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İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Çevreleri ile Eleştirel Düşünme Becerileri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 23, 6 - 21, 15.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.52105/temelegitim.1379857

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı ilkokul öğrencilerinin eleştirel düşünme düzeylerinin tespit edilmesi ve mevcut düzeylerinin nedenlerinin keşfedilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada karma yöntem desenlerinden açımlayıcı desen tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmada aykırı amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak en yüksek ve en düşük performans sergileyen ilçeler belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra en yüksek ve en düşük performans sergileyen ilçelerin her sınıf seviyesinde bir erkek ve bir kız öğrenci seçilerek toplamda 16 öğrenciyle görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Bu görüşmelerde veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen “Yarı Yapılandırılmış Eleştirel Düşünme Görüşme Formu” kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin gerçek yaşam durumlarına yönelik ifadeleri öğrenci, öğrenci-arkadaş, öğrenci-aile, öğrenci-öğretmen çerçevesinde içerik analizi tekniğiyle incelenmiştir. Gerçek yaşam durumlarında; birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin deneyimlere güvenme (6) kodunu, ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin manipülasyon (6) kodunu, üçüncü manipülasyon (4) kodunu ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin manipülasyon (6) kodunu diğer kodlara göre daha sık kullandıkları görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte gerçek yaşam durumlarında öğrencilerin arkadaşlarının; manipülasyon (15), problemi görmezden gelme (11), farklı bakış açılarına kapalı olma (9), otoriteye itaat (7) kodlarını, öğrencilerin ailelerinin; manipülasyon (8), otoriter davranma (7), problemi görmezden gelme (5), adil olmayan düşünme (5) ve ortak noktada buluşma (5) kodlarını ve öğrencilerin öğretmenlerinin; deneyimlere güvenme (9), otoriter davranma (8), adil olmayan düşünme (4) kodlarını diğer kodlara göre daha sık kullandıkları bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak öğrencilerin eleştirel düşünme davranışları ve çevreleriyle olan ilişkileri eleştirel düşünme durumlarıyla ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda ilkokul öğrencilerinin eleştirel düşünme durumlarına yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Bailin, S., Case, R., Coombs, J. R., & Daniels, L. B. (1999). Conceptualizing critical thinking. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 31(3), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/002202799183133
  • Basmaz, I., & Kutlu, Ö. (2021). Eleştirel düşünme eğilimlerinin okuduğunu anlama, öğrenci, aile ve ev ortamı değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Dijital Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.29329/dmer.2021.409.2
  • Braginsky, D. D. (1970). Parent-child correlates of Machiavellianism and manipulative behavior. Psychological Reports, 27(3), 927–932.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard university press.
  • Bulut, S., Ertem, G., & Sevil, Ü. (2009). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin eleştirel düşünme düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 27–38.
  • Choy, S. C., & Cheah, P. K. (2009). Teacher perceptions of critical thinking among students and its influence on higher education. International Journal of teaching and learning in Higher Education, 20(2), 198–206.
  • Ciuladiene, G., & Kairiene, B. (2017). The resolution of conflict between teacher and student: Students’ narratives. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 19(2), 107–120.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Demir, R., & Aybek, B. (2014). Lise Öğrencilerinin Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimlerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32, 122–140. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/musbed/issue/23509/250486
  • Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T., & Sadovsky, A. (2006). Empathy-related responding in children. Içinde Handbook of moral development (ss. 535–568). Psychology Press.
  • Ennis, Robert H. (1971). Conditional logic and primary school children: A developmental study. Interchange, 2(2), 126–132.
  • Ennis, Robert Hugh. (1985). A Logical Basis for Measuring Critical Thinking Skills. Educational Leadership, 43.
  • Ennis, Robert Hugh. (2015). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. Içinde The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education (ss. 31–47). Springer.
  • Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research findings and recommendations. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED315423.pdf
  • Fajari, L. E. W., Sarwanto, & Chumdari. (2021). Critical thinking skills and their impacts on elementary school students. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 18(2), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.32890/MJLI2021.18.2.6
  • Feshbach, N. D. (1975). Empathy in children: Some theoretical and empirical considerations. The counseling psychologist, 5(2), 25–30.
  • Furrer, C., & Skinner, E. (2003). Sense of relatedness as a factor in children’s academic engagement and performance. Journal of educational psychology, 95(1), 148.
  • Gelman, S. A., & Markman, E. M. (1986). Categories and induction in young children. Cognition, 183–209.
  • Gingo, M. (2017). Children’s reasoning about deception and defiance as ways of resisting parents’ and teachers’ directives. Developmental psychology, 53(9), 1643.
  • Halpern, D. F. (1993). Assessing the effectiveness of critical-thinking instruction. The journal of general education, 42(4), 238–254.
  • Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains: Disposition, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring. American psychologist, 53(4), 449.
  • Hart, S. R., Garcia, K. M., Pyle, S., & Goldberg, P. (2022). Trashy tricks rating scale: initial evidence for a youth self-report scale of manipulative behaviors. SN Social Sciences, 2(5), 1–27.
  • Jensen, L. A., Arnett, J. J., Feldman, S., & Cauffman, E. (2004). The right to do wrong: Lying to parents among adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000013422.48100.5a
  • Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R., Dudley, B., & Acikgoz, K. (1994). Effects of conflict resolution training on elementary school students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(6), 803–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1994.9923015
  • Koenig, M. A., & Harris, P. L. (2005). Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers. Child development, 76(6), 1261–1277.
  • Laupa, M. (1991). Children’s reasoning about three authority attributes: Adult status, knowledge, and social position. Developmental psychology, 27(2), 321.
  • Lipman, M. (1988). Critical thinking—What can it be? Educational Leadership, 46(1), 38–43.
  • Liubov, R. (2013). Family influence on formation of children’s manipulative attitudes. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 1(1), 14–18.
  • Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2019). Framework for 21st Century Learning. http://static.battelleforkids.org/documents/p21/P21_Framework_Brief.pdf
  • Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2006). Thinker’s guide to the art of Socratic questioning. Foundation Critical Thinking.
  • Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2014). Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life (Second Edi). Pearson.
  • Polat, S. (2014). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretiminin çok yönlü incelenmesi. Necmettin Erbakan University (Turkey).
  • Reid, C., Davis, H., Horlin, C., Anderson, M., Baughman, N., & Campbell, C. (2013). The Kids’ Empathic Development Scale (KEDS): A multi‐dimensional measure of empathy in primary school‐aged children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 231–256.
  • Şengül, C., & Üstündağ, T. (2009). Fizik öğretmenlerinin eleştirel düşünme eğilimi düzeyleri ve düzenledikleri etkinliklerde eleştirel düşünmenin yeri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2009(36), 237–248.
  • Sethi, J., & Scales, P. C. (2020). Developmental relationships and school success: How teachers, parents, and friends affect educational outcomes and what actions students say matter most. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 63, 101904.
  • Şirin, A., Özgen, G., Akça-Erol, F., & Akça-Koca, D. (2018). İlkokul 4. sınıf öğrencilerinin aile ilişkilerinin empatik eğilimlerine etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 48(48), 59–72.
  • Taner Derman, M. (2013). Çocukların empati beceri düzeylerinin ailesel etmenlere göre belirlenmesi. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(1), 1365–1382.
  • Ten Dam, G., & Volman, M. (2004). Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: Teaching strategies. Learning and Instruction, 14(4), 359–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.01.005
  • Terenzini, P. T., Springer, L., Pascarella, E. T., & Nora, A. (1995). Influences affecting the development of students’ critical thinking skills. Research in higher education, 36(1), 23–39.
  • Türnüklü, A. (2007). Liselerde öğrenci çatışmaları, nedenleri, çözüm stratejileri ve taktikleri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 49(49), 129–166.
  • Türnüklü, A., Şahin, İ., & Öztürk, N. (2002). İlköğretim okullarında, öğrenci, öğretmen, okul yöneticisi ve velilerin çatışma çözüm stratejileri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(32), 574–594.
  • Wan, Z. H. (2022). What predicts students’ critical thinking disposition? A comparison of the roles of classroom and family environments. Learning Environments Research, 25(2), 565–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-021-09381-y
  • World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018 . http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf
  • Yariv, E. (2009). Students’ attitudes on the boundaries of teachers’ authority. School Psychology International, 30(1), 92–111.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.

Exploring The Relationships Between Primary School Students' Critical Thinking Habits and Interactions with Their Environment

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 23, 6 - 21, 15.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.52105/temelegitim.1379857

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between primary school students' critical thinking habits and their interactions with their environment. Case study, one of the qualitative method designs, was preferred in the research. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 16 students, one male and one female student at each grade level, using the typical case sampling method. The researcher developed a "Semi-Structured Critical Thinking Interview Form" to collect data during the interviews. Students' expressions about real-life situations were analyzed using the content analysis technique within the framework of student, student-friend, student-family, and student-teacher.The study revealed that in real-life situations, first-year students used the code of Relying on experiences (6), second-year students used the code of manipulation (6), third-year students used the code of manipulation (4), and fourth-year students used the code of manipulation (6) more frequently than other codes. Conversely, students' friends frequently used the codes of manipulation (15), ignoring the problem (11), being closed to different perspectives (9), and obedience to authority (7). Students' families used the codes of manipulation (8), authoritarian behavior (7), ignoring the problem (5), unfair thinking (5), and finding common ground (5), while students' teachers used the codes of Relying on experiences (9), acting authoritatively (8), and unfair thinking (4) more often than other codes. The results suggest that students' critical thinking behaviors and their relationships with their environment are linked to their critical thinking status. Based on these findings, suggestions for improving primary school students' critical thinking abilities were presented.

References

  • Bailin, S., Case, R., Coombs, J. R., & Daniels, L. B. (1999). Conceptualizing critical thinking. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 31(3), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/002202799183133
  • Basmaz, I., & Kutlu, Ö. (2021). Eleştirel düşünme eğilimlerinin okuduğunu anlama, öğrenci, aile ve ev ortamı değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Dijital Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.29329/dmer.2021.409.2
  • Braginsky, D. D. (1970). Parent-child correlates of Machiavellianism and manipulative behavior. Psychological Reports, 27(3), 927–932.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard university press.
  • Bulut, S., Ertem, G., & Sevil, Ü. (2009). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin eleştirel düşünme düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 27–38.
  • Choy, S. C., & Cheah, P. K. (2009). Teacher perceptions of critical thinking among students and its influence on higher education. International Journal of teaching and learning in Higher Education, 20(2), 198–206.
  • Ciuladiene, G., & Kairiene, B. (2017). The resolution of conflict between teacher and student: Students’ narratives. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 19(2), 107–120.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Demir, R., & Aybek, B. (2014). Lise Öğrencilerinin Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimlerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32, 122–140. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/musbed/issue/23509/250486
  • Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T., & Sadovsky, A. (2006). Empathy-related responding in children. Içinde Handbook of moral development (ss. 535–568). Psychology Press.
  • Ennis, Robert H. (1971). Conditional logic and primary school children: A developmental study. Interchange, 2(2), 126–132.
  • Ennis, Robert Hugh. (1985). A Logical Basis for Measuring Critical Thinking Skills. Educational Leadership, 43.
  • Ennis, Robert Hugh. (2015). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. Içinde The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education (ss. 31–47). Springer.
  • Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research findings and recommendations. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED315423.pdf
  • Fajari, L. E. W., Sarwanto, & Chumdari. (2021). Critical thinking skills and their impacts on elementary school students. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 18(2), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.32890/MJLI2021.18.2.6
  • Feshbach, N. D. (1975). Empathy in children: Some theoretical and empirical considerations. The counseling psychologist, 5(2), 25–30.
  • Furrer, C., & Skinner, E. (2003). Sense of relatedness as a factor in children’s academic engagement and performance. Journal of educational psychology, 95(1), 148.
  • Gelman, S. A., & Markman, E. M. (1986). Categories and induction in young children. Cognition, 183–209.
  • Gingo, M. (2017). Children’s reasoning about deception and defiance as ways of resisting parents’ and teachers’ directives. Developmental psychology, 53(9), 1643.
  • Halpern, D. F. (1993). Assessing the effectiveness of critical-thinking instruction. The journal of general education, 42(4), 238–254.
  • Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains: Disposition, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring. American psychologist, 53(4), 449.
  • Hart, S. R., Garcia, K. M., Pyle, S., & Goldberg, P. (2022). Trashy tricks rating scale: initial evidence for a youth self-report scale of manipulative behaviors. SN Social Sciences, 2(5), 1–27.
  • Jensen, L. A., Arnett, J. J., Feldman, S., & Cauffman, E. (2004). The right to do wrong: Lying to parents among adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000013422.48100.5a
  • Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R., Dudley, B., & Acikgoz, K. (1994). Effects of conflict resolution training on elementary school students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(6), 803–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1994.9923015
  • Koenig, M. A., & Harris, P. L. (2005). Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers. Child development, 76(6), 1261–1277.
  • Laupa, M. (1991). Children’s reasoning about three authority attributes: Adult status, knowledge, and social position. Developmental psychology, 27(2), 321.
  • Lipman, M. (1988). Critical thinking—What can it be? Educational Leadership, 46(1), 38–43.
  • Liubov, R. (2013). Family influence on formation of children’s manipulative attitudes. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 1(1), 14–18.
  • Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2019). Framework for 21st Century Learning. http://static.battelleforkids.org/documents/p21/P21_Framework_Brief.pdf
  • Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2006). Thinker’s guide to the art of Socratic questioning. Foundation Critical Thinking.
  • Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2014). Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life (Second Edi). Pearson.
  • Polat, S. (2014). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretiminin çok yönlü incelenmesi. Necmettin Erbakan University (Turkey).
  • Reid, C., Davis, H., Horlin, C., Anderson, M., Baughman, N., & Campbell, C. (2013). The Kids’ Empathic Development Scale (KEDS): A multi‐dimensional measure of empathy in primary school‐aged children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 231–256.
  • Şengül, C., & Üstündağ, T. (2009). Fizik öğretmenlerinin eleştirel düşünme eğilimi düzeyleri ve düzenledikleri etkinliklerde eleştirel düşünmenin yeri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2009(36), 237–248.
  • Sethi, J., & Scales, P. C. (2020). Developmental relationships and school success: How teachers, parents, and friends affect educational outcomes and what actions students say matter most. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 63, 101904.
  • Şirin, A., Özgen, G., Akça-Erol, F., & Akça-Koca, D. (2018). İlkokul 4. sınıf öğrencilerinin aile ilişkilerinin empatik eğilimlerine etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 48(48), 59–72.
  • Taner Derman, M. (2013). Çocukların empati beceri düzeylerinin ailesel etmenlere göre belirlenmesi. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(1), 1365–1382.
  • Ten Dam, G., & Volman, M. (2004). Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: Teaching strategies. Learning and Instruction, 14(4), 359–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.01.005
  • Terenzini, P. T., Springer, L., Pascarella, E. T., & Nora, A. (1995). Influences affecting the development of students’ critical thinking skills. Research in higher education, 36(1), 23–39.
  • Türnüklü, A. (2007). Liselerde öğrenci çatışmaları, nedenleri, çözüm stratejileri ve taktikleri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 49(49), 129–166.
  • Türnüklü, A., Şahin, İ., & Öztürk, N. (2002). İlköğretim okullarında, öğrenci, öğretmen, okul yöneticisi ve velilerin çatışma çözüm stratejileri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(32), 574–594.
  • Wan, Z. H. (2022). What predicts students’ critical thinking disposition? A comparison of the roles of classroom and family environments. Learning Environments Research, 25(2), 565–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-021-09381-y
  • World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018 . http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf
  • Yariv, E. (2009). Students’ attitudes on the boundaries of teachers’ authority. School Psychology International, 30(1), 92–111.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Classroom Education, Primary Education
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Ömer Faruk Özbey 0000-0002-4788-083X

Rabia Sarıkaya 0000-0001-9247-8973

Early Pub Date December 7, 2023
Publication Date July 15, 2024
Submission Date October 23, 2023
Acceptance Date December 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 23

Cite

APA Özbey, Ö. F., & Sarıkaya, R. (2024). İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Çevreleri ile Eleştirel Düşünme Becerileri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Temel Eğitim, 6(23), 6-21. https://doi.org/10.52105/temelegitim.1379857

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