The Responsibilities of School Employees in Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 38 - 47, 10.05.2018

Nilüfer Koçtürk

https://doi.org/10.21666/muefd.336170

Cited By: 18

Abstract

Raising healthy generations is possible firstly through a healthy children and child maltreatment is an issue that prevents it. The weight of the evidence from the research suggests that exposure to child abuse and neglect can affect the lifetime of the child, and it can lead to medical, psychological and behavioral disorders including: mental health problems, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, suicidal behaviors and self-harm. Considering that children spend time even longer in school more than in the family, it behooves the schools to intervention studies in child abuse and neglect. Also, the school environment may be a protective factor and a risk factor for child abuse and neglect. Therefore, in this study the prevention and intervention of child abuse and neglect and what needs to be done in the school environment are discussed in terms of the employees of the school (school administrators, teachers and school counselor), and it has been evaluated in light of the relevant literature. It is believed that the proposed educational and legal regulations in this study will improve the effectiveness of educational activities for children at-risk, creating a safer school climate and improving the child protection system in Turkey.

Keywords

Child abuse, neglect, prevention, school administrator, teacher, school counselor

Çocuk İhmalini ve İstismarını Önlemede Okul Çalışanlarının Sorumlulukları

Abstract

Sağlıklı nesiller yetiştirmek öncelikle sağlıklı çocuklarla
mümkündür ve çocuğa kötü muamele de buna engel olan bir sorundur. Birçok
araştırma bulguları çocuk istismarına ve ihmaline maruz kalmanın çocuğu yaşam
boyu etkilediğini ve ruhsal sorunlar, depresyon, travma sonrası stres
bozukluğu, madde bağımlılığı, intihar girişimi ve özyaralama gibi tıbbi,
psikolojik ve davranış bozukluklarına yol açtığını göstermektedir. Eğitim hayatına devam eden
çocukların gün içinde evlerinden daha çok okulda zaman geçirdikleri düşünüldüğünde,
çocuk istismarını ve ihmalini önleme ve müdahale çalışmalarında okullara büyük
görevler düşmektedir. Ayrıca, okul ortamı çocuk istismarı ve ihmali için koruyucu
bir faktör olabileceği gibi bir risk faktörü de olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu
çalışmada çocuk istismarını ve ihmalini önleme ve bu soruna
müdahale konusunda okul ortamında yapılması gerekenler okul çalışanları (okul
yöneticileri, öğretmenler ve okul psikolojik danışmanı) açısından ele alınmış
ve ilgili alanyazın ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada önerilen eğitimsel ve yasal düzenlemelerin Türkiye’de çocuk
koruma sistemini geliştireceği, daha güvenli bir okul iklimini oluşturacağı ve
risk altındaki çocuklara yönelik eğitim faaliyetlerinin etkinliğini artıracağı
düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Çocuk istismarı, ihmal, önleme, okul yöneticisi, öğretmen, okul psikolojik danışmanı

