Determination of Secondary School Students' Misconceptions About the Concept of Seed with the Four-Tier Misconception Diagnostic Test
Year 2024,
Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 253 - 270, 30.06.2024
Sevgi Onay
,
Musa Dikmenli
,
Tuğçe Duran
Abstract
Studies show that students have difficulty understanding topics such as fruit formation, germination and seed dispersal. The concept of seed is perceived as a general concept by students and its boundaries cannot be drawn exactly. In this context, the study aimed to determine the misconceptions of 12th grade secondary school students about seeds by developing a four-tier concept diagnostic test. For this purpose, a four-tier multiple-choice seed concept diagnostic test was developed for 12th grade secondary school students. The four-tier seed concept diagnostic test consisted of 11 questions and had a 3-factor structure. As a result of the analysis, this test was found to be valid and reliable. 30 different misconceptions were revealed with the four-tier seed concept diagnostic test. The results of the study showed that approximately one fourth of the 12th grade secondary school students had misconceptions about the concept of seed, and the rate of three of the misconceptions was above 10%. This study, which was conducted on 12th grade secondary school students, should also be conducted on different sample groups, and various studies should be conducted to eliminate the misconceptions determined in this study.
Ethical Statement
For this article obtained ethics clearance from Necmettin Erbakan University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research Ethics Committee Presidency. (Decision no:2022/462)
Thanks
We would like to thank our professors, experts in biology education, whose valuable opinions we received at various stages in the development of the Four-tier Seed Concept Diagnostic Test, for their contribution to the reliability of the study.
References
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- Allebone, B. (1995). Children’s ideas about plants. Primary Science Review, 39, 20-23.
- Amelia, M. (2023). Analysis of students misconceptions about reproduction in plants using a four-tier diagnostic test. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia.
- Arslan, H. Ö., Geban, Ö., & Sağlam, N. (2015). Learning cycle model to foster conceptual understanding in cell division and reproduction concepts. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 14(5), 670-684. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/15.14.670
- Atchia, S. M. C., Chummun, D., & Luckho, S. (2022). Use of design thinking as a strategy to identify and clear students’ misconceptions in photosynthesis: A case study. Journal of Biological Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2022.2100452
- Bell, B. (1981). What is a plant? - Some children’s ideas. New Zealand Science Teacher, 31(3), 10-14.
- Bell, B. (1985). Students' ideas about plant nutrition: What are they? Journal of Biological Education, 19(3), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1985.9654731
- Bozdağ, H. C., & Ok, G. (2018). Dört aşamalı kavramsal ölçme aracı ile sekizinci sınıf öğrencilerinin hücre bölünmeleri konusundaki bilgi farkındalıkları ile kavram yanılgılarının belirlenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education Faculty, 8(2), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.389668
- Brown, M. H., & Schwartz, R. S. (2009). Connecting photosynthesis and cellular respiration: Preservice teachers' conceptions. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 46(7), 791-812. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20287
- Bursal, M. (2017). SPSS ile temel veri analizleri. Anı Yayınları.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Yayınları.
- Eryilmaz, A. (2010). Development and application of three-tier heat and temperature test: Sample of bachelor and graduate students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 40, 53-76.
- Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Pulications.
- Haslam, F., & Treagust, D. F. (1987). Diagnosing secondary students' misconceptions of photosynthesis and respiration in plants using a two-tier multiplechoice instrument. Journal of Biological Education, 21(3), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1987.9654897
- Haydari, V., & Costu, B. (2021). The effect of common knowledge construction model-based instruction on 5th grade students' conceptual understanding of biodiversity. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 7(3), 182-199. https://doi.org/10.21891/jeseh.840798
- Hershey, D. R. (2004). Avoid misconceptions when teaching about plants. Action Biocience. Retrieved December 27, 2023, from http://www.actionbioscience.org/education/hershey.html.
- Hershey, D. R. (2005). More misconceptions to avoid when teaching about plants. American Institute of Biological Sciences. Retrieved December 27, 2023, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501356.pdf
- Hestenes, D., & Halloun, I. (1995). Interpreting the force concept inventory: A response. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504.
- Hewson, P. W. (1996). Teaching for conceptual change. In D. E Treagust, R. Duit, & B. J. Fraser (Eds.), Improving teaching and learning in science and mathematics (pp. 131-140). Teachers College Press.
- Jewell, N. (2002). Examining children’s models of seed. Journal of Biological Education, 36(3), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2002.9655816
- Kaltakci Gurel, D., Eryılmaz, A., & McDermott, L. C. (2015). A review and comparison of diagnostic instruments to identify students' misconceptions in science. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 11(5), 989-1008. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2015.1369a
- Kaltakci, D. (2012). Development and application of a four-tier test to assess pre-service physics teachers’ misconceptions about geometrical optics. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Türkiye.
- Kaltakci-Gurel, D., Eryilmaz, A., & McDermott, L. C. (2017). Development and application of a four-tier test to assess pre-service physics teachers’ misconceptions about geometrical optics. Research in Science & Technological Education, 35(2), 238-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1310094
- Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Nobel Akademik.
- Kiray, S. A., & Simsek, S. (2021). Determination and evaluation of the science teacher candidates’ misconceptions about density by using four-tier diagnostic test. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 19, 935-955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-020-10087-5
- Kıray, S. A., Aktan, F., Kaynar, H., Kılınc, S., & Gorkemli, T. (2015). A descriptive study of pre-service science teachers' misconceptions about sinking-floating. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 16(2), 1-28.
- Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
- Landau, S., & Everitt, B. S. (2003). A handbook of statistical analyses using SPSS. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
- Lim, H. L., & Poo, Y. P. (2021). A diagnosis of students’ misconceptions of photosynthesis and plant respiration. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 36(1), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.21315/apjee2021.36.1.9
- Lin, S. W. (2004). Development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test for high school students’ understanding of flowering plant growth and development. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2, 175-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-004-6484-y
- Marmaroti, P., & Galanopoulou, D. (2006). Pupils' understanding of photosynthesis: A questionnaire for the simultaneous assessment of all aspects. International Journal of Science Education, 28(4), 383-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690500277805
- Mauseth, J. D. (2009). Botany: An introduction to plant biology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
- Ministry of National Education [MoNE] (2018). Ortaöğretim biyoloji dersi öğretim programı. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=361
- Odom, A. L. & Barrow, L. H. (1995). Development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test measuring college biology students’ understanding of diffusion and osmosis after a course of instruction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660320106
- Özdamar, K. (2017). Eğitim, sağlık ve davranış bilimlerinde ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi-IBM SPSS, IBM SPSS AMOS ve MINITAB uygulamalı. Nisan.
- Parker, J. M., Anderson, C. W., Heidemann, M., Merrill, J., Merritt, B., Richmond, G., & Urban-Lurain, M. (2012). Exploring undergraduates' understanding of photosynthesis using diagnostic question clusters. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 11(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.11-07-0054
- Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2010). Campbell biology. Pearson Education.
- Roy, A., & Mohapatra, A. K. (2022). A gender-based investigation of Indian senior secondary students’ misconceptions about plant reproduction through concept inventory. Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 18(4), e2287. https://doi.org/10.21601/ijese/12089
- Sagdic, A., & Sahin, E. (2023). The role of microteaching on pre-service primary school science teachers’ conceptual understandings regarding phases of the moon. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 9(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.55549/jeseh.1239054
- Sesli, E., & Kara, Y. (2012). Development and application of a two-tier multiple-choice diagnostic test for high school students’ understanding of cell division and reproduction. Journal of Biological Education, 46(4), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2012.688849
- Södervik, I., Virtanen, V., & Mikkilä-Erdmann, M. (2015). Challenges in understanding photosynthesis in a university introductory biosciences class. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(4), 733-750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9571-8
- Svandova, K. (2014). Secondary school students’ misconceptions about photosynthesis and plant respiration: Preliminary results. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 10(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2014.1018a
- Taban, T., & Kiray, S. A. (2022). Determination of science teacher candidates’ misconceptions on liquid pressure with four-tier diagnostic test. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 20(8), 1791-1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-021-10224-8
- Tamir, P., Gal-Choppin, R., & Nussinovitz, R. (1981). How do intermediate and junior high school students conceptualize living and nonliving. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 18(3), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660180307
- Taşlıdere, E. (2016). Lise öğrencilerinin mekanik dalgalar konusu kavram yanılgıları: öğrenciler bildikleri ve bilmediklerinin farkındalar mı?. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Faculty of Education, 35(1), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.7822/omuefd.35.1.7
- Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011) Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
- Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Americal Psychological Association.
- Treagust, D. F. (1985, April). Diagnostic test to evaluate students’ misconceptions in science. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, French Lick Springs, Indiana.
- Treagust, D. F. (2006). Diagnostic assessment in science as a means to improving teaching, learning and retention. UniServe Science - Symposium Proceedings: Assessment in science teaching and learning, Uniserve Science, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-9.
- Tunnicliffe, S., & Reiss, M. (2000). Building a model of the environment: How do children see plants? Journal of Biological Education, 34(4), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2000.9655714
- Urey, M. (2018). Defining the relationship between the perceptions and the misconceptions about photosynthesis topic of the preservice science teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(4), 813-826. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.4.813
- Uzunhasanoğlu, Ö., Çakır, M., & Avcı, S. (2020). Biyoloji öğretmen adaylarının genel biyoloji kavram anlayışlarını ölçmek için iki aşamalı tanı testi geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması. Turkish Studies - Educational Sciences, 15(4), 2407-2423. https://dx.doi.org/10.47423/TurkishStudies.44131
- Vitharana, P. R. K. A. (2015). Student misconceptions about plant transport-A Sri Lankan example. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 3(3), 275-288.
- Wang, J. R. (2004). Development and validation of a two-tier instrument to examine understanding of internal transport in plants and the human circulatory system. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2, 131-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-004-9323-2
- Wang, J. R. (2007). Students' thinking and alternative conceptions of transport systems in plants: A follow-up study. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 5, 307-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-006-9038-7
- Warwick, P., & Sparks-Linfield, R. (1996). Speeding up plant growth and children’s ideas. Primary Science Review, 43, 26-29.
- Yangin, S., Sidekli, S., & Gokbulut, Y. (2014). Prospective teachers' misconceptions about classification of plants and changes in their misconceptions during pre-service education. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 13(3), 105-117. ISSN 1648-3898
- Yong, A. G., & Pierce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
- Yürük, N., Selvi, M., & Yakışan, M. (2011). The effect of metaconceptual teaching activities on pre-service biology teachers' conceptual understanding about seed plants. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(1), 459-464.
Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Tohum Kavramına İlişkin Kavram Yanılgılarının Dört Aşamalı Kavram Yanılgısı Teşhis Testi ile Belirlenmesi
Year 2024,
Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 253 - 270, 30.06.2024
Sevgi Onay
,
Musa Dikmenli
,
Tuğçe Duran
References
- Akyurt, C., & Akaydin, G. (2009). Biyoloji öğretmen adaylarında bitkilerde madde taşınması konusundaki kavram yanılgıları. Kastamonu Education Journal, 17(1), 103-110.
- Allebone, B. (1995). Children’s ideas about plants. Primary Science Review, 39, 20-23.
- Amelia, M. (2023). Analysis of students misconceptions about reproduction in plants using a four-tier diagnostic test. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia.
- Arslan, H. Ö., Geban, Ö., & Sağlam, N. (2015). Learning cycle model to foster conceptual understanding in cell division and reproduction concepts. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 14(5), 670-684. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/15.14.670
- Atchia, S. M. C., Chummun, D., & Luckho, S. (2022). Use of design thinking as a strategy to identify and clear students’ misconceptions in photosynthesis: A case study. Journal of Biological Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2022.2100452
- Bell, B. (1981). What is a plant? - Some children’s ideas. New Zealand Science Teacher, 31(3), 10-14.
- Bell, B. (1985). Students' ideas about plant nutrition: What are they? Journal of Biological Education, 19(3), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1985.9654731
- Bozdağ, H. C., & Ok, G. (2018). Dört aşamalı kavramsal ölçme aracı ile sekizinci sınıf öğrencilerinin hücre bölünmeleri konusundaki bilgi farkındalıkları ile kavram yanılgılarının belirlenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education Faculty, 8(2), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.389668
- Brown, M. H., & Schwartz, R. S. (2009). Connecting photosynthesis and cellular respiration: Preservice teachers' conceptions. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 46(7), 791-812. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20287
- Bursal, M. (2017). SPSS ile temel veri analizleri. Anı Yayınları.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Yayınları.
- Eryilmaz, A. (2010). Development and application of three-tier heat and temperature test: Sample of bachelor and graduate students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 40, 53-76.
- Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Pulications.
- Haslam, F., & Treagust, D. F. (1987). Diagnosing secondary students' misconceptions of photosynthesis and respiration in plants using a two-tier multiplechoice instrument. Journal of Biological Education, 21(3), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1987.9654897
- Haydari, V., & Costu, B. (2021). The effect of common knowledge construction model-based instruction on 5th grade students' conceptual understanding of biodiversity. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 7(3), 182-199. https://doi.org/10.21891/jeseh.840798
- Hershey, D. R. (2004). Avoid misconceptions when teaching about plants. Action Biocience. Retrieved December 27, 2023, from http://www.actionbioscience.org/education/hershey.html.
- Hershey, D. R. (2005). More misconceptions to avoid when teaching about plants. American Institute of Biological Sciences. Retrieved December 27, 2023, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501356.pdf
- Hestenes, D., & Halloun, I. (1995). Interpreting the force concept inventory: A response. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504.
- Hewson, P. W. (1996). Teaching for conceptual change. In D. E Treagust, R. Duit, & B. J. Fraser (Eds.), Improving teaching and learning in science and mathematics (pp. 131-140). Teachers College Press.
- Jewell, N. (2002). Examining children’s models of seed. Journal of Biological Education, 36(3), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2002.9655816
- Kaltakci Gurel, D., Eryılmaz, A., & McDermott, L. C. (2015). A review and comparison of diagnostic instruments to identify students' misconceptions in science. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 11(5), 989-1008. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2015.1369a
- Kaltakci, D. (2012). Development and application of a four-tier test to assess pre-service physics teachers’ misconceptions about geometrical optics. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Türkiye.
- Kaltakci-Gurel, D., Eryilmaz, A., & McDermott, L. C. (2017). Development and application of a four-tier test to assess pre-service physics teachers’ misconceptions about geometrical optics. Research in Science & Technological Education, 35(2), 238-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1310094
- Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Nobel Akademik.
- Kiray, S. A., & Simsek, S. (2021). Determination and evaluation of the science teacher candidates’ misconceptions about density by using four-tier diagnostic test. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 19, 935-955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-020-10087-5
- Kıray, S. A., Aktan, F., Kaynar, H., Kılınc, S., & Gorkemli, T. (2015). A descriptive study of pre-service science teachers' misconceptions about sinking-floating. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 16(2), 1-28.
- Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
- Landau, S., & Everitt, B. S. (2003). A handbook of statistical analyses using SPSS. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
- Lim, H. L., & Poo, Y. P. (2021). A diagnosis of students’ misconceptions of photosynthesis and plant respiration. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 36(1), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.21315/apjee2021.36.1.9
- Lin, S. W. (2004). Development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test for high school students’ understanding of flowering plant growth and development. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2, 175-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-004-6484-y
- Marmaroti, P., & Galanopoulou, D. (2006). Pupils' understanding of photosynthesis: A questionnaire for the simultaneous assessment of all aspects. International Journal of Science Education, 28(4), 383-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690500277805
- Mauseth, J. D. (2009). Botany: An introduction to plant biology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
- Ministry of National Education [MoNE] (2018). Ortaöğretim biyoloji dersi öğretim programı. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=361
- Odom, A. L. & Barrow, L. H. (1995). Development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test measuring college biology students’ understanding of diffusion and osmosis after a course of instruction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660320106
- Özdamar, K. (2017). Eğitim, sağlık ve davranış bilimlerinde ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi-IBM SPSS, IBM SPSS AMOS ve MINITAB uygulamalı. Nisan.
- Parker, J. M., Anderson, C. W., Heidemann, M., Merrill, J., Merritt, B., Richmond, G., & Urban-Lurain, M. (2012). Exploring undergraduates' understanding of photosynthesis using diagnostic question clusters. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 11(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.11-07-0054
- Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2010). Campbell biology. Pearson Education.
- Roy, A., & Mohapatra, A. K. (2022). A gender-based investigation of Indian senior secondary students’ misconceptions about plant reproduction through concept inventory. Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 18(4), e2287. https://doi.org/10.21601/ijese/12089
- Sagdic, A., & Sahin, E. (2023). The role of microteaching on pre-service primary school science teachers’ conceptual understandings regarding phases of the moon. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 9(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.55549/jeseh.1239054
- Sesli, E., & Kara, Y. (2012). Development and application of a two-tier multiple-choice diagnostic test for high school students’ understanding of cell division and reproduction. Journal of Biological Education, 46(4), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2012.688849
- Södervik, I., Virtanen, V., & Mikkilä-Erdmann, M. (2015). Challenges in understanding photosynthesis in a university introductory biosciences class. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(4), 733-750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9571-8
- Svandova, K. (2014). Secondary school students’ misconceptions about photosynthesis and plant respiration: Preliminary results. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 10(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2014.1018a
- Taban, T., & Kiray, S. A. (2022). Determination of science teacher candidates’ misconceptions on liquid pressure with four-tier diagnostic test. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 20(8), 1791-1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-021-10224-8
- Tamir, P., Gal-Choppin, R., & Nussinovitz, R. (1981). How do intermediate and junior high school students conceptualize living and nonliving. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 18(3), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660180307
- Taşlıdere, E. (2016). Lise öğrencilerinin mekanik dalgalar konusu kavram yanılgıları: öğrenciler bildikleri ve bilmediklerinin farkındalar mı?. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Faculty of Education, 35(1), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.7822/omuefd.35.1.7
- Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011) Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
- Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Americal Psychological Association.
- Treagust, D. F. (1985, April). Diagnostic test to evaluate students’ misconceptions in science. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, French Lick Springs, Indiana.
- Treagust, D. F. (2006). Diagnostic assessment in science as a means to improving teaching, learning and retention. UniServe Science - Symposium Proceedings: Assessment in science teaching and learning, Uniserve Science, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-9.
- Tunnicliffe, S., & Reiss, M. (2000). Building a model of the environment: How do children see plants? Journal of Biological Education, 34(4), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2000.9655714
- Urey, M. (2018). Defining the relationship between the perceptions and the misconceptions about photosynthesis topic of the preservice science teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(4), 813-826. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.4.813
- Uzunhasanoğlu, Ö., Çakır, M., & Avcı, S. (2020). Biyoloji öğretmen adaylarının genel biyoloji kavram anlayışlarını ölçmek için iki aşamalı tanı testi geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması. Turkish Studies - Educational Sciences, 15(4), 2407-2423. https://dx.doi.org/10.47423/TurkishStudies.44131
- Vitharana, P. R. K. A. (2015). Student misconceptions about plant transport-A Sri Lankan example. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 3(3), 275-288.
- Wang, J. R. (2004). Development and validation of a two-tier instrument to examine understanding of internal transport in plants and the human circulatory system. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2, 131-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-004-9323-2
- Wang, J. R. (2007). Students' thinking and alternative conceptions of transport systems in plants: A follow-up study. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 5, 307-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-006-9038-7
- Warwick, P., & Sparks-Linfield, R. (1996). Speeding up plant growth and children’s ideas. Primary Science Review, 43, 26-29.
- Yangin, S., Sidekli, S., & Gokbulut, Y. (2014). Prospective teachers' misconceptions about classification of plants and changes in their misconceptions during pre-service education. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 13(3), 105-117. ISSN 1648-3898
- Yong, A. G., & Pierce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
- Yürük, N., Selvi, M., & Yakışan, M. (2011). The effect of metaconceptual teaching activities on pre-service biology teachers' conceptual understanding about seed plants. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(1), 459-464.