism among school teachers in Oman: A cross-sectional study. Autism, 19(1), 6-13.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Arif, M. M., Niazy, A., Hassan, B. ve Ahmed, F. (2013). Awareness of autism in primary school teachers. Autism Research and Treatment, 1-5.
  • Awang, Z. (2012). Structural equation modeling using AMOS graphic. Universiti Teknologi MARA Publication Centre (UPENA).
  • Bakare, M. O., Ebigbo, P. O., Agomoh, A. O. ve Menkiti, N. C. (2008). Knowledge about childhood autism among health workers (KCAHW) questionnaire: description, reliability and internal consistency. Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health, 4(1), 1-8.
  • Bates, A. (2022). Autism and offending behaviour. C. Brooker ve C. Sirdifield (Ed.), Probation, Mental Health and Criminal Justice: Towards Equivalence içinde (ss. 141-152). London: Routledge.
  • Bauminger, N., Shulman, C. ve Agam, G. (2003). Peer interaction and loneliness in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 33(5), 489-507.
  • Büyüköztürk, S., Akgün, Ö. E., Özkahveci, Ö. ve Demirel, F. (2004). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 4(2), 231–239
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cambridge University Press. (t.y.). Awareness. In Cambridge dictionary. Retrieved June 19, 2021 from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/awareness
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a). Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/signs.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022c). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/index.html
  • Cochran, W.G (1977), Sampling techniques (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Ş., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Deyro, M. C., Simon, E. W. ve Guay, J. (2016). Parental awareness of empirically established treatments for autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 184-195.
  • Dillenburger, K., Jordan, J. A., McKerr, L., Devine, P. ve Keenan, M. (2013). Awareness and knowledge of autism and autism interventions: A general population survey. Research in autism spectrum disorders, 7(12), 1558-1567.
  • Forza, C. ve Filippini, R. (1998). TQM impact on quality conformance and customer satisfaction: A causal model. International Journal of Production Economics, 55(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00007-3.
  • George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc
  • Happé, F. (2018). Why are savant skills and special talents associated with autism?. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 280.
  • Henson, R. K. ve Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D79B73
  • Johnson, N. ve Van Hecke, A. (2015). Increasing autism awareness in inner-city churches: A brief report. Journal of pediatric nursing, 30(6), e63-e69.
  • Johnson, R. L. ve Morgan, G. B. (2016). Survey scales: A guide to development, analysis, and reporting. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kelley, K. ve Lai, K. (2018). Sample size planning for confirmatory factor models: Power and accuracy for effects of interest. P. Irwing, T. Booth ve D. J. Hughes (Ed.), The Wiley handbook of psychometric testing: A multidisciplinary reference on survey, scale and test development içinde (ss. 113–138). Wiley Blackwell.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. London: Routledge.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Ed.). New York, NY, USA: Guilford
  • Kumar, S. ve Shah, N. (2018). False information on web and social media: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.08559.
  • Lindsay, S., Proulx, M., Thomson, N. ve Scott, H. (2013). Educators’ challenges of including children with autism spectrum disorder in mainstream classrooms. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 60(4), 347-362.
  • Lüleci, N., Hidiroglu, S., Karavus, M., Celik, S., Cetiner, D., Koc, E., ... ve Topuzoglu, A. (2016). A study exploring the autism awareness of first grade nursing and medical students in Istanbul, Turkey. Studies, 12, 13.
  • Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Esler, A., … Cogswell, M. E. (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 70(11), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1
  • Matson, J. L. veJang, J. (2014). Treating aggression in persons with autism spectrum disorders: a review. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(12), 3386-3391.
  • National Autistic Society (2020). Exclusion from school. https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/topics/education/exclusions/scotland/exclusion-from-school
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2022). Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet.https://www.ninds.nih.gov/autism-spectrum-disorder-fact-sheet#:~:text=Autism%20spectrum%20disorder%20(ASD)%20refers,childhood%20and%20affect%20daily%20functioning.
  • Neng, B. (2021). Okul Öncesi Çocukların Annelerinin Otizm Farkındalığı Ölçeğinin Oluşturulması [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Universitesi.
  • Nunnally, J.C. ve Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-HILL.
  • Özerk K. ve Özerk M. (2020). Otizm ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Pirinççi, S., Aksu, H., Abacıgil, F. ve Okyay, P. (2019). Tıp Fakültesi 6. Sınıf Öğrencilerinde Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu ile İlgili Bilgi ve Farkındalık Düzeyi. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 26(3), 97-102.
  • Scherer, R. F., Luther, D. C., Wiebe, F. A. ve Adams, J. S. (1988). Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 62(3), 763–770.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338.
  • Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2016). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge.
  • Segars, A. H. ve Grover, V. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: A confirmatory factor analysis. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 17(4), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.2307/249590
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49–74
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2018). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu. Uzerler Matbaacılık: Ankara.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2019). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan bireylere yönelik sağlıklı beslenme önerileri rehberi. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/kurumsal/yayinlarimiz/rehberler/Otizm_Spektrum_BozukluguOBS_Olan_Bireylere_Yonelik_Saglikli_Beslenme_Onerileri_Rehberi.pdf
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2022a). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu aile rehberi. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Yayin/650
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2022b). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu uzman rehberi. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Yayin/649
  • United Nations (2008). World Autism Awareness Day. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/472/11/PDF/N0747211.pdf?OpenElement
  • United Nations (2019). Events. https://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/events.shtml
  • Welch, G. W. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis. N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design içinde (ss. 216–220). California: Sage.
  • Williams, J. (2014). Looking in: My son’s not Rainman. The British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/looking-my-sons-not-rainman
  • World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/
  • Worthington, R. L. ve Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127

