TEORİ VE PRATİKTE TERÖRİST ÖRGÜTLERİN ŞEHİR EYLEM YÖNELİMLERİ VE STRATEJİLERİ

Year 2023, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 101 - 144, 21.06.2023

Mehmet Kurum

https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1171527

Abstract

Terörist örgütler içinde bulundukları zaman ve zemine göre kırsal alanlar veya şehirleri veya her iki alanı aynı anda eylem ve faaliyet alanı olarak kullanabilmektedirler. 19. Yüzyılda endüstrileşmenin sonucu ortaya çıkan hızlı şehirleşme bir taraftan modern terörist hareketlerin ortaya çıkmasının zeminini oluştururken diğer taraftan terörist hareketlerin hem örgütlenme ve eylem alanı hem de propagandalarının hedefleri olmuşlardır. 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren ulusal kurtuluş hareketleriyle ortaya çıkan ve Soğuk Savaş döneminde devam eden süreçte terörist grupların bazıları şehirleri, bazıları kırsal alanları, bazıları ise hem şehirleri hem de kırsal alanları fiziki alan olarak kullanmışlardır. El Kaide tarafından 11 Eylül 2001’de ABD’de ve 2011 sonrasında ortaya çıkan DEAŞ tarafından gerçekleştirilen terör saldırıları, şehirlerde yapılan terörist eylemlerin şiddetinin hangi seviyelere kadar ulaşabileceğini ve insanlar üzerinde yaratabileceği korku ikliminin dehşet verici örneklerini oluşturmuştur. Nitekim hem eylem sayısı hem de öldürücülük açısından şehirler terör eylemlerinin ana hedefi haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Gelecekte dünyada şehirleşmenin hızlı ve kontrolsüz bir şekilde artması, şehirlerin hem fiziki hem de insani boyutta karmaşıklaşması ve hassasiyetlerin çeşitlenmesi, şehirlerin terörist örgüt ve hareketlerin temel eylem alanı haline gelmesine neden olacağı öngörülmektedir. Nitel boyutta ele alınan çalışmada; dünyada hızlı ve kontrolsüz bir şekilde karmaşıklaşan şehirlerin terörist örgüt ve hareketler tarafından nasıl istismar edilebileceği ve güvenlik birimlerinin emniyet ve asayişi sağlamada ne gibi zorluklar ile karşılaşabileceğine ilişkin hususların incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada ilk olarak tarihsel süreçte terörist örgütlerin hangi stratejik ve taktik düşünceler ile şehir eylemlerine yöneldikleri ortaya konulacaktır. Müteakiben şehirlerin fiziki ve sosyal boyutta gelişiminin terörist örgütlerin eylem dinamikleri ile güvenlik kuvvetlerinin operasyonel dinamiklerine etkileri incelenecektir.

Keywords

Terör, Terörist Örgüt, Marighella, Şehirleşme, Şehir Eylem Stratejisi

Urban Action Tendencies and Strategies of Terrorist Organizations in Theory and Practice

Abstract

Depending on temporal and spatial considerations, terrorist organizations are able to use rural areas or urban areas or both at the same time as fields of action and activity. The rapid urbanization, that emerged as a result of industrialization in the 19th century; on the one hand, formed the basis for the emergence of modern terrorist movements, on the other hand, became an area for both the organization and action of terrorist movements and a target of their propaganda. Within the time period that emerged with the national liberation movements, which started from the onset of the 20th century, and continued during the Cold War period, some of the terrorist groups used urban areas, some used rural areas, and some used both areas as physical fields of activity. The terrorist attacks carried out by Al-Qaeda in the USA on September 11, 2001, and executed by DAESH, which emerged after Al-Qaeda and year 2011, have set terrifying examples of to what extent the violence of terrorist acts in urban areas can reach and the climate of fear it can create on people. As a matter of fact, urban areas have started to become the main target of terrorist acts in terms of both the number of actions and lethality. It is predicted that in the future, the rapid and uncontrolled increase of urbanization in the world, the complexity of urban areas in both physical and human dimensions, and the diversification of vulnerabilities, will cause urban areas to become the main fields of action of terrorist organizations and movements. In the study, in which the subject was discussed in a qualitative context; the aim is to examine the issues related to how urban areas, which are becoming more complex in a rapid and an uncontrolled manner throughout the World, can be exploited by terrorist organizations and movements, and the challenges the security units may encounter while providing public safety and security. In this context, firstly, in the historical process, based on which strategic and tactical thoughts the terrorist organizations have turned to activities in urban areas will be studied in this article. Subsequently, the effects of the physical and social development of urban areas on the action dynamics of terrorist organizations and on the operational dynamics of security forces will be examined.

Keywords

Terror, Terrorist Organization, Marighella, Urbanization, Urban Action Strategy

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