Fishery Activities in the Byzantine Period and Fish Species in Mosaics

Year 2018, Volume: 19 Issue: 35, 527 - 554, 31.07.2018

Filiz İnanan , Burak Evren İnanan

https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.399341

Abstract

In many civilizations, food provided by water sources is one of
nutritional sources for human. Different fish species and water products such
as lobster, crab, octopus and snail were caught with nets, harpoons and baskets
covered by leaves and branches in the Byzantine Era. Activities of fishermen in
the guild system, organization of the fish markets, competition and the impact
of the individual enterprise are available. Both fish and some sea animals were
used not just in the Byzantine cuisine but also in mining, pottery and textiles
as well as in mosaics as a religious symbol. Considering the fisheries
activities during the Byzantine period, the current study revealed that feeding
fish in garden pools in Byzantium reflected to the aquarium fishery in today's
context. Furthermore the effort on keeping the fish together improved feeding
techniques, and supported the fundamental principles of aquaculture.

Keywords

Byzantium, guild system, fisheries, fish, tunny fish

BİZANS DÖNEMİNDE BALIKÇILIK AKTİVİTELERİ VE MOZAİKLERDE GÖRÜLEN BALIK TÜRLERİ

Abstract

Birçok
uygarlıkta, insan yaşamının önemli besin kaynaklarının bir bölümü deniz, göl ve
akarsulardan sağlanmıştır. Bizans döneminde de, farklı türdeki balıklar ve
ıstakoz, yengeç, ahtapot, salyangoz gibi diğer su ürünlerinin ağ, zıpkın,
yaprak ve dallardan örülen sepetlerle yakalanmaktadır. Tutulan balıkların
toptan ve perakende satışlarının ayrıntıları çok bilinmemekle birlikte, balık
türlerinin fiyatları arasında fark bulunduğu kayıtlıdır. Ayrıca, balıkçıların
faaliyetleri, marketlerin işleyiş biçimi, rekabet ortamının durumu,
organizasyonların düzenlenişi, bireysel girişimlerin kurumlara etkisi gibi
konular hakkındaki bilgilere ulaşılabilmektedir. Balık ve bazı deniz
canlılarının Bizans sofrası dışında maden, seramik ve tekstil atölyelerinde
farklı biçimlerde kullanıldığı, bazen dini sembol, bazen balıkçılık
faaliyetleri içinde mozaik betimlerde kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bizans
döneminde balıkçılık faaliyetleri ile balığın farklı alanlardaki kullanımları
konusunda bir değerlendiren bu çalışma ile Bizans dönemindeki bahçe
havuzlarında beslenen balık türlerinin günümüzde akvaryum balıkçılığına
yansıdığı saptanmaktadır. Ayrıca, avlanan balık türleri dışında balıkların bir
arada tutularak yemleme tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi, günümüzdeki balık
yetiştiriciliği temel prensipleri ile örtüştüğü tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Bizans, lonca sistemi, balıkçılık, balık, palamut

