Göz İzleme Tekniği ile Okuma Becerilerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 437 - 455, 26.06.2020

Esmehan Özer , Selda Özdemir , Mehmet Kara

https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.714158

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, göz izleme tekniği ile gerçekleştirilen okuma araştırmalarında yer alan temel kavramlar ve göz-hareket parametreleri ele alınmıştır. Bu amaç kapsamında okuma sırasında sergilenen göz hareketleri betimlenmiş, okuma ile ilişkili görme alanı, bu görme alanının bölgeleri ve bu görme alanı bölgelerinin keskinlikleri tanımlanmış ve göz-hareket parametreleri ile ilgili bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca, okuma becerisinin göz izleme tekniği ile incelendiği araştırmalar ele alınmıştır. Genel olarak, göz izleme tekniği ile okuma sırasında ulaşılan göz hareketleri verilerinin okuma süreç ve becerisinin doğasının daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağladığı görülmektedir. Aynı zamanda tipik ve atipik okurların okuma performanslarının belirlenmesinde göz izlemeye olan ihtiyacın önemi vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, geleneksel okuma araştırmaları yöntem ve tekniklerine göz izleme ile elde edilen gerçek fizyolojik veriler aracılığı ile yeni bir boyut getirildiği görüşü oluşmaktadır.

