Year 2022,
Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 18 - 25, 31.12.2022
Özlem Coşkun
,
Seval Türk
,
Selçuk Çömlekçi
References
- [1]. Naziroglu, M., Celik, O., Ozgul, C., Cig, B, Dogan, S., Bal, R., Gumral, N., Rodríguez, A.B., Pariente, J.A. (2012) Melatonin modulates wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative injury through trpm2 and voltage-gated Ca(+2) channels in brain and dorsal root ganglion in rat. Physiology Behavior 105(3):683-692.
- [2]. Jorge-Mora, T., Alvarez Folgueiras, M., Leiro-Vidal, J.M., Jorge-Barreiro, F.J., Ares-Pena, F.J., López-Martin, E. (2010) Exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation provokes cerebral changes in induction of hsp-90 α/β heat shock protein in rat. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 100:351-379.
- [3]. Postacı, I., Coskun, O., Senol, N., Aslankoc, R., Comlekci, S. (2018) The physiopathological effects of quercetin on oxidative stress in radiation of 4.5 GHz mobile phone exposed liver tissue of rat. Bratislava Medical Journal - Bratislavské Lekárske Listy, 119(8):481-489.
- [4]. Bracken, T.D., Kheifets, L.I., Sussman, S.S. (1993) Exposure assessment for power frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMF) and its application to epidemiologic studies. Journal Of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 3:1-22.
- [5]. Saygın, M., Caliskan, S., Gumral, N., Soydan, M., Vural, H. (2009) Effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field on the reproductive hormones in rats. Journal Of SDU Medicine Faculty 16(4):10-14.
- [6]. Ozguner, M., Koyu, A., Cesur, G., Ural, M., Ozguner, F., Gokcimen, A., Delibas, N. (2005) Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Medical Journal 26(3).
- [7]. D'Andrea, J.A., Gandhi, O.P., Lords, J.L., Durney, C.H., Johnson, C.C., Astle, L. (1979) Physiological and behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves. The Journal of Microwave Power Electromagnetic Energy 14(4): 351–62.
- [8]. Liburdi, R.P. (1979) RF radiation alters the immune system: modification of t- and b-lymphocyte levels and cell-mediated immunocompetence by hyperthermic radiation. Radiation Reseach 77:34-46.
- [9]. Matausic, M., Trosic, I., Pisl, Z., Radalj, Z. (2000) Whole body microwave exposure and peripheral blood of rats: a pilot study. Veterinarski Arhiv 70(5):279-287.
- [10]. Black, D.R., Heynick, L.N. (2003) Radiofrequency (RF) effects on blood cells, cardiac, endocrine, and immunological functions. Bioelectromagnetic, Supplements 6: 187-195.
- [11]. Vijayalaxmi Pickard, W.F., Bisht, K.S., Prihoda, T.J., Meltz, M.L., Laregina, M.C., Roti, J., Straube, W.L., Moros, E.G. (2001) Micronuclei in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of rats exposed to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation. International Journal Of Radiation Biology 77(11):1109-1115.
- [12]. Juutilainen, J., Heikkinen, P., Soikkeli, H., Mki-Paakanen, J. (2007) Micronucleus frequency in erythrocytes of mice after long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 83(4): 213-220.
- [13]. Roberts, Jr., N. J., Lu, S.T., Michaelson, S.M. (1983) Human leukocyte functions and the US safety standard for exposure to radio frequency radiation. Science 220:318-320.
- [14]. Olcest, R.B., Belman, S., Eisenbund, M., Mumford, W.W., Rabinowitz, J.R. (1980) The increased passive efflux of sodium and rubidium from rabbit erythrocytes by microwave radiation. Radiation Research 82:244-256.
- [15]. Galvin, M.J., Ortner, M.J., Mcree, D.I. (1982) Studies on acute in vivo exposure of rats to 2450-MHz microwave radiation. III. Biochemical and Hematologic Effects. Radiation Research 90:558-563.
- [16]. Mcree, D.I., Faith, R., Mcconnell, E.E., Guy, A.W. (1980) Long-term 2.45 GHz cw microwave ırradiation of rabbits: evaluation of hematological and immunological effects. Journal Of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 15:45–52.
- [17]. Rotkovska, D., Moc, J., Kautska, J., Bartonickova, A., Keprtova, J., Hofer, M. (1993) Evaluation of the biological effects of police radar ramer 7f. Environmental Health Perspectives 101: 134–136.
- [18]. Maes, A., Verschave, L., Arroyo, A., Dewagter, C., Vercruyssen, L. (1993) In vitro cytogenetic effects of 2.45 GHz waves on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 14:495-501.
- [19]. Somosy, Z. (2000) Radiation response of cell organelles. Micron 31:165-81.
- [20]. Allis, J.W., Sinha-Robinson, B.L. (1987) Temperature-specific inhibition of human cell Na+/K+ atpase by 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 8:203-207.
- [21]. Sud, V.K., Sekhon, G.S. (1989) Blood flow through the human arterial system in the presence of a steady magnetic field. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 34(7).
