Impact of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles on Nutritional Composition of Edible Insect: Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 180 - 190

Ata Eskin , Cem Okan Özer

https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1619116

Abstract

The present study investigates the impact of SiO₂ NPs (Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles) (500–60000 ppm) on key chemical parameters including protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, and fatty acid composition in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, with a view to identifying potential implications for sustainable food systems. It was determined that the protein and carbohydrate contents of larvae fed with high doses (>5000 ppm) of SiO2 NPs were significantly reduced in comparison to the control group. Moreover, an increment in the dose of SiO2 NPs resulted in a decrease in the fat content of the larvae. It was found that larvae exposed to 500 and 30000 ppm SiO2 NPs exhibited a reduction in moisture content. Furthermore, the ash content of all larvae treated with SiO2 NPs exhibited a significant increase. Finally, an increment in the dose of SiO2 NPs in the larvae was found to be an increase in the level of palmitic acid and a decrease in the level of oleic acid. These findings demonstrate the importance of evaluating the risks associated with nanoparticle exposure in edible insect-based food products with a view to ensuring food safety and sustainability.

Keywords

Fatty acids, Galleria mellonella, Nutritional composition, Silicon dioxide nanoparticle

Ethical Statement

Since insect species are used, an ethical consent form is not required.

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Scientific Research Projects Unit.

Project Number

HDP24F04

Silikon Dioksit Nanopartiküllerinin Yenilebilir Böceğin Besin Bileşimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Galleria mellonella Larvaları

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvalarında SiO₂ NP'lerin (Silikon Dioksit Nanopartikülleri) (500–60000 ppm) protein, lipid, karbonhidrat, nem, kül ve yağ asidi bileşimi dahil olmak üzere sürdürülebilir gıda sistemleri için potansiyel etkilerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir bakış açısı ile temel kimyasal parametreler üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Yüksek dozda (>5000 ppm) SiO2 NP ile beslenen larvaların protein ve karbonhidrat içeriklerinin kontrol grubuna göre önemli ölçüde azaldığı belirlendi. Ayrıca SiO2 NP dozunun arttırılması larvaların yağ içeriğinin azalmasına neden olmuştur. 500 ve 30000 ppm SiO2 NP'lere maruz kalan larvaların nem içeriğinde azalma gösterdiği tespit edildi. Dahası, SiO2 NP'leri ile muamele edilen tüm larvaların kül içeriğinde önemli bir artış görüldü. Son olarak larvalarda SiO2 NP dozunun artmasıyla palmitik asit düzeyinde artış, oleik asit düzeyinde ise azalma olduğu tespit edildi. Bu bulgular, gıda güvenliğini ve sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak amacıyla yenilebilir böcek bazlı gıda ürünlerinde nanopartikül maruziyetiyle ilişkili risklerin değerlendirilmesinin önemini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Besin Bileşimi, Galleria mellonella, Silikon dioksit nanopartikülleri, Yağ asitleri