References

• Akbulut, S. (2012). Gerçekten eşit miyiz? Acı (ma), zayıf gör (me) ve yok say (ma) ekseninde engelli ayrımcılığı. (Eds. K. Çayır ve M.A. Ceyhan) Ayrımcılık: Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşımlar, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Aktepe, E. (2009). Çocukluk Çağı Cinsel İstismarı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 95-119.
• Barron, I. & Topping, K. (2010). School-based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: Implications for Practitioners. American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) Advisor, 22(2&3), 11-19. DOI:10.3102/0034654308325582
• Ba-Saddik, A.S. & Hattab, A.S. (2012). Emotional Abuse Towards Children by Schoolteachers in Aden Governorate, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 647-654. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-12-647
• Bilge, F. (2006). Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali. Ş. Erçetin (Ed.), Okullarda şiddet ve okul suçluluğu eğitim ve şiddet içinde, (s. 219-260). Ankara: Hegem Yayınları.
• Bilge, Y.D., Taşar, M.A., Kılınçoğlu, B., Özmen, S. & Tıraş, Ü. (2013). Alt Sosyoekonomik Düzeye Sahip Anne-Babaların Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali Hakkındaki Bilgi Düzeyleri, Deneyimleri Ve Kullandıkları Disiplin Yöntemleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 14(1), 27-35. DOI:10.5455/apd.35949
• Burgess, A.W., Welner, M. & Willis, D.G. (2010). Educator Sexual Abuse: Two Case Reports. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 387-402. DOI:10.1080/10538712.2010.495045
• Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Feder, G., Chung, W., Richardson, J. & Moorey, S. (2001). Relation Between Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and Risk of Revictimisation in Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Lancet, 358(9280), 450-454. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05622-7
• Cox, J.M., Webber, B. & Joachim, G. (2007). A Community Program to Fight Child Abuse: The Fort Wayne Children's Foundation and Kids' Law. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 30(8), 607-613. DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.08.001
• Crosson-Tower, C. (2003). The role of educators in preventing and responding to child abuse and neglect. Fairfax, VA: Caliber Associates.
• Daignault, I.V. & Hébert, M. (2008). Short-Term Correlates of Child Sexual Abuse: An Exploratory Study Predicting Girls' Academic, Cognitive, and Social Functioning 1 Year Later. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1(4), 301-316. DOI:10.1080/19361520802505693
• De Bellis, M.D., Spratt, E.G. & Hooper, S.R. (2011). Neurodevelopmental Biology Associated with Childhood Sexual Abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(5), 548-587. DOI:10.1080/10538712.2011.607753
• Dilbaz, A.U. (2016). Temel eğitim okullarında bedensel engelli öğrenciler için yapılması gereken fiziki düzenlemeler. (Tezsiz yüksek lisans proje önerisi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Denizli. http://acikerisim.pau.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11499/1023 adresinden 01.07.2018 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Dwyer, K. & Van Buren, E. (2010). School mental health: Prevention at all levels. B. Doll, W. Pfohl ve J. Yoon (Eds), Handbook of youth prevention science içinde, (s. 45-69), NY: Routledge.
• Dyregrov, A. (2010). Supporting traumatized children and teenagers: A guide to providing understanding and help. UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Fergusson, D.M., Boden, J.M. & Horwood, L.J. (2008). Exposure to Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and Adjustment in Early Adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(6), 607-619. DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.018
• Finkelhor, D. (2007). Prevention of Sexual Abuse Through Educational Programs Directed Toward Children. Pediatrics, 120(3), 640-645. DOI:10.1542/peds.2007-0754
• Goldman, J.D.G. & Bradley, G.L. (2011). Assessing Primary School Student-Teachers’ Pedagogic Implementations in Child Sexual Abuse Protection Education. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 26(4), 479-493. DOI:10.1007/s10212-011-0059-4
• Grayson, J. (2006). Sexual Abuse by Educators and School Staff. Virginia Child Protection Newsletter, 76, 1-6.
• Hobbs, C. (2007). Child sexual abuse: The problem. S. R. Meadow, J. Mok ve D. Rosenberg (Eds.), ABC of child abuse içinde (4. Baskı), UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• James, D.J., Lawlor, M., Courtney, P., Flynn, A., Henry, B. & Murphy, N. (2008). Bullying Behaviour in Secondary Schools: What Roles do Teachers Play? Child Abuse Review, 17(3), 160-173. DOI:10.1002/car.1025
• Keser, N., Odabaş, E. & Elibüyük, S. (2010). Ana-babaların çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusundaki bilgi düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi, 4(3), 150-157.
• Knoll, J. (2010). Teacher Sexual Misconduct: Grooming Patterns and Female Offenders. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 371-386. DOI:10.1080/10538712.2010.495047