References

• Anagnostakis, Ilias (2013). “Makedonisi (on). Parsley, the Macedonian herb”. Flavours, s. 37-42.
• Anagnostakis, Ilias (2013a). “Byzantine Diet and Cuisine. In between ancient and modern gastronomy”. Flavours, s. 43-64.
• Anagnostakis, Ilias (2013b). “Byzantine Aphrodisiacs”. Flavours, s. 77-79.
• Anderson, Jeffrey C. (1978). “Cod. Vat. Gr. 463 and an Eleventh-Century Byzantine Painting Center”. DOP, C. 32, s. 177-196.
• Antonopoulou, Theodora (1997). The Homilies of the Emperor Leo VI. (The Medieval Mediterranean: Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1453, 14). New York: Brill Akademic Publication.
• Bartusis, Mark (2014). Land and Privilege in Byzantium: The Institution of Pronoia. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Bass, George ve Frederick van Doorninck Jr. (1971). “A Fourth-Century Shipwreck at Yassi Ada”. American Journal of Archaeology, C. 75, S. 1, s. 27-37.
• Boak, Arthur (1929). “The Book of the Prefect”. Journal of Economic and Business History 1, s. 597-619.
• Bouras, Charalambos (2002). “Aspects of the Byzantine City, Eight-Fifteenth Centuries”. EHB, C. 2, s. 497-528.
• Brett, Gerard (1942). “The Mosaic of the Great Palace in Constantinople”. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, C. 5, s. 34-43.
• Bourbou, Chyrssi (2010). Health and Disease in Byzantine Crete (7th-12th Centuries AD). England: Routledge Publishing.
• Chandezon, Christophe (2015). “Part 2: Production and Transport, Chapter: 13 Animals, Meat, and Alimentary By - products: Patterns of Production and Consumption” in J.Wilkins, R. Nadeau eds., A Campanion to Foof in the Ancient World. UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., s.135-146.
• Corcoran, Thomas (1963). “Roman Fishermen”. The Classical World, C. 56, S. 4, s. 97-102.
• Çakırlar, Canan ve Salima İkram, Marie-Henriette Gates (2014). “New Evidence for Fish Processing in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean: Formalised Epinephelus Butchery in Fifth Century BC Kinet Höyük, Turkey”. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Wiley Online, s. 3-16.
• Dagron, Gilbert (2002). “The Urban Economy, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries”. EHB, C. 2, s. 393-461.
• Dalby, Andrew (2014). Bizans’ın Damak Tadı. Çev: Ali Özdamar, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
• Demirkent, Işın (2005). “12. Yüzyıla Kadar Bizans’ta «Loncalar»”. Bizans Tarihi Yazıları, Makaleler, Bildiriler, İncelemeler, İstanbul: Dünya Kitapları: I, s. 159-173.
• Dolezal, Mary Lyon ve Maria Mavroudi (2002). “Theodore Hyrtakenos’ Description of the Garden of St. Anna and the Ekphrasis of Gardens”. BGC, s. 105-158.
• Doorninck, Frederick van Jr. (2002). “Byzantine Shipwrecks”. EHB, C. 2, s. 899-905.
• Ertan, Asaf (2010). İstanbul Boğazı’nda Balıkçılık. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Freshfield, Edwin Hanson (1938). Roman Law in the Later Roman Empire - Byzantine Guilds Professional and Commercial. Cambridge University Press.
• François, Véronique ve Jean-Michel Spieser (2002). “Pottery and Glass in Byzantium”. EHB, C. 2, s. 593-609.
• Galili, Ehud ve Baruch Rosen (2008). “Fishing Gear from a 7th-Century Shipwreck off Dor, Israel”. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 37/1, s. 67–76.
• http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00146.x/abstract Erişim: 25.02.2018
• Günsenin, Nergis (2013). “Between Continents: proceedings of the twelfth symposium on boat and ship archaeology, Istanbul 2009”. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, C. 42, S. 1, s. 209–242.
• Hastings, James (1906). A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. C. I, Edinburg: T & T Clark.
• Kalligas, Haris (2002). “Monemvasia, Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries”. EHB, C. 3, s. 879- 897.
• Kazhdan, Alexander (1991a). “The Book of Eparch”. ODB, C. 1, Oxford: Oxford University, s. 308.
• Karpozilos, Apostolos ve Alexander Kazhdan (1991). “Diet”. ODB, C. 1, Oxford: Oxford University, s. 622-623.
• Karpozilos, Apostolos ve Alexander Kazhdan (1991a). “Ariston and Deipnon”. ODB, C. 1, Oxford: Oxford University, s. 170.
• Makris, Georges (2002). “Ships”. EHB, C. 1, s. 91-100.
• Lappa, Maria Kazanaki (2002). “Medieval Athens”. EHB, C. 3, s. 639-646.
• Kleiner, Fred S. (2010). Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective. C. 1, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
• Kocabaş, Ufuk ve Zeynep Kızıltan (2010). İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri: 1. Marmaray-Metro Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı: 5-6 Mayıs 2008, Istanbul Archaeological Museums: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Marmaray-Metro Salvage Excavations: 5th-6th May 2008. İstanbul: İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesi Müdürlüğü.
• Kocabaş, Ufuk (2015). Geçmişe Açılan Kapı Yenikapı Batıkları. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
• Kokoszko, Maciej ve Jagusiak Krzysztof, Zofia Rzeźnicka (2013). “Rice as a Foodstuff in Ancient and Byzantine Materia Medica”. Studia Ceranea 3, s. 47–68.
• Laiou, Angeliki (2002). “The Human Resources”. EHB, C. 1, s. 47-55.
• Laiou, Angeliki (2002a). “The Agrarian Economy, Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries”. EHB, C. 1, s. 311-375.
• Lavin, Irving (1963). “The Hunting mosaics of Antioch and Their Sources”. DOP, XVII, s. 179-286.
• Lefort, Jacques (2002). “The Rural Economy, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries”. EHB, C. 2, s. 231-314.
• Mango, Marlia Mundell (2000). “The Commercial Map of Constantinople”. DOP, C. 54, s. 189-207.
• Maniatis, George (2000). “The Organizational Setup and Functioning of the Fish Market in Tenth-Century Constantinople”. DOP, C. 54, s. 13-42.
• Maniatis, George (2002). “The Domain of Private Guilds in the Byzantine Economy, Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries”. DOP, S. 55, s. 339-369.
• Matschke, Klaus-Peter (2002). “The Late Byzantine Urban Economy, Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries”. EHB, C. 2, s. 463-495.
• Morrisson, Cécile ve Jean-Pierre Sodini (2002). “The Sixth Century Economy”. EHB, C. 2, s. 172-220.
• Murray, Peter ve Linda Murray, Tom Devonshire Jones (2013). The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture. Oxford: University Presss.
• Necipoğlu, Nevra (1994), “Loncalar (Bizans Dönemi)”. Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, C. V, İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı, s. 224-225.
• Navri, Rika ve Yaacov Kahanov, Deborah Cvikel (2013). “The Byzantine-Period Dor 2006 Shipwreck, Israel: preliminary hull construction report”. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, C. 42, S. 2, s. 305–325.
• Oikonomides, Nicolas (2002). “The Role of the Byzantine State in the Economy”. EHB, C. 3, s. 973-1058.
• Ostrogorsky, George (1999). Bizans Devleti Tarihi. Çev: Fikret Işıltan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
• Owen, Thomas (1805-6). The Geoponica (Agricultural Pursuits), Çev. Thomas Owen, London 1805-6.
• https://archive.org/stream/Geoponica01#page/n17/mode/2up Erişim: 08.02.2018.
• Özdaş, Harun (2006). “Ege ve Akdeniz Bölgeleri Sualtı Araştırması 2005 Yılı Çalışmaları”. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 24, C. 2, s. 433-450.
• Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Demetra (1999). “Byzantine Sgraffito” in D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi ed., Byzantine Glazed Ceramics, The Art of Sgraffito. Athens: Archaeological Receipts Fund, s. 25-117.
• Papathanassiou, Maria (2002). “Metallurgy and Metalworking Techniques”. EHB, C. 1, s. 121-127.
• Peterson, Peter Megill (1963). Andrew, Brother of Simon Peter, His History and His Legends. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publication. Puncher, Gregory ve Vedat Onar, Nezir Yaşar Toker, Fausto Tint (2014). “A Multitude of Byzantine Era Bluefin Tuna and Swordfish Bones Uncovered in İstanbul, Turkey”. Iccat Coll. Vol. Sci. Pap., C. 71, S. 6, s. 2637-2688.
• https://www.iccat.int/Documents/CVSP/CV071_2015/n_4/CV071041626.pdf Erişim 08.02.2018.
• Rautman, Marcus (2006). Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. USA: Greenwood Press Daily Life Through History Series.
• Rice, Tamara Talbot (2002). Bizans’ta Günlük Yaşam. Çev. Bilgi Altınok, İstanbul: Özne Yayınları.
• Rodgers, Robert (2002). “Kηποποιία: Garden Making and Garden Culture in the Geoponika”. BGC, s. 159-175.
• Russell, James (2002). “Anemourion”. EHB, C. 1, s. 221-228.
• Scarborough, John (2015). “Fish Glue (Gr. ΙΧΘΥΟΚΟΛΛΑ) in Hellenistic and Roman Medicine and Pharmacology”. Classical Philology, C. 110, S. 1, s. 54-65.
• Schatkin, Andrew (2011). Essays on the Christian Worldview and Other Political, Literary and Philosophical United Kingdom: Hamilton Books.
• Ševčenko, Nancy (2002). “Wild Animals in the Byzantine Park”. BGC, s. 69-86.
• Tekin, Oğuz (2010). Eskiçağ’da İstanbul’da Balık ve Balıkçılık. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Trillling, James (1989). “The Soul of the Empire: Style and Meaning in the Mosaic Pavement of the Byzantine Imperial Palace in Constantinople”. DOP, C. 43, s. 27-72.
• Vryonis, Speros (1963). “Byzantine and the Guilds in the Eleventh Century”. DOP, C. 17, s. 289-314.
• Webster, Carl and Chhorn E. Lim (2002) (editors), Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. USA: Cabi Publishing.
• Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). “Representations of Daily Life”. in K. Weitzmann ed., Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, s. 270-285.
• Wilkins, John (2005). “Fish as a source of Food in Antiquity”. in Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen ed., Ancient Fishing and Fish Processing, Black Sea Studies 2, The Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Black Sea Studies. Denmark: Aarhus University Press, s. 21-30.