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Historical Document under the Conception of Postmodern Cultural History

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 37 - 65, 21.06.2020

Abstract

The postmodern turn, which appeared in Continental Europe and the USA in the last quarter of the 20th century and then spread to the world, was constituting a harsh criticism against the hegemony established by positivism on social sciences. Historiography, which dealt until that time with totalitarian conceptions of society's ideology and thought systems, and concerned with objectivity rather than subjectivity, was also a target of this criticism. It was pointless to search for and understand the poor stockinger and the luddite cropper to repeat E. P. Thompson until the postmodern approach. Instead, what really mattered and made a difference was, by studying on the systems of thought of mass population, to analyze the change, development and the causality and modernism within this development. Against the question of place of history among positive sciences, most modernist theories had attempted to bring history closer to positive sciences. However, postmodern cultural approach emphasizing the fictional nature of history, pointed out the analysis of language and text. It was because to claim that rhetoric has no place in historical narration, was naivete, to say the least. On the other hand, postmodernist history was claiming that the structuralist explanations, such as economic base determines cultural and political superstructure was actually reductionist and Marx’s conception of history had actually a much more transitional and hence a dialectical character. In the face of all these developments, postmodern cultural history came in sight and evolved into something where subjectivity was more valuable than society driven explanations. While history of culture treated culture as an object of study, postmodern history with its new perspective, even questioned the possibility of reality and historical documents naming them as remnants. This study, in the light of such developments, will first try to examine the ways in which postmodern cultural history seperated itself from classical history and then it will question the conviction that it is not possible to use historical documents or written sources in historical research.

References

  • Arcangeli, A. (2012). Cultural History A Concise Introduction. Oxfordshire: Routledge. Berlin, I. (1960). History and Theory: The Concept of Scientific History. History and Theory, (1), 1-31. Braudel, F. (1994). A History of Civilizations. Richard Mayne (Çev.) New York: The Penguin Press. Burchardt, J. (1961). The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. I. Gordon (Yay. Haz.) New York: The New American Library. Burke, P. (2008). What is Cultural History? Cambridge: Polity. Collingwood, R. G. (1946). The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Darnton, R. (1999). The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Basic Books. Derrida, J. (1976). Of Grammotology. G. C. Spivak (Çev.) Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Eley, G. ( 2005). Is the Entire World A Text? From Social History to the History of Society Two Decades Later. Practicing History New Directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn, G Spiegel (Yay. Haz.) New York: Routledge, 33-61. Foucault, M. (2001). Kelimeler ve Şeyler. M. A. Kılıçbay (Çev.) Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures - Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. New York: Basic Books. Ginzburg, C. (1980). The Cheese and the Worms. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Grassby, R. (2005). Material Culture and Cultural History. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, (XXXV), The MIT Press. Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. & Roberts, B. (1982). Policing the Crisis - Mugging, the State and Law and Order. Hong Kong: The Macmillan. Johnson, R. (1986-1987). What is Cultural Studies Anyway? Social Text, (16), Duke University Press, 38-80. Kane, A. (2000). Reconstructing Culture in Historical Explanation: Narratives as Cultural Structure and Practice. History and Theory, (39), Wiley for Wesleyan University, 311-330. Perry, M. (2002). Marxism and History. Londra: Palgrave. Rubin, M. (2002). What is Cultural History Now? What is History Now? D. Cannadine (Yay. Haz.) Londra: Palgrave Macmillan. Saussure, F. (1959). Course in General Linguistics. New York: The Philosophical Library. Scott, J. (2005). The Evidence of Experience. Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn, G Spiegel (Yay. Haz.) Newyork: Routledge. Spiegel, G. (2005). Introduction. Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn, G Spiegel (Yay. Haz.) New York: Routledge. Steedman, C. (1999). Culture, Cultural Studies and the Historians. The Cultural Studies, S. During (Yay. Haz.) Newyork: Routledge. Thompson, E. P. (2004). İngiliz İşçi Sınıfının Oluşumu. İstanbul: Birikim. Tilly, C. (1982). Big Structures Large Processes Huge Comparisons. New York: Russel Sage Foundation. Timur, T. (2011). Felsefe Toplum Bilimleri ve Tarihçi. İstanbul: Yordam Kitap. Weber, M. (1949). Objective Possibility and Adequate Causation in Historical Explanation – Critical Studies in the Logic of the Cultural Sciences. The Methodology of the Social Sciences, E. A. Shils & H. A. Finch (Çev. ve Yay. Haz.) Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe. White, H. (1973). Metahistory. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Williams, R. (1960). Culture and Society 1780 – 1950. New York: Anchor Books. Williams, R. (2015). Keywords A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Newyork: Oxford University Press. Young, G. M. (1936). Victorian England Portrait of an Age. Londra: Oxford University Press.

Postmodern Kültürel Tarihyazımı Açısından Tarihsel Belge

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 37 - 65, 21.06.2020

Abstract

20. yy’ın son çeyreğinde Kıta Avrupasında ve ABD’de gelişip ardından dünyaya yayılan postmodern yaklaşım, pozitivizmin sosyal bilimler üzerinde kurduğu hegemonyaya karşı sert bir eleştiri teşkil ediyordu. Bu eleştiriden nasibini alan 20. yy tarihçiliği, o döneme kadar toplumların ideoloji ve düşünce sistemlerinin totaliter tasavvurları üzerine eğilmekte, tarihteki öznelliklerden ziyade nesnelliklerle ilgilenmekteydi. Thompson’ın deyimiyle o döneme kadar zavallı çorapçıyı ve luddite kumaşçıyı incelemek anlamsız görünmekteydi. Onun yerine toplumlardaki geniş kitlelerin düşünce sistemleri üzerinde çalışarak değişimi ve gelişimi, bu gelişim içindeki nedenselliği ve modernleşmeyi irdelemek önemli ve fark yaratan şeydi. Müspet bilimlerin yanında tarihin ne olduğu sorusu karşısında o döneme kadar çoğu modernist kuram, tarihi de müspet bilimlere yaklaştırma çabası içine girmişti. Ancak postmodern kültürel yaklaşım tarihin kurgusal doğasına vurgu yaparak dilin ve metnin analizini işaret etmekteydi. Çünkü tarihsel anlatıda retoriğin yerinin olmadığını iddia etmek en hafif tabirle naiflikti. Diğer yandan, postmodern tarih, ekonomik altyapının politik ve kültürel üstyapıyı belirlediği gibi yapısalcı yaklaşımların indirgemeci olduğunu ve Marks’ın tarih tahayyülünün aslında daha çok diyalektiğe dayalı, yani daha geçişken bir doğasının olduğunu savunuyordu. Tüm bu gelişmelerin karşısında postmodern kültürel tarih zamanla taraftar kazanarak öznelliklerin daha değerli olduğu tarih anlatılarına doğru evrildi. Kültür tarihi o döneme kadar kültürü bir çalışma objesi olarak ele alırken postmodern tarih, getirdiği bakış açısıyla adına tarihsel belge dediğimiz şeylere belgenin problemli doğasından hareketle kalıntı adını verdi. Tarihsel hakikatin var olup olmadığı sorgulandı. Bu çalışma, bu gelişmeler ışığında, önce postmodern kültürel tarihin klasik kültür tarihinden nasıl ayrıştığını gözlemlemeye çalışacak ardından ise tarihte belge kullanımının mümkün olmadığı kanaatini sorgulayacaktır.

References

  • Arcangeli, A. (2012). Cultural History A Concise Introduction. Oxfordshire: Routledge. Berlin, I. (1960). History and Theory: The Concept of Scientific History. History and Theory, (1), 1-31. Braudel, F. (1994). A History of Civilizations. Richard Mayne (Çev.) New York: The Penguin Press. Burchardt, J. (1961). The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. I. Gordon (Yay. Haz.) New York: The New American Library. Burke, P. (2008). What is Cultural History? Cambridge: Polity. Collingwood, R. G. (1946). The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Darnton, R. (1999). The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Basic Books. Derrida, J. (1976). Of Grammotology. G. C. Spivak (Çev.) Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Eley, G. ( 2005). Is the Entire World A Text? From Social History to the History of Society Two Decades Later. Practicing History New Directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn, G Spiegel (Yay. Haz.) New York: Routledge, 33-61. Foucault, M. (2001). Kelimeler ve Şeyler. M. A. Kılıçbay (Çev.) Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures - Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. New York: Basic Books. Ginzburg, C. (1980). The Cheese and the Worms. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Grassby, R. (2005). Material Culture and Cultural History. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, (XXXV), The MIT Press. Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. & Roberts, B. (1982). Policing the Crisis - Mugging, the State and Law and Order. Hong Kong: The Macmillan. Johnson, R. (1986-1987). What is Cultural Studies Anyway? Social Text, (16), Duke University Press, 38-80. Kane, A. (2000). Reconstructing Culture in Historical Explanation: Narratives as Cultural Structure and Practice. History and Theory, (39), Wiley for Wesleyan University, 311-330. Perry, M. (2002). Marxism and History. Londra: Palgrave. Rubin, M. (2002). What is Cultural History Now? What is History Now? D. Cannadine (Yay. Haz.) Londra: Palgrave Macmillan. Saussure, F. (1959). Course in General Linguistics. New York: The Philosophical Library. Scott, J. (2005). The Evidence of Experience. Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn, G Spiegel (Yay. Haz.) Newyork: Routledge. Spiegel, G. (2005). Introduction. Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn, G Spiegel (Yay. Haz.) New York: Routledge. Steedman, C. (1999). Culture, Cultural Studies and the Historians. The Cultural Studies, S. During (Yay. Haz.) Newyork: Routledge. Thompson, E. P. (2004). İngiliz İşçi Sınıfının Oluşumu. İstanbul: Birikim. Tilly, C. (1982). Big Structures Large Processes Huge Comparisons. New York: Russel Sage Foundation. Timur, T. (2011). Felsefe Toplum Bilimleri ve Tarihçi. İstanbul: Yordam Kitap. Weber, M. (1949). Objective Possibility and Adequate Causation in Historical Explanation – Critical Studies in the Logic of the Cultural Sciences. The Methodology of the Social Sciences, E. A. Shils & H. A. Finch (Çev. ve Yay. Haz.) Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe. White, H. (1973). Metahistory. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Williams, R. (1960). Culture and Society 1780 – 1950. New York: Anchor Books. Williams, R. (2015). Keywords A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Newyork: Oxford University Press. Young, G. M. (1936). Victorian England Portrait of an Age. Londra: Oxford University Press.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Cultural Studies
Journal Section Research/Ttheoretical
Authors

M. Oğuzhan Doğar 0000-0002-9061-0309

Publication Date June 21, 2020
Acceptance Date June 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Doğar, M. O. (2020). Postmodern Kültürel Tarihyazımı Açısından Tarihsel Belge. tarihyazımı, 2(1), 37-65.

Ethical Committee Approval

With the decision of ULAKBİM on February 25th, 2020, there is a condition that "All the disciplines of science (including social sciences), there should be an Ethical Committee Approval for research involving human and animal (clinical and experimental) separately and this approval must be mentioned in the article and it should be documented". The research conducted by quantitative or qualitative approaches which require data collection such as questionnaire, interview, observation, focus group study, the experiment is regarded under the aforementioned content.