Keywords

Göz izleme, Göz Hareketleri, Okuma

References

• Ashby, J., Rayner, K., & Clifton, C. (2005). Eye movements of highly skilled and average readers: Differential effects of frequency and predictability. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(6), 1065-1086.
• Bertram, R., & Hyönä, J. (2003). The length of a complex word modifies the role of morphological structure: Evidence from eye movements when reading short and long Finnish compounds. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(3), 615-634.
• Blythe, H. L., & Joseph, H. S. S. L. (2011). Children’s eye movements during reading. In S. Liversedge, I. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 643–662). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Conklin, K., & Pellicer-Sánchez, A. (2016). Using eye-tracking in applied linguistics and second language research. Second Language Research, 32(3), 453-467.
• De Luca, M., Borrelli, M., Judica, A., Spinelli, D., & Zoccolotti, P. (2002). Reading words and pseudowords: An eye movement study of developmental dyslexia. Brain and Language, 80(3), 617-626.
• Duchowski, A.T. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory & Practice. (2nd ed.). London: Springer-Verlag.
• Duffy, S. A., & Rayner, K. (1990). Eye movements and anaphor resolution: Effects of antecedent typicality and distance. Language and Speech, 33(2), 103-119.
• Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A. N., Reinhard, J., Klosinski, G., & Trauzettel-Klosinski, S. (2010). Word length and word frequency affect eye movements in dyslexic children reading in a regular (German) orthography. Annals of Dyslexia, 60(1), 86-101.
• Everatt, J., & Underwood, G. (1994). Individual differences in reading subprocesses: Relationships between reading ability, lexical access, and eye movement control. Language and Speech, 37(3), 283-297.
• Findlay, J. M., & Walker, R. (1999). A model of saccade generation based on parallel processing and competitive inhibition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(4), 661-674.
• Godfroid, A., Winke, P. M., & Gass S. M. (Eds.) (2013). Special issue: Eye-movement recordings in second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35, 205-422.
• Hawelka, S., Gagl, B., & Wimmer, H. (2010). A dual-route perspective on eye movements of dyslexic readers. Cognition, 115(3), 367-379.
• Häikiö, T., Bertram, R., Hyönä, J., & Niemi, P. (2009). Development of the letter identity span in reading: Evidence from the eye movement moving window paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102(2), 167-181.
• Henderson, J. M., & Ferreira, F. (1993). Eye movement control during reading: Fixation measures reflect foveal but not parafoveal processing difficulty. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47(2), 201-221.
• Hohenstein, S., Matuschek, H., & Kliegl, R. (2017). Linked linear mixed models: A joint analysis of fixation locations and fixation durations in natural reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(3), 637-651.
• https://cognitivetype.com/se-vultology/, sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• https://hci.cc.metu.edu.tr/tr/goz-izleme, sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• https://psychologie.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/psychologie/Forschung/N-Lab/SMI_BeGaze_Manual.pdf, sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Hutzler, F., & Wimmer, H. (2004). Eye movements of dyslexic children when reading in a regular orthography. Brain and Language, 89(1), 235-242.
• Hyönä, J., & Olson, R. K. (1995). Eye movement patterns among dyslexic and normal readers: Effects of word length and word frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(6), 1430-1440.
• Inhoff, A. W., & Radach, R. (1998). Definition and computation of oculomotor measures in the study of cognitive processes. In Eye guidance in reading and scene perception. Elsevier Science Ltd., 29-53.
• Inhoff, A. W., Radach, R., Eiter, B. M., & Juhasz, B. (2003). Distinct subsystems for the parafoveal processing of spatial and linguistic information during eye fixations in reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 56(5), 803-827.
• Jacob, R. J. K., & Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises (Section Commentary). In J. Hyönä, R. Radach, & H. Deubel (Eds.), The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 573-605). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
• Jian, Y. C., & Ko, H. W. (2017). Influences of text difficulty and reading ability on learning illustrated science texts for children: An eye movement study. Computers & Education, 113, 263-279.
• Joseph, H. S., Liversedge, S. P., Blythe, H. I., White, S. J., & Rayner, K. (2009). Word length and landing position effects during reading in children and adults. Vision Research, 49(16), 2078-2086.
• Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2003). Investigating the effects of a set of intercorrelated variables on eye fixation durations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(6), 1312-1318.
• Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2006). The role of age of acquisition and word frequency in reading: Evidence from eye fixation durations. Visual Cognition, 13(7-8), 846-863.
• Juhasz, B. J., White, S. J., Liversedge, S. P., & Rayner, K. (2008). Eye movements and the use of parafoveal word length information in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(6), 1560-1579.
• Kliegl, R., Grabner, E., Rolfs, M., & Engbert, R. (2004). Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(1-2), 262-284.
• Korinth, S. P., & Fiebach, C. J. (2018). Improving silent reading performance through feedback on eye movements: A feasibility study. Scientific Studies of Reading, 22(4), 289-307.
• Krieber, M., Bartl-Pokorny, K. D., Pokorny, F. B., Einspieler, C., Langmann, A., Körner, C., & Marschik, P. B. (2016). The relation between reading skills and eye movement patterns in adolescent readers: Evidence from a regular orthography. PloS One, 11(1), 0145934.
• Kuperman, V., & Van Dyke, J. A. (2011). Effects of individual differences in verbal skills on eye-movement patterns during sentence reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 65(1), 42-73.
• MacKeben, M., Trauzettel-Klosinski, S., Reinhard, J., Dürrwächter, U., Adler, M., & Klosinski, G. (2004). Eye movement control during single-word reading in dyslexics. Journal of Vision, 4(5), 388-402.
• Özer, E. (2019). Yetkin ve zayıf okurların okuma becerileri ile göz hareketleri arasındaki ilişkinin karşılaştırılarak incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Pellicer-Sánchez, A. (2016). Incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition from and while reading: An eye-tracking study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38(1), 97-130.
• Poole, A., & Ball, L. J. (2006). Eye tracking in HCI and usability research. In Encyclopedia of human computer interaction. IGI Global, 211-219.
• Rayner, K. (1995). Eye movements and cognitive processes in reading, visual search, and scene perception. In J. M. Findlay, R. Walker, & R.W. Kentridge (Eds.), Eye movement research: Mechanisms, processes and applications (pp. 3-22). Amsterdam: North Holland.
• Rayner, K. (1997). Understanding eye movements in reading. Scientific Studies in Reading, 1, 301–323.
• Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
• Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457-1506.
• Rayner, K., Binder, K. S., Ashby, J., & Pollatsek, A. (2001). Eye movement control in reading: Word predictability has little influence on initial landing positions in words. Vision Research, 41(7), 943-954.
• Rayner, K., Chace, K. H., Slattery, T. J., & Ashby, J. (2006). Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 241-255.
• Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Ashby, J., & Clifton, Jr. C. (2012). Psychology of reading. New York and London: Psychology.
• Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., & Raney, G. E. (1996). Eye movement control in reading: A comparison of two types of models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22(5), 1188-1200.
• Rayner, K., Slattery, T. J., Drieghe, D., & Liversedge, S. P. (2011). Eye movements and word skipping during reading: effects of word length and predictability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(2), 514.
• Rayner, K., & Well, A. D. (1996). Effects of contextual constraint on eye movements in reading: A further examination. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(4), 504-509.
• Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2012). Using E-Z Reader to simulate eye movements in nonreading tasks: A unified framework for understanding the eye–mind link. Psychological Review, 119(1), 155-185.
• Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003). The E-Z reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(4), 445-476.
• Sanders, A. E (1993). Processing information in the functional visual field. In (Eds. d'Ydewalle, G. & Van Rensbergen, J.) Perception and cognition: Advances in eye movement research. Amsterdam: North Holland.
• Schilling, H. E., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 1270-1281.
• Seassau, M., & Bucci, M. P. (2013). Reading and visual search: A developmental study in normal children. PLoS One, 8(7).
• Sereno, S. C., & Rayner, K. (2003). Measuring word recognition in reading: Eye movements and event-related potentials. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 489-493.
• Siyanova-Chanturia, A., Conklin, K., & Schmitt, N. (2011). Adding more fuel to the fire: An eye-tracking study of idiom processing by native and non-native speakers. Second Language Research, 27(2), 251-272.
• Tekcan, A. İ., & Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları: 600 Türkçe kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
• Trauzettel‐Klosinski, S., Koitzsch, A. M., Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A. N., Reinhard, J., & Klosinski, G. (2010). Eye movements in German‐speaking children with and without dyslexia when reading aloud. Acta Ophthalmologica, 88(6), 681-691.
• Turgut-Öztürk, B., Şener, E. C., & Sanaç, A. Ş. (2001). Görme keskinliğinin klinik değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology, 31(2), 166-172.
• Underwood, G., Hubbard, A., & Wilkinson, H. (1990). Eye fixations predict reading comprehension: The relationships between reading skill, reading speed, and visual inspection. Language and Speech, 33(1), 69-81.
• Vitu, F. (1991). The influence of parafoveal processing and linguistic context on the optimal landing position effect. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 58–75.
• Winke, P. M. (2013). The effects of input enhancement on grammar learning and comprehension: A modified replication of Lee (2007) with eye-movement data. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(2), 323-352.
• White S. J. (2008). Eye movement control during reading: Effects of word frequency and orthographic familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(1), 205-223.
• Wotschack, C. (2009). Eye movements in reading strategies: How reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control (Vol.1). Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam.