SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ

Gözde Şakar

doi:10.22520/tubaar.1364653

Research Article

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BAUBO AND GROTESQUE FEMALE FIGURINES FROM SMYRNA

Year 2023, Issue: 33, 91 - 110, 31.12.2023

Gözde Şakar

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1364653

Abstract

Ancient Smyrna, re-founded on the slopes of Mount Pagos (Izmir/Kadifekale) at the end of the 4th century BC, became one of the most important coroplastic centers of Asia Minor from the Hellenistic Period until the end of the 2nd century AD. The female grotesque figurines, remarkable for their iconography and stylistic features and the “Baubo” figurines, which have a similar iconography and associated with the concepts of fertility and childbirth, constitute two interesting groups among the Smyrna coroplastic productions. In this paper, the attribution and contextual problems of Baubo and grotesque female figurines from Smyrna are analysed, their iconographic and stylistic features are examined and suggestions are made for their possible meanings and uses.

Keywords

Smyrna, figurine, grotesque, Baubo, Hellenistic, Roman

References

Adriani, A. (1952). Annuaire du Musée Gréco-Romain III 1940-1950. Alexandrie. Imprimerie de la Société de publications égyptiennes.
Bailey, D. M. (2008). Catalogue of Terracottas in the British Museum IV Ptolemaic and Roman Terracottas from Egypt. The British Museum Press.
Barrett, C. E. (2011). Egyptianizing Figurines from Delos, A study in Hellenistic Religion. Brill.
Besques, S. (1972). Musée National du Louvre Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre Cuite Grecques, Etrusques et Romaines. III Epoques hellénistique et romaine – Grèce et Asie Mineure. Paris. Editions des Musées Nationaux.
Bieber, M. (1961). The History of Greek and Roman Theater. Princeton University Press.
Burn, L. ve Higgins, R.A. (2001). Catalogue of Greek Terracottas in The British Museum, Vol. III. London. The Trustees of The British Museum.
Burr-Thompson, D. (1954). Three centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas I.B. (the hedgehog well) and C. (the Demeter-cistern). Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 23, 72-107, Lev. 18-24.
Cadoux, C. J. (1938). Ancient Smyrna: a history of the city from the earliest times to 324 AD. Oxford. B.Blackwell.
Courtois-Farfara, C. (2006). Essai d’Identification de la Coroplathie Smyrniote dans la Collection de Candolle du Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Université Lille 3-Charles de Gaule.
Ersoy, A. (2015). Büyük İskender Sonrasında Antik Smyrna (İzmir). Izmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kitaplığı.
Ersoy, A., Kaya, N., Selçuk, S. ve Esen, V. (2015). Antik Smyrna/İzmir 2011-2013. H. Dönmez (Ed.), 36. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı Cilt 2. (17-34) içinde. Ankara. T.C. Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
Ersoy, A., Alatepeli, S., ve Şakar, G. (2020). Preliminary Report on the Theatre of Smyrna / Izmir and the Excavations (2014-2019). Anatolia Antiqua, 28: 283-298.
Fischer, J. (1994). Griechisch-römische Terrakotten aus Ägypten: die Sammlungen Sieglin und Schreiber : Dresden, Leipzig, Stuttgart, Tübingen. Tübingen. Wasmuth.
Gençler-Güray, Ç. (2018). Erythrai’de Demeter Tapınımı. TAD, 37/64: 55-70.
Hasselin-Rous, I. (2009). Les ateliers de figurines en terre cuite de Smyrne. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (100-103) içinde. Paris. Somogy Editions d’Art.
Hasselin Rous, I., Çaldıran Işık, E., ve Kongaz, G. (2015). Musées archéologiques d’Istanbul. Catalogue des figurines en terre cuite grecques et romaines de Smyrne. Varia Anatolica, XXIX. Istanbul-Paris. Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes ve De Boccard.
Hasselin-Rous, I. ve Şakar, G. (2021). Les figurines d’Aphrodite orientale de Smyrne : anciennes et nouvelles découvertes. Anatolia Antiqua, 29, 77- 92.
Head, B.V.A (1892). Catalogue of Greek Coins in British Museum, Catalogue of the Greek Coins in Ionia. London. The Trustees of the British Museum.
Homeros İlahileri (Homerik Hymnos’lar) (2008). (A.Eti Sina, Çev.). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
Karaghiorga-Stathacopoulou, T. (1986). Baubo. LIMC III (87-90) içinde. Artemis.
