Socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 in a one health context

Year 2021, , 171 - 178, 31.08.2021

Işık Erşan Arzu Gökdai , Engin Sakarya

https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.880752

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The last decades saw a significant increase in the number of infectious disease outbreaks while current economic systems put pressure on the environment and wildlife is being destructed, leading to species to live closer to each another and humans. These zoonoses cause loss of life and threaten economic development and the integrity of the ecosystems. The recent COVID-19 is a significant example of this situation with a dramatic loss of human life, devastating economies and causing social disruption. The COVID-19 pandemic has also threatened food security, putting millions of people at risk of hunger, disrupted food, and feed supply routes, put pressure on livestock industries, led to a decrease in world meat production, caused trade restrictions, changed consumer habits, affected animal health and animal welfare. In this study, the main drivers of zoonoses, socio-economic impacts of these zoonoses with an emphasis on the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessary actions that need to be taken to prevent further epidemics/pandemics have been discussed in the context of “One Health” approach.

Keywords

one health, covid-19, socio-economic, preventive health, zoonotic diseases

References

• Aletta, F., Brinchi, S., Carrese, S., Gemma, A., Guattari, C., Mannini, L., Patella, S. M. (2020). Analysing urban traffic volumes and mapping noise emissions in Rome (Italy) in the context of containment measures for the COVID-19 disease. Noise Mapping, 7(1), 114-122.
• Almeida, I., Durisin, M., Freitas, T., Rembert, E., Niu, S., Hirtzer, M., de Sousa, A. (2020, July 7). Pandemic to Spark Biggest Retreat for Meat Eating in Decades. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-07/pandemic-set-to-spark-biggest-retreat-for-meat-eating-in-decades.
• Asensio, C., Pavón, I., De Arcas, G. (2020). Changes in noise levels in the city of Madrid during COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(3), 1748-1755.
• AVMA, (2020). COVID-19 impact on veterinary practices. https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/covid-19/covid-19-impact-veterinary-practices.
• Basu, B., Murphy, E., Molter, A., Basu, A. S., Sannigrahi, S., Belmonte, M., Pilla, F. (2021). Investigating changes in noise pollution due to the COVID-19 lockdown: The case of Dublin, Ireland. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65, 102597.
• Bates, S. (2020, December 9). AGU Panel Explores Environmental Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic, as Observed from Space. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/agu-panel-explores-environmental-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-as-observed-from-space.
• BBC, (2020 April 13). Coronavirus: Five ways the outbreak is hitting global food industry. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52267943.
• Berthe, F., Bouley, T., Osewe, P. (2017, February 6). One health economics for healthy people, agriculture and environment. World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/health/one-health-economics-healthy-people-agriculture-and-environment.
• CDC, (2019). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:// https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html.
• Chriscaden, K. (2020, October 13). Impact of COVID-19 on people's livelihoods, their health and our food systems. WHO. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people's-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems.
• Dobson, A. P., Pimm, S. L., Hannah, L., Kaufman, L., Ahumada, J. A., Ando, A. W., Bernstein, A., Busch, J., Daszak, P., Engelmann, J., Kinnaird, M.F., Li, B.V., Loch-Temzelides, T., Lovejoy, T., Nowak, K., Roehrdanz, P.R., Vale, M. M. (2020). Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention. Science, 369(6502), 379-381.
• EC, (2020, October 12). Lower air pollution during COVID-19 lockdown may improve crop production. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/lower-air-pollution-during-covid-19-lockdown-may-improve-crop-production.
• FAO, (2020a). Impact of COVID-19 on people's livelihoods, their health and our food systems. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1313598/icode/.
• FAO, (2020b). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Addressing the impacts of COVID-19 in food crises April–December 2020. FAO’s component of the Global COVID-19 Humanitarian Response Plan. http://www.fao.org/3/ca8497en/CA8497EN.pdf
• FAO, (2020c). Adjusting business models to sustain agri-food enterprises during COVID-19. http://www.fao.org/3/ca8996en/CA8996EN.pdf.
• FAO, (2020d). Food Outlook Biannual Report on Global Food Markets. http://www.fao.org/3/ca9509en/CA9509EN.pdf.
• FAO, (2020e). Mitigating the impacts of COVID-19 on the livestock sector. http://www.fao.org/3/ca8799en/CA8799EN.pdf.
• Felix, I., Martin, A., Mehta, V., Mueller, C. (2020, July 2). US food supply chain: Disruptions and implications from COVID-19. McKinsey&Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/us-food-supply-chain-disruptions-and-implications-from-covid-19.
• FOLU, (2019). The Global Consultation Report of the Food and Land Use Coalition. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf.
• Gibney, E. (2020, March 31). Coronavirus lockdowns have changed the way Earth moves. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00965-x.
• GPMB, (2019). Annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies. https://apps.who.int/gpmb/assets/annual_report/GPMB_Annual_Report_English.pdf.
• Habibi, H., Awal, R., Fares, A., Ghahremannejad, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the Improvement of the Global Air Quality: The Bright Side of a Pandemic. Atmosphere, 11(12), 1279.
• Hafez, H. M., Attia, Y. A. (2020). Challenges to the poultry industry: current perspectives and strategic future after the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7.
• HealthforAnimals, (2020). Survey of Pet Owners Shows Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Veterinary Care. https://healthforanimals.org/resources-and-events/newsletter-repository/39-pet-owner-survey.html?q=116.
• Hobbs, J. E. (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 68(2), 171-176.
• Huber, C., Finelli, L., Stevens, W. (2018). The economic and social burden of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 218(Supplement_5), S698-S704.
• Jadhav, R., Thukral, N., Hunt, N. (2020, April 3). Coronavirus upends global food supply chains in latest economic shock. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-food-supplies-insi-idUSKBN21L2V7.
• Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L., Daszak, P. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451(7181), 990-993.
• Lee, J. W., McKibbin, W. J. (2004). Estimating the global economic costs of SARS. In Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease outbreak: workshop summary (pp. 92-109). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
• Loh, E. H., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Olival, K. J., Bogich, T. L., Johnson, C. K., Mazet, J. A., Karