Changes in The Mineral Contents of Bread Wheat Genotypes During The Development Periods of Wheat

Year 2016, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 79 - 87, 03.01.2017

Murat Olgun , Murat Ardıç Metin Turan Okan Sezer Zekiye Budak Başçiftçi Gözde N Ayter Onur Koyuncu

Abstract

The purpose of the presented study is to investigate mineral content and their distribution and changes  during growth periods of wheat. Twelve bread wheat genotypes were used (Es-26, Bezostaja-1, Müfitbey, Altay-2000, Sönmez-01, Soyer-02, Çetinel-2000, Harmankaya-99, Sultan-95, and Alpu-01, Atay-85 and Gerek-79). Samples for determining minerals were taken at tillering period (Zadoks 20-29), flowering period (Zadoks 60-69), maturity period (Zadoks 90-99) and seed. Considerable differences occured between genotypes and growth stages for minerals. Trends of mineral levels in genotypes are polynomial, it increased and reached at highest level in flowering then decreased. Principal analysis explained that concentrations of ten minerals are homogenous at W₁₁ Atay-85 and W₁ Es-26 genotypes. W₇ Çetinel-2000 and W₉ Sultan-95 genotypes also have homogenous content of all ten minerals. It was concluded that W₁₀ Alpu-01, W₂ Bezostaja-1 genotypes have the highest content of K, Mg, Na and Mn; W₅ Sönmez-01 genotype has the lowest Zn level and the highest N level. The other genotypes had homogenous mineral concentration. The large variation among genotypes showed that the genetic potential with higher mineral levels could be used in further breeding programs that involve genotypes with large variations, crossing and selection processes, selecting better genotypes for yield, quality, minerals for different environmental conditions.

Keywords

Bread wheat genotypes, mineral composition, growth periods, principle component analysis

References

• Acevedo, E., A. P. Conesa, P. Monneveux and J. P. Srivastava, 1989: Physiology-Breeding of Winter Ceceals for Stressed Mediterranean Environments. INRA Editions, Versailles Cedex, France.
• Akman, Z. and B. Kara, 2003: Genotypic Variations for Mineral Content at Different Growth Stages in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cereal Research Communications 31 (3-4), 459–466.
• Ashraf, M. and P. J. C. Harris, 2004: Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Science 166, 3–16.
• Bonfil, D. J. and U. Kafkafi, 2000: Wild wheat adaptation in different soil ecosystems as expressed in the mineral concentration of the seeds. Euphytica 114, 123–134.
• Bouis, H. E., 2003: Micronutrient fortification of plants through plant breeding: can it improve nutrition in man at low cost? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 (2), 403–411.
• Bouis, H. E., 2007: The potential of genetically modified food crops to improve human nutrition in developing countries. Journal of Developmental Studies 43, 79–96.
• Branca, F. and M. Ferrari, 2002: Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on growth: The stunting syndrome. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 46, 8–17.
• Cakmak, I., 2008: Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil 302, 1–17.
• Davies, N. T., V. Hristic and A. Flett, 1977: Phytate rather than fiber in bran as the major determinant of zinc availability to rats. Nutrion Reports International 15, 207.
• Dikeman, E., Y. Pomeranz, F. S. Lai, 1982: Minerals and protein contents in hard red winter-wheat. Cereal Chemistry 59, 139–142.
• Doğan, R., 2002: Determination of Grain Yield and Some Agronomic Characters of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludağ University 16 (2), 149–158.
• Gomez-Becerra, H. F., A. Yazici and L. Ozturk, 2010: Genetic variation and environmental stability of grain mineral nutrient concentrations in Triticum dicoccoides under five environments. Euphytica 171, 39–52.
• Haugstad, M., L. K. Ulsaker, A. Ruppel and S. Nilsen, 1983: The effect of triacontanol on growth, photosynthesis and photorespiration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Anacystis nidulans. Physiology Plantarum 58, 451–456.
• Hiltbrunner, J., B. Streit and M. Liedgens, 2007: Are graining densities an opportunity to increase grain yield of winter wheat in a living mulch of white clover? Field Crops Research 102, 163–171.
• Hussain, A., H. Larsson, R. Kuktaite and E. Johansson, 2010: Mineral Composition of Organically Grown Wheat Genotypes: Contribution to Daily Minerals Intake. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 7 (9), 3442–3456.
• Jambu, M., 1991: Exploratory and Multivariate Data Analysis. Academic Press Inc., Orlando.
• Kirchmann, H., L. Mattsson and J. Eriksson, 2009: Trace element concentration in wheat grain: Results from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments and national monitoring program. Environ. Geochem. Health 31, 561–571.
• Kouakou, B., K. S. S. Alexis, D. Adjehi, D. K. Marcelin and G. Dago, 2008: Biochemical changes occurring during germination and fermentation of millet and effect of technological processes on starch hydrolysis by the crude enzymatic extract of millet. Journal of Applied Science Research 4, 1502–1510.
• Lindsay, D. G., 2002: The challenges facing scientists in the development of foods in Europe using biotechnology. Photochemistry Reviews 1, 101–111.
• Lopez, H. W., V. Krespine, A. Lemaire, C. Coudray, C. Feillet-Coudray, A. Messager, C. Demigne and C. Remesy, 2003: Wheat variety has a major influence on mineral bioavailability; Studies in rats. Journal of Cereal Science 37, 257–266.
• Martinez-Ballesta, M. C., R. Dominguez-Perles, D. A. Moreno, B. Muries, C. Alcaraz-Lopez, E. Bastias, C. Garcia-Viguera and M. Carvajal, 2009: Minerals in plant food: effect of agricultural practices and role in human health. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 30, 295–309.
• Mertens, D., 2005: AOAC official method 975.03. in: W. Horwitz, G. W. Latimer (eds) Metal in Plants and Pet Foods. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edn. Maryland, USA, pp 3–4.
• Mohammadi, S. A. and B. M. Prasanna, 2003: Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants. Salient Statistical Tools and Considerations Crop Science 43, 1235–1248.
• Murphy, K. M., K. G. Campbell, S. R. Lyon and S. S. Jones, 2007: Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems. Field Crop Research 102, 172–177.
• Murphy, K. M., P. G. Reeves and S. S. Jones, 2008: Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient concentrations in historical and modern spring wheat cultivars. Euphytica 163, 381–390.
• Otto, M., 2007: Chemometrics: Statistics and Computer Application in Analytical Chemistry, 2nd Edn. Weinheim, Germany.
• Ozdamar, K., 1999: Statistical Data Analysis with Computer Programs, 2nd Edn. Vol: I-II, Eskisehir, Turkey.
• Peleg, Z., Y. Saranga, A. Yazici, T. Fahima, L. Ozturk and I. Cakmak, 2008: Grain zinc, iron and protein concentrations and zinc-efficiency in wild emmer wheat under contrasting irrigation regimes. Plant and Soil 306, 57–67.
• Rees, D. G., 1995: Essential Statistics, 3rd Edn. Chapman & Hall, London.
• Roberts, T. L., 2010: Nutrient best management practices: Western perspectives on global nutrient stewardship. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil solutions for a changing world, 172–175.
• Schlemmer, M. R., D. D. Francis, J. F. Shanahan and J. S. Schepers, 2005: Remotely measuring chlorophyll content in corn leaves with differing nitrogen levels and relative water content. Agronomy Journal 97 (1), 106–112.
• Schulthess, U. B., J. Feil and S. C. Jutzi, 2000: Yield independent variation in grain nitrogen and phosphorus concentration among Ethiopian wheat. Agronomy Journal 89 (3), 497–506.
• Shewry, P. R., 2007: Improving the protein content and composition of cereal grain. Journal of Cereal Science, 46, 239–250.
• Stewart, A. J., W. Chapman, G. I. Jenkins, I. Graham, T. Martin and A. Crozier, 2001: The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency on flavonol accumulation in plant tissues. Plant Cell Enviroment, 24, 1189–1197.
• Turnlund, J. R., 1982: Bioavailability of selected minerals in cereal products. Cereal Foods World, 27, 152–7.
• Varga, B., Z. Svecnjak and A. Pospisi, 2002: Grain yield and yield components of winter wheat grown in two management systems. Die Bodenkultur 51 (3), 145–150.
• Welch, R. M. and R. D. Graham, 2004: Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective. Journal Experimental Botany 55, 353–364.
• Yuncai, H., Z. Burucs, S. Tucher and U. Schmidhalter, 2007: Short-term effects of drought and salinity on mineral nutrient distribution along growing leaves of maize seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 60, 268–275.