Otizm Farkındalık Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 58 Issue: 58, 18 - 40, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1189906

Abstract

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) tanılı birey sayısı tüm dünyada olduğu gibi, Türkiye’de de yıllar içinde artmıştır. Diğer bir değişle, toplum içerisinde birçok alanda OSB tanılı bireylerle etkileşime giren kişi sayısı da artmıştır. Bu nedenle toplum yaşantısını daha nitelikli kılmak adına otizm farkındalığının toplum içerisinde arttırılması bir ihtiyaçtır. Bu amaçla yapılacak farkındalık çalışmaları için durum tespiti yapmak ve yapılan çalışmaların etkisini belirlemek önemlidir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı otizm farkındalığını belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektedir. Alanyazın incelemesinin ardından 55 maddeden oluşan madde havuzuna uzman görüşleri sonrası öneriler uygulanmıştır. Otizm farkındalık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi amacıyla açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) aşaması için 367 ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) aşaması için 324 katılımcıdan elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Basit tesadüfi örnekleme yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada ölçeğin AFA sonrası elde edilen yedi faktör (otizmde sınırlı ilgiler ve yineleyici davranışlar, otizmde sosyal etkileşim ve iletişim, otizmin sebepleri, otizmde arkadaş ilişkileri, otizmde müdahale surecindeki temel unsurlar, otizmde fiziksel özellikler, otizmin erken uyarı işaretleri) DFA uygulaması ile doğrulanmıştır. Otizm farkındalık ölçeğinin güvenirlik katsayısı Cronbach Alpha katsayısı ile belirlenmiş olup ölçeğin yedi alt boyutu ve toplamının güvenirlik katsayılarının güvenilir referans aralığında olduğu görülmektedir. Otizm farkındalık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesine yönelik bulgular incelendiğinde ölçeğin otizm farkındalık düzeylerinin ölçülmesinde geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğu görülmektedir.