Karoglou, K. (2016). The Collection of Greek Terracotta Figurines at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Les Carnets de l’ACoSt, 14, 1-9.
Laugier, L. (2009a). Les stèles funéraires et les nécropoles de Smyrne. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (64-67) içinde. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art.
Laugier, L. (2009b). Torse de vieille femme décharné. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (186-187) içinde. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art.
Laumonier, A. (1956). Exploration archéologique de Délos. 23, Les figurines de terre cuite. De Boccard.
Leyenaar-Plaisier, P.M. (1979). Les terres cuites grècques et romaines. Catalogue de la collection du Musée national des antiquités à Leiden. Leiden. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
Martinez, J.-L. (2009). Izmir au Louvre: Introduction aux antiquités smyrniotes conservées au Musée du Louvre. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (14-17) içinde. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art.
Mendel, G. (1908). Catalogue des Figurines Grecques de Terre Cuite, Musees Imperiaux Ottomans. Constantinople.
Mitchell, A. G. (2013). Disparate Bodies in Ancient Artefacts: The Function of Caricature and Pathological Grotesques among Roman Terracotta Figurines. C. Laes, C.F. Goodey ve M. Lynn Rose (Ed.), Disablities in Roman Antiquity. Disparate Bodies A Captive ad Calcem (275-297) içinde. Brill.
Nifosi, A. (2019). Becoming a Woman and Mother in Greco-Roman Egypt. Women’s Bodies, Society and Domestic Space. Routledge.
Olender, M. (1985). Aspects de Baubô. Textes et contextes antiques. Revue de l’histoire des religions, 202(1), 3-55.
Petzl, Georg. (1987). Die Inschriften von Smyrna, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 24, II(1). Bonn. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Picaud, S. (2004). Misthos, Grec de Smyrne et Gaudin, ingénieur français, leur vision de l’archéologie dans l’Empire ottoman. V. Krings ve I. Tassigon (Ed.), Archéologie dans l’Emprie ottoman autour de 1900: entre politique, économie et science (133-140) içinde. Brussels-Rome: Institut historique belge de Rome.
Regnault, M.F. (1909). Terres cuites pathologiques de Smyrne. Bulletin et Mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris, V. Serie, Tome 10: 633- 635.
Reinach, S. (1884). Les terres cuites de Smyrne et la Statuaire du IVeme Siècle. Mélanges Graux (143- 158) içinde. Ernest Thorin Publications.
Rumscheid, F. (2006). Die figürlichen Terrakotten von Priene: Fundkontexte, Ikonographie und Funktion in Wohnhäusern und Heiligtümern im Licht antiker Parallelbefunde. Wiesbaden. Reichert.
Schipporeit, S.T. (2013). Kulte und Heiligtümer der Demeter und Kore in Ionien Byzas 16. Ege Yayınları
Shalaby, N. (2019). Graeco-Roman Fertility Figurines from Gayer-Anderson Museum, Cairo. International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management 5(1), 52-75.
Smith, R.R.R. (2002). Hellenistik Heykel. (A. Yoltar- Yıldırım, Çev.). Homer Kitabevi.
Soykal-Alanyalı, F. (2005a). Überlegungen zu dem Kult von Demeter und Kore im sog. Felsspalttempel in Ephesos. B. Brandt, V. Gassner ve S. Landstätner, (Ed.), Synergia. Festschrift für F. Krinzinger (319- 326) içinde. Phoibos.
Soykal-Alanyalı, F. (2005b). Efes’te Bulunmuş Bir Terrakotta Adak Figürini Işığında Doğumun Kült Hayatındaki yeri ve Önemi. Seres III. Uluslararası Katılımlı Seramik, Cam, Emaye, Sır ve Boya Semineri, 17-19 Ekim 2005, Eskişehir (295-306) içinde. Eskişehir: Türk Seramik Derneği Yayınları.
Soykal-Alanyalı, F. (2016). Efes’te Kourotrophos Tanrıçaların İzinde. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Kasım Özel Sayı: 1-7.
Stevenson, W. E. (1975). The Patological Grotesque Representation in Greek and Roman Art. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. University of Pennsylvania.
Şakar, G. (2019). Geç Osmanlı Dönemi’nde Arkeoloji ve İzmir. H. Göncü, A. Ersoy ve D.S. Akar-Tanrıver (Ed.), Smyrna/İzmir Kazı ve Araştırmaları III (395- 407) içinde. Ege Yayınları.
Webster, T. B. L. (1949). The Masks of Greek Comedy, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 32(1), 97-133.
Webster, T. B. L., Green, J. R. ve Seeberg, A. (1995). Monuments Illustrating New Comedy. Third edition revised and enlarged, University of London. Institute of Classical Studies Bulletin Supplement 50. Oxford. Oxford University Press.

SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ

Year 2023, Issue: 33, 91 - 110, 31.12.2023

Gözde Şakar

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1364653

Abstract

İÖ 4. yüzyılın sonunda Pagos (İzmir/Kadifekale) eteklerinde yeniden kurulan antik Smyrna, Hellenistik Dönem’den MS 2. yüzyılın sonuna kadar Batı Anadolu’nun en önemli koroplastik merkezlerinden biri olmuştur. Smyrna koroplastik üretimleri içerisinde yer alan, ikonografileri ve stil özellikleri ile dikkat çeken grotesk kadın figürinleri ve benzer bir ikonografiye sahip, bereket ve doğurganlık kavramları ile ilişkilendirilen “Baubo” figürinleri Smyrna üretimleri içerisinde ilgi çekici iki grubu oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Smyrna kökenli Baubo ve grotesk kadın figürinlerinin aidiyet ve kontekst sorunu irdelenmiş, figürinler ikonografik ve stilistik özellikleri üzerinden incelenmiş ve muhtemel anlamları ve kullanım alanları ile ilgili öneriler oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

Smyrna, figürin, grotesk, Baubo, Hellenistik, Roma

References

Adriani, A. (1952). Annuaire du Musée Gréco-Romain III 1940-1950. Alexandrie. Imprimerie de la Société de publications égyptiennes.
Bailey, D. M. (2008). Catalogue of Terracottas in the British Museum IV Ptolemaic and Roman Terracottas from Egypt. The British Museum Press.
Barrett, C. E. (2011). Egyptianizing Figurines from Delos, A study in Hellenistic Religion. Brill.
Besques, S. (1972). Musée National du Louvre Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre Cuite Grecques, Etrusques et Romaines. III Epoques hellénistique et romaine – Grèce et Asie Mineure. Paris. Editions des Musées Nationaux.
Bieber, M. (1961). The History of Greek and Roman Theater. Princeton University Press.
Burn, L. ve Higgins, R.A. (2001). Catalogue of Greek Terracottas in The British Museum, Vol. III. London. The Trustees of The British Museum.
Burr-Thompson, D. (1954). Three centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas I.B. (the hedgehog well) and C. (the Demeter-cistern). Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 23, 72-107, Lev. 18-24.
Cadoux, C. J. (1938). Ancient Smyrna: a history of the city from the earliest times to 324 AD. Oxford. B.Blackwell.
Courtois-Farfara, C. (2006). Essai d’Identification de la Coroplathie Smyrniote dans la Collection de Candolle du Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Université Lille 3-Charles de Gaule.
Ersoy, A. (2015). Büyük İskender Sonrasında Antik Smyrna (İzmir). Izmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kitaplığı.
Ersoy, A., Kaya, N., Selçuk, S. ve Esen, V. (2015). Antik Smyrna/İzmir 2011-2013. H. Dönmez (Ed.), 36. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı Cilt 2. (17-34) içinde. Ankara. T.C. Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
Ersoy, A., Alatepeli, S., ve Şakar, G. (2020). Preliminary Report on the Theatre of Smyrna / Izmir and the Excavations (2014-2019). Anatolia Antiqua, 28: 283-298.
Fischer, J. (1994). Griechisch-römische Terrakotten aus Ägypten: die Sammlungen Sieglin und Schreiber : Dresden, Leipzig, Stuttgart, Tübingen. Tübingen. Wasmuth.
Gençler-Güray, Ç. (2018). Erythrai’de Demeter Tapınımı. TAD, 37/64: 55-70.
Hasselin-Rous, I. (2009). Les ateliers de figurines en terre cuite de Smyrne. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (100-103) içinde. Paris. Somogy Editions d’Art.