Effects of the Wireless (2.45 GHz) Electromagnetic Fields on Blood Cells in Rat
Year 2022,
Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 18 - 25, 31.12.2022
Özlem Coşkun
,
Seval Türk
,
Selçuk Çömlekçi
Abstract
The study aims to investigate hematological parameters, blood cell diameters and shapes of rats exposed to 2.45 GHz wave frequency EMF. All of the subjects were divided in three groups as cage control group (n = 30), pseudo-exposure group (n = 30) and 2.45 GHz EMF exposed group (n = 30). The rats in the magnetic field group were exposed to a frequency of 2.45 GHz wave EMF power of 1 mW/cm2 for 120 minutes a day for 2 weeks. The effects of the electromagnetic field on blood levels in rats exposed to 2.45 GHz were compared. The mean lymphocyte count of 2.45 GHz group was lower than in the control group, the number of monocytes in the 2.45 GHz group was higher than the control group. The mean platelet count in the experimental group exposed 2.45 GHz was observed more intense than the control group. Exposure conditions of EMF emitted from wireless devices should be examined and in accordance with these terms the necessary corrections are being made and national standards should be determined. To continue research on this subject is important in terms of scientific and public health.
References
- [1]. Naziroglu, M., Celik, O., Ozgul, C., Cig, B, Dogan, S., Bal, R., Gumral, N., Rodríguez, A.B., Pariente, J.A. (2012) Melatonin modulates wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative injury through trpm2 and voltage-gated Ca(+2) channels in brain and dorsal root ganglion in rat. Physiology Behavior 105(3):683-692.
- [2]. Jorge-Mora, T., Alvarez Folgueiras, M., Leiro-Vidal, J.M., Jorge-Barreiro, F.J., Ares-Pena, F.J., López-Martin, E. (2010) Exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation provokes cerebral changes in induction of hsp-90 α/β heat shock protein in rat. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 100:351-379.
- [3]. Postacı, I., Coskun, O., Senol, N., Aslankoc, R., Comlekci, S. (2018) The physiopathological effects of quercetin on oxidative stress in radiation of 4.5 GHz mobile phone exposed liver tissue of rat. Bratislava Medical Journal - Bratislavské Lekárske Listy, 119(8):481-489.
- [4]. Bracken, T.D., Kheifets, L.I., Sussman, S.S. (1993) Exposure assessment for power frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMF) and its application to epidemiologic studies. Journal Of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 3:1-22.
- [5]. Saygın, M., Caliskan, S., Gumral, N., Soydan, M., Vural, H. (2009) Effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field on the reproductive hormones in rats. Journal Of SDU Medicine Faculty 16(4):10-14.
- [6]. Ozguner, M., Koyu, A., Cesur, G., Ural, M., Ozguner, F., Gokcimen, A., Delibas, N. (2005) Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Medical Journal 26(3).
- [7]. D'Andrea, J.A., Gandhi, O.P., Lords, J.L., Durney, C.H., Johnson, C.C., Astle, L. (1979) Physiological and behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves. The Journal of Microwave Power Electromagnetic Energy 14(4): 351–62.
- [8]. Liburdi, R.P. (1979) RF radiation alters the immune system: modification of t- and b-lymphocyte levels and cell-mediated immunocompetence by hyperthermic radiation. Radiation Reseach 77:34-46.
- [9]. Matausic, M., Trosic, I., Pisl, Z., Radalj, Z. (2000) Whole body microwave exposure and peripheral blood of rats: a pilot study. Veterinarski Arhiv 70(5):279-287.
- [10]. Black, D.R., Heynick, L.N. (2003) Radiofrequency (RF) effects on blood cells, cardiac, endocrine, and immunological functions. Bioelectromagnetic, Supplements 6: 187-195.
- [11]. Vijayalaxmi Pickard, W.F., Bisht, K.S., Prihoda, T.J., Meltz, M.L., Laregina, M.C., Roti, J., Straube, W.L., Moros, E.G. (2001) Micronuclei in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of rats exposed to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation. International Journal Of Radiation Biology 77(11):1109-1115.
- [12]. Juutilainen, J., Heikkinen, P., Soikkeli, H., Mki-Paakanen, J. (2007) Micronucleus frequency in erythrocytes of mice after long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 83(4): 213-220.
- [13]. Roberts, Jr., N. J., Lu, S.T., Michaelson, S.M. (1983) Human leukocyte functions and the US safety standard for exposure to radio frequency radiation. Science 220:318-320.
- [14]. Olcest, R.B., Belman, S., Eisenbund, M., Mumford, W.W., Rabinowitz, J.R. (1980) The increased passive efflux of sodium and rubidium from rabbit erythrocytes by microwave radiation. Radiation Research 82:244-256.
- [15]. Galvin, M.J., Ortner, M.J., Mcree, D.I. (1982) Studies on acute in vivo exposure of rats to 2450-MHz microwave radiation. III. Biochemical and Hematologic Effects. Radiation Research 90:558-563.
- [16]. Mcree, D.I., Faith, R., Mcconnell, E.E., Guy, A.W. (1980) Long-term 2.45 GHz cw microwave ırradiation of rabbits: evaluation of hematological and immunological effects. Journal Of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 15:45–52.
- [17]. Rotkovska, D., Moc, J., Kautska, J., Bartonickova, A., Keprtova, J., Hofer, M. (1993) Evaluation of the biological effects of police radar ramer 7f. Environmental Health Perspectives 101: 134–136.
- [18]. Maes, A., Verschave, L., Arroyo, A., Dewagter, C., Vercruyssen, L. (1993) In vitro cytogenetic effects of 2.45 GHz waves on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 14:495-501.
- [19]. Somosy, Z. (2000) Radiation response of cell organelles. Micron 31:165-81.
- [20]. Allis, J.W., Sinha-Robinson, B.L. (1987) Temperature-specific inhibition of human cell Na+/K+ atpase by 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 8:203-207.
- [21]. Sud, V.K., Sekhon, G.S. (1989) Blood flow through the human arterial system in the presence of a steady magnetic field. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 34(7).