References

  • Ahmed, W., Bath, P. A., Sbaffi, L. ve Demartini, G. (2018). Measuring the effect of public health campaigns on Twitter: the case of World Autism Awareness Day. In International Conference on Information (ss. 10-16). Springer, Cham.
  • Alsehemi, M. A., Abousaadah, M. M., Sairafi, R. A. ve Jan, M. M. (2017). Public awareness of autism spectrum disorder. Neurosciences Journal, 22(3), 213-215.
  • Al-Sharbati, M. M., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Ouhtit, A., Waly, M. I., Al-Shafaee, M., Al-Farsi, O., ... ve Al-Adawi, S. (2015). Awareness about autism among school teachers in Oman: A cross-sectional study. Autism, 19(1), 6-13.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Arif, M. M., Niazy, A., Hassan, B. ve Ahmed, F. (2013). Awareness of autism in primary school teachers. Autism Research and Treatment, 1-5.
  • Awang, Z. (2012). Structural equation modeling using AMOS graphic. Universiti Teknologi MARA Publication Centre (UPENA).
  • Bakare, M. O., Ebigbo, P. O., Agomoh, A. O. ve Menkiti, N. C. (2008). Knowledge about childhood autism among health workers (KCAHW) questionnaire: description, reliability and internal consistency. Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health, 4(1), 1-8.
  • Bates, A. (2022). Autism and offending behaviour. C. Brooker ve C. Sirdifield (Ed.), Probation, Mental Health and Criminal Justice: Towards Equivalence içinde (ss. 141-152). London: Routledge.
  • Bauminger, N., Shulman, C. ve Agam, G. (2003). Peer interaction and loneliness in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 33(5), 489-507.
  • Büyüköztürk, S., Akgün, Ö. E., Özkahveci, Ö. ve Demirel, F. (2004). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 4(2), 231–239
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cambridge University Press. (t.y.). Awareness. In Cambridge dictionary. Retrieved June 19, 2021 from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/awareness
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a). Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/signs.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022c). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/index.html
  • Cochran, W.G (1977), Sampling techniques (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Ş., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Deyro, M. C., Simon, E. W. ve Guay, J. (2016). Parental awareness of empirically established treatments for autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 184-195.
  • Dillenburger, K., Jordan, J. A., McKerr, L., Devine, P. ve Keenan, M. (2013). Awareness and knowledge of autism and autism interventions: A general population survey. Research in autism spectrum disorders, 7(12), 1558-1567.
  • Forza, C. ve Filippini, R. (1998). TQM impact on quality conformance and customer satisfaction: A causal model. International Journal of Production Economics, 55(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00007-3.
  • George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc
  • Happé, F. (2018). Why are savant skills and special talents associated with autism?. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 280.
  • Henson, R. K. ve Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D79B73
  • Johnson, N. ve Van Hecke, A. (2015). Increasing autism awareness in inner-city churches: A brief report. Journal of pediatric nursing, 30(6), e63-e69.
  • Johnson, R. L. ve Morgan, G. B. (2016). Survey scales: A guide to development, analysis, and reporting. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kelley, K. ve Lai, K. (2018). Sample size planning for confirmatory factor models: Power and accuracy for effects of interest. P. Irwing, T. Booth ve D. J. Hughes (Ed.), The Wiley handbook of psychometric testing: A multidisciplinary reference on survey, scale and test development içinde (ss. 113–138). Wiley Blackwell.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. London: Routledge.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Ed.). New York, NY, USA: Guilford
  • Kumar, S. ve Shah, N. (2018). False information on web and social media: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.08559.
  • Lindsay, S., Proulx, M., Thomson, N. ve Scott, H. (2013). Educators’ challenges of including children with autism spectrum disorder in mainstream classrooms. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 60(4), 347-362.
  • Lüleci, N., Hidiroglu, S., Karavus, M., Celik, S., Cetiner, D., Koc, E., ... ve Topuzoglu, A. (2016). A study exploring the autism awareness of first grade nursing and medical students in Istanbul, Turkey. Studies, 12, 13.
  • Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Esler, A., … Cogswell, M. E. (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 70(11), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1
  • Matson, J. L. veJang, J. (2014). Treating aggression in persons with autism spectrum disorders: a review. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(12), 3386-3391.
  • National Autistic Society (2020). Exclusion from school. https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/topics/education/exclusions/scotland/exclusion-from-school
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2022). Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet.https://www.ninds.nih.gov/autism-spectrum-disorder-fact-sheet#:~:text=Autism%20spectrum%20disorder%20(ASD)%20refers,childhood%20and%20affect%20daily%20functioning.
  • Neng, B. (2021). Okul Öncesi Çocukların Annelerinin Otizm Farkındalığı Ölçeğinin Oluşturulması [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Universitesi.
  • Nunnally, J.C. ve Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-HILL.
  • Özerk K. ve Özerk M. (2020). Otizm ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Pirinççi, S., Aksu, H., Abacıgil, F. ve Okyay, P. (2019). Tıp Fakültesi 6. Sınıf Öğrencilerinde Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu ile İlgili Bilgi ve Farkındalık Düzeyi. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 26(3), 97-102.
  • Scherer, R. F., Luther, D. C., Wiebe, F. A. ve Adams, J. S. (1988). Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 62(3), 763–770.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338.
  • Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2016). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge.
  • Segars, A. H. ve Grover, V. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: A confirmatory factor analysis. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 17(4), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.2307/249590
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49–74
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2018). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu. Uzerler Matbaacılık: Ankara.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2019). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan bireylere yönelik sağlıklı beslenme önerileri rehberi. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/kurumsal/yayinlarimiz/rehberler/Otizm_Spektrum_BozukluguOBS_Olan_Bireylere_Yonelik_Saglikli_Beslenme_Onerileri_Rehberi.pdf
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2022a). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu aile rehberi. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Yayin/650
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2022b). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu uzman rehberi. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Yayin/649
  • United Nations (2008). World Autism Awareness Day. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/472/11/PDF/N0747211.pdf?OpenElement
  • United Nations (2019). Events. https://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/events.shtml
  • Welch, G. W. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis. N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design içinde (ss. 216–220). California: Sage.
  • Williams, J. (2014). Looking in: My son’s not Rainman. The British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/looking-my-sons-not-rainman
  • World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/
  • Worthington, R. L. ve Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mahmut Serkan Yazıcı 0000-0002-2514-3791

İsmail Karsantık 0000-0002-0279-7397

Early Pub Date July 8, 2023
Publication Date July 31, 2023
Acceptance Date March 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 58 Issue: 58

Cite

APA Yazıcı, M. S., & Karsantık, İ. (2023). Otizm Farkındalık Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 58(58), 18-40. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1189906