Hasselin Rous, I., Çaldıran Işık, E., ve Kongaz, G. (2015). Musées archéologiques d’Istanbul. Catalogue des figurines en terre cuite grecques et romaines de Smyrne. Varia Anatolica, XXIX. Istanbul-Paris. Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes ve De Boccard.
Hasselin-Rous, I. ve Şakar, G. (2021). Les figurines d’Aphrodite orientale de Smyrne : anciennes et nouvelles découvertes. Anatolia Antiqua, 29, 77- 92.
Head, B.V.A (1892). Catalogue of Greek Coins in British Museum, Catalogue of the Greek Coins in Ionia. London. The Trustees of the British Museum.
Homeros İlahileri (Homerik Hymnos’lar) (2008). (A.Eti Sina, Çev.). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
Karaghiorga-Stathacopoulou, T. (1986). Baubo. LIMC III (87-90) içinde. Artemis.
Karoglou, K. (2016). The Collection of Greek Terracotta Figurines at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Les Carnets de l’ACoSt, 14, 1-9.
Laugier, L. (2009a). Les stèles funéraires et les nécropoles de Smyrne. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (64-67) içinde. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art.
Laugier, L. (2009b). Torse de vieille femme décharné. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (186-187) içinde. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art.
Laumonier, A. (1956). Exploration archéologique de Délos. 23, Les figurines de terre cuite. De Boccard.
Leyenaar-Plaisier, P.M. (1979). Les terres cuites grècques et romaines. Catalogue de la collection du Musée national des antiquités à Leiden. Leiden. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
Martinez, J.-L. (2009). Izmir au Louvre: Introduction aux antiquités smyrniotes conservées au Musée du Louvre. I. Hasselin-Rous, L. Laugier ve J.-L. Martinez (Ed.), D’Izmir à Smyrne: découverte d’une cité antique, Catalogue d’exposition, au Musée du Louvre, 11 octobre 2009-5 avril 2010 (14-17) içinde. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art.
Mendel, G. (1908). Catalogue des Figurines Grecques de Terre Cuite, Musees Imperiaux Ottomans. Constantinople.
Mitchell, A. G. (2013). Disparate Bodies in Ancient Artefacts: The Function of Caricature and Pathological Grotesques among Roman Terracotta Figurines. C. Laes, C.F. Goodey ve M. Lynn Rose (Ed.), Disablities in Roman Antiquity. Disparate Bodies A Captive ad Calcem (275-297) içinde. Brill.
Nifosi, A. (2019). Becoming a Woman and Mother in Greco-Roman Egypt. Women’s Bodies, Society and Domestic Space. Routledge.
Olender, M. (1985). Aspects de Baubô. Textes et contextes antiques. Revue de l’histoire des religions, 202(1), 3-55.
Petzl, Georg. (1987). Die Inschriften von Smyrna, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 24, II(1). Bonn. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Picaud, S. (2004). Misthos, Grec de Smyrne et Gaudin, ingénieur français, leur vision de l’archéologie dans l’Empire ottoman. V. Krings ve I. Tassigon (Ed.), Archéologie dans l’Emprie ottoman autour de 1900: entre politique, économie et science (133-140) içinde. Brussels-Rome: Institut historique belge de Rome.
Regnault, M.F. (1909). Terres cuites pathologiques de Smyrne. Bulletin et Mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris, V. Serie, Tome 10: 633- 635.
Reinach, S. (1884). Les terres cuites de Smyrne et la Statuaire du IVeme Siècle. Mélanges Graux (143- 158) içinde. Ernest Thorin Publications.
Rumscheid, F. (2006). Die figürlichen Terrakotten von Priene: Fundkontexte, Ikonographie und Funktion in Wohnhäusern und Heiligtümern im Licht antiker Parallelbefunde. Wiesbaden. Reichert.
Schipporeit, S.T. (2013). Kulte und Heiligtümer der Demeter und Kore in Ionien Byzas 16. Ege Yayınları
Shalaby, N. (2019). Graeco-Roman Fertility Figurines from Gayer-Anderson Museum, Cairo. International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management 5(1), 52-75.
Smith, R.R.R. (2002). Hellenistik Heykel. (A. Yoltar- Yıldırım, Çev.). Homer Kitabevi.
Soykal-Alanyalı, F. (2005a). Überlegungen zu dem Kult von Demeter und Kore im sog. Felsspalttempel in Ephesos. B. Brandt, V. Gassner ve S. Landstätner, (Ed.), Synergia. Festschrift für F. Krinzinger (319- 326) içinde. Phoibos.
Soykal-Alanyalı, F. (2005b). Efes’te Bulunmuş Bir Terrakotta Adak Figürini Işığında Doğumun Kült Hayatındaki yeri ve Önemi. Seres III. Uluslararası Katılımlı Seramik, Cam, Emaye, Sır ve Boya Semineri, 17-19 Ekim 2005, Eskişehir (295-306) içinde. Eskişehir: Türk Seramik Derneği Yayınları.
Soykal-Alanyalı, F. (2016). Efes’te Kourotrophos Tanrıçaların İzinde. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Kasım Özel Sayı: 1-7.
Stevenson, W. E. (1975). The Patological Grotesque Representation in Greek and Roman Art. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. University of Pennsylvania.
Şakar, G. (2019). Geç Osmanlı Dönemi’nde Arkeoloji ve İzmir. H. Göncü, A. Ersoy ve D.S. Akar-Tanrıver (Ed.), Smyrna/İzmir Kazı ve Araştırmaları III (395- 407) içinde. Ege Yayınları.
Webster, T. B. L. (1949). The Masks of Greek Comedy, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 32(1), 97-133.
Webster, T. B. L., Green, J. R. ve Seeberg, A. (1995). Monuments Illustrating New Comedy. Third edition revised and enlarged, University of London. Institute of Classical Studies Bulletin Supplement 50. Oxford. Oxford University Press.

There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Hellenistic Period Archeology, Greek and Roman Period Archeology
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Gözde Şakar 0000-0001-8916-2185
Publication Date	December 31, 2023
Submission Date	September 22, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Issue: 33

Cite

APA	Şakar, G. (2023). SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi(33), 91-110. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1364653
AMA	Şakar G. SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ. TÜBA-AR. December 2023;(33):91-110. doi:10.22520/tubaar.1364653
Chicago	Şakar, Gözde. “SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 33 (December 2023): 91-110. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1364653.
EndNote	Şakar G (December 1, 2023) SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 33 91–110.
IEEE	G. Şakar, “SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ”, TÜBA-AR, no. 33, pp. 91–110, December 2023, doi: 10.22520/tubaar.1364653.
ISNAD	Şakar, Gözde. “SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 33 (December 2023), 91-110. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1364653.
JAMA	Şakar G. SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ. TÜBA-AR. 2023;:91–110.
MLA	Şakar, Gözde. “SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 33, 2023, pp. 91-110, doi:10.22520/tubaar.1364653.
Vancouver	Şakar G. SMYRNA’DAN BAUBO VE GROTESK KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİ. TÜBA-AR. 2023(33):91-110.

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