Project Number

HDP24F04

References

• J. Fanzo, A. L. Bellows, M. L. Spiker, A. L. Thorne-Lyman, M. W. Bloem, "The importance of food systems and the environment for nutrition," The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 7-16, 2021.
• M. Henchion, A. P. Moloney, J. Hyland, J. Zimmermann, S. McCarthy, "Review: Trends for meat, milk and egg consumption for the next decades and the role played by livestock systems in the global production of proteins," Animal, vol. 15, supplement 1, pp. 1-14, 2021.
• P. Kumar, N. Mehta, A. A. Abubakar, A. K. Verma, U. Kaka, N. Sharma, A. Q. Sazili, M. Pateiro, M. Kumar, J. M. Lorenzo, "Potential alternatives of animal proteins for sustainability in the food sector," Food Reviews International, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 5703-5728, 2023.
• A. J. da Silva Lucas, L. M. de Oliveira, M. Da Rocha, C. Prentice, "Edible insects: An alternative of nutritional, functional and bioactive compounds," Food Chemistry, vol. 311, pp. 1-11, 2020.
• K. W. Lange, Y. Nakamura, "Edible insects as future food: Changes and challenges," Journal of Future Foods, 1- 1, pp. 38-46, 2021.
• İ. H. Tekiner, G. Darama, B. Özatila, H. Yetim, "Beslenme ve gıda teknolojisi yönünden yenilebilir böcekler," Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 18-29, 2022.
• M. Ryan, "Edible Insects: Future prospects for food and feed security," Library Journal, p. 32-32, 2014.
• Z. D. Ma, M. Mondor, F. M. Goycoolea, S. R. Ganji, A. J. Hernández-Alvarez, "Unlocking the potential of waxworm (Galleria mellonella) proteins: Extraction, fractionation, and protein quality assessment," Food Bioscience, Vol. 59, pp. 1-15, 2024.
• A. E. Ghaly, F. Alkoaik, "The yellow mealworm as a novel source of protein," American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, 319-331, 2009.
• E. m. Teixeira, M. R. Carvalho, V. A. Neves, M. A. Silva, L. Arantes-Pereira, "Chemical characteristics and fractionation of proteins from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves," Food Chemistry, vol. 147, pp. 51-4, 2014.
• M. H. Demirci, M., H. Yetim, "İnsan gıdası olarak böcek proteinleri tüketimi ve getirdiği sorunlar," Helal ve Etik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 11-22, 2021.
• M. A. Hussein, H. A. Salem, S. Hala, S. Mahmoud, "Effects of the nutrition of different diets and lipid content of the insect host larvae on the efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes," Journal of Plant Protection Research, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 265-271, 2022.
• M. F. Pereira, M. F., C. C. Rossi, "Overview of rearing and testing conditions and a guide for optimizing Galleria mellonella breeding and use in the laboratory for scientific purposes," APMIS, . vol. 128, no. 12, pp. 607-620, 2020.
• M. Younes, P. Aggett, F. Aguilar, R. Crebelli, B. Dusemund, M. Filipič, M. J. Frutos, P. Galtier, D. Gott, "EFSA panel on food additives nutrient sources added to food: Re‐evaluation of silicon dioxide (E 551) as a food additive," EFSA Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-70, 2018.
• S. A. Khan, M. E. Johnson, M. S. Kalan, A. R. Montoro Bustos, S. A. Rabb, I. H. Strenge, K. E. Murphy, T. R. Croley, "Characterization of nanoparticles in silicon dioxide food additive," Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 9–21, 2024.
• C. Contado, "Nanomaterials in consumer products: A challenging analytical problem," Frontiners in Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 48, pp. 1-20, 2015.
• B. C. Palmer, S. Jatana, S. J. Phelan-Dickinson, L. A. DeLouise, "Amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles modulate immune responses in a model of allergic contact dermatitis," Scientific Reports, vol. 9, pp. 1-11, 2019.
• D. Altun Çolak, Ç. Ersöz, "Meyve Sineği larvalarında SiO2 nanopartikülünün toksisite değerlendirmesi," Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 255-262, 2018.
• F. Abbasi, F., M. R. Samaei, H. Hashemi, A. Savardashtaki, A. Azhdarpoor, M. J. Fallahi, M. Jalili, S. Billet, "The toxicity of SiO2 NPs on cell proliferation and cellular uptake of human lung fibroblastic cell line during the variation of calcination temperature and its modeling by artificial neural network," Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 11, 985-995, 2021.
• M. E. El-Naggar, N. R. Abdelsalam, M. M. G. Fouda, M. I. Mackled, M. A. M. Al-Jaddadi, H. M. Ali, M. H. Siddiqui, E. E. Kandil, "Soil Application of Nano Silica on Maize Yield and Its Insecticidal Activity Against Some Stored Insects After the Post-Harvest, "Nanomaterials, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1-19, 2020.
• A. Eskin, "Effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) on total hemocyte count and hemocyte viability of Galleria mellonella," International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, vol. 42, no. 3., pp. 2617-2623, 2022.
• J. Sun, Z. Xu, W. Li, X. Shen, "Effect of nano-SiO2 on the early hydration of alite-sulphoaluminate cement, " Nanomaterials, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1-15, 2017.
• A. Eskin, Z. U. Nurullahoglu, "Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the biology of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)," The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, vol. 83, no. 54, pp. 1-12, 2022.
• J. Bronskill, "A cage to simplify the rearing of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae)," Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, vol. 15, 102-104, 1961.
• N. Ewald, A. Vidakovic, M. Langeland, A. Kiessling, S. Sampels, C. Lalander, "Fatty acid composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)–Possibilities and limitations for modification through diet," Waste Management, vol. 102, pp. 40-47, 2020.