• Kogan, S.M. (2005). The Role of Disclosing Child Sexual Abuse on Adolescent Adjustment and Revictimization. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(2), 25-47. DOI:10.1300/J070v14n02_02
• Kolko, D., Moser, J., Litz, J. & Hughes, J. (1987). Promoting Awareness and Prevention of Child Sexual Victimization Using the Red Flag/Green Flag Program: An Evaluation with Follow-up. Journal of Family Violence, 2(1), 11-35.
• Legano, L., McHugh, M.T. & Palusci, V.J. (2009). Child Abuse and Neglect. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 39(2), 1-26. DOI:10.1016/j.cppeds.2008.11.001
• Livny, K.A. & Katz, C. (2016). Schools, Families, and the Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Lessons That Can Be Learned from A Literature Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, DOI:10.1177/1524838016650186
• MacIntyre, D. & Carr, A. (1999). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Stay Safe Primary Prevention Programme for Child Sexual Abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(12), 1307-1325. DOI:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00092-7
• Mitchell, M.W. (2010). Child Sexual Abuse: A School Leadership Issue. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 83(3), 101-104. DOI:10.1080/00098651003655936
• Page, R.M. & Page, T.S. (2011). Promoting health and emotional well-being in your classroom. (5. Baskı). USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
• Plummer, C.A. (2006). The Discovery Process: What Mothers See and Do in Gaining Awareness of the Sexual Abuse of Their Children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(11), 1227-1237. DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.05.007
• Roberts, H. (2005). Intervening to prevent accidents. B. Gillham ve J.A. Thomson (Eds.), Child safety: problem and prevention from preschool to adolescence A handbook for professionals içinde, (s. 53-64). NY: Routledge.
• Sanderson, C. (2004). The seduction of children: empowering parents and teachers to protect children from child sexual abuse. UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Shakeshaft, C. (2003). Educator sexual abuse. Hofstra Horizons, 10-13. https://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/about/administration/provost/hofhrz/hofhrz_s03_shakeshaft.pdf adresinden 30.07.2018 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Shakeshaft, C. & Cohan, A. (1995). Sexual Abuse of Students by School Personnel. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(7), 513-520.
• Shannon, J.B. (2009). Child abuse sourcebook. (2. Baskı). Omnigraphics, Inc.
• Shumba, A. (2011). Student Teachers’ Perceptions of the Nature, Extent and Causes of Child Abuse by Teachers in Zimbabwean Secondary Schools. Journal of Social Sciences, 28(3), 169-179.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2009). Child Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). http://www.nctsnet.org/nccts/asset.do?id = 1216 adresinden 30.06.2018 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Sungur, M.Z. (1999). İkincil Travma ve Sosyal Destek. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2, 105-108.
• Topping, K. & Barron, I. (2009). School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Review of Effectiveness. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 431-463. DOI:10.3102/0034654308325582
• Trickett, P.K., Noll, J.G. & Putnam, F.W. (2011). The Impact of Sexual Abuse on Female Development: Lessons from a Multigenerational, Longitudinal Research Study. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 453-476. DOI:10.1017/S0954579411000174
• Walsh, K., Bridgstock, R., Farrell, A., Rassafiani, M. & Schweitzer, R. (2008). Case, Teacher and School Characteristics Influencing Teachers’ Detection and Reporting of Child Physical Abuse and Neglect: Results from an Australian Survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(10), 983-993. DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.03.002
• Walsh, K., Rassafiani, M., Mathews, B., Farrell, A. & Butler, D. (2010). Teachers' Attitudes toward Reporting Child Sexual Abuse: Problems with Existing Research Leading to New Scale Development. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(3), 310-336. DOI:10.1080/10538711003781392
• Warden, D. (2005). The prevention of child sexual abuse. B. Gillham ve J.A. Thomson (Eds.), Child safety: Problem and prevention from preschool to adolescence A handbook for professionals içinde, (s. 122-133). London: Routledge.
• Wurtele, S.K. (2007). Body safety training workbook. www.sandywurtele.com adresinden 01.07.2017 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Wurtele, S.K. (2009). Preventing Sexual Abuse of Children in the Twenty-First Century: Preparing for Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(1), 1-18. DOI:10.1080/10538710802584650
• Wurtele, S.K. & Kenny, M.C. (2010). Partnering with Parents to Prevent Childhood Sexual Abuse. Child Abuse Review, 19(2), 130-152. DOI:10.1002/car.1112
• Wurtele, S.K., Moreno, T. & Kenny, M. (2008). Evaluation of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Workshop for Parents of Young Children. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1(4), 331-340. DOI:10.1080/19361520802505768