• A. K. Wrońska, M. I. Boguś, E. Włóka, M. Kazek, A. Kaczmarek, K. Zalewska, "Cuticular fatty acids of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) inhibit fungal enzymatic activities of pathogenic Conidiobolus coronatus," PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1-16, 2018.
• H. O. Mohamed, A. Amro, "Impact of different diets' nutrition on the fitness and hemocytic responses of the Greater Wax Moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)," The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, vol. 83, no. 10, pp. 1-11, 2022.
• AOAC, "Official methods of analysis of AOAC International", 2005.
• P. L. Kirk, "Kjeldahl method for total nitrogen," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 354-358, 1950.
• A. L. Rabie, J. D. Wells, L. K. Dent, "The nitrogen-content of pollen protein," Journal of Apicultural Research, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 119-123, 1983.
• J. Hedge, B. Hofreiter, R. Whistler, "Carbohydrate chemistry,"Acad Press, vol. 17, pp. 371-80, 1962.
• C. O. Ozer, B. Kilic, "Effect of conjugated linoleic acid enrichment on the quality characteristics of Turkish dry fermented sausage," Journal of Food and Science Technology, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 2093-2102, 2015.
• F. Uçkan, A. Tüven, A. Er, E. Ergin, "Effects of gibberellic acid on biological parameters of the larval endoparasitoid Apanteles galleriae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)," Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 593-597, 2008.
• R. Öztürk, "Ferula halophila ekstraktının Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın protein miktarı ve katalaz aktivitesi üzerine etkileri," Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 35-46, 2021.
• S. Abdallah, "A systematic literature review on the capability of SiO₂-np’s exposure to exacerbate parkinson’s (pd) pathology and the risk factors for biomedical applications in PD," University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska pp. 1-29, 2022.
• A. Korsloot, C. A. van Gestel, N. M. Van Straalen, "Environmental stress and cellular response in arthropods," CRC press, pp. 197, Boca Raton, Florida, 2004.
• E. Ergin, H. Altuntas, F. Uçkan, "Effects of parasitization and envenomation by the endoparasitic wasp Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on hemolymph protein profile of its host Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)," Biological Diversity and Conservation, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 62-70, 2013.
• Y. Kawarasaki, N. M. Teets, B. N. Philip, L. J. Potts, J. Gantz, D. L. Denlinger, R. E. Lee, "Characterization of drought-induced rapid cold-hardening in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica,". Polar Biology, vol. 42, pp. 1147-1156, 2019.
• D. P. Markmanuel, J. Godwin, "Effects of culinary methods on the proximate composition of an edible insect (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) larvae obtained from Bayelsa State, Nigeria," European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1-10, 2020.
• M. Gołębiowski, E. Maliński, M. I. Boguś, J. Kumirska, P. Stepnowski, "The cuticular fatty acids of Calliphora vicina, Dendrolimus pini and Galleria mellonella larvae and their role in resistance to fungal infection," Insect Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 619-627, 2008.
• M. Kazek, A. Kaczmarek, A. K. Wronska, M. I. Bogus, "Diet influences the bacterial and free fatty acid profiles of the cuticle of Galleria mellonella larvae," PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1-15, 2019.
• E. Büyükgüzel, Y. Kalender, "Exposure to streptomycin alters oxidative and antioxidative response in larval midgut tissues of Galleria mellonella," Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 94, no. 2-3, pp. 112-118, 2009.
• E. Büyükgüzel, K. Büyükgüzel, "Oxidative impact of dietary Triclabendazole in Galleria mellonella," Kafkas Universitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 301-306, 2021.
• M. Kazek, A. Kaczmarek, A. K. Wronska, M. I. Bogus, "Conidiobolus coronatus induces oxidative stress and autophagy response in Galleria mellonella larvae," PLoS One. vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1-19, 2020.
• B. J. Cassone, H. C. Grove, N. Kurchaba, P. Geronimo, C. M. R. LeMoine, "Fat on plastic: Metabolic consequences of an LDPE diet in the fat body of the Greater Wax Moth larvae (Galleria mellonella)," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 425, pp. 1-8, 2022.
• I. Z. Boctor, H. S. Salama, "Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on the lipid-content and composition of Spodoptera-littoralis larvae," Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 381-384, 1983.
• I. M. Dubovskiy, V. V. Martemyanov, Y. L. Vorontsova, M. J. Rantala, E. V. Gryzanova, V. V. Glupov, "Effect of bacterial infection on antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in the midgut of Galleria mellonella L. larvae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)," Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol. 148, vol. 1, 1-5, 2008.
• A. A. Shvedova, V. Castranova, E. R. Kisin, D. Schwegler-Berry, A. R. Murray, V. Z. Gandelsman, A. Maynard, P. Baron, "Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, vol. 66, no. 20, 1909-1926, 2003.
• M. Parra-Robert, E. Casals, N. Massana, M. L. Zeng, M. Perramón, G. Fernández-Varo, M. Morales-Ruiz, V. Puntes, W. Jiménez, G. Casals, "Beyond the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS): direct effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles in reducing fatty acids content in an in vitro model of Hepatocellular steatosis," Biomolecules, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1-16, 2019.
• S. M. Hussain, A. K. Javorina, A. M. Schrand, H. M. Duhart, S. F. Ali, J. J. Schlager, "The interaction of manganese nanoparticles with PC-12 cells induces dopamine depletion," Toxicological Sciences, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 456-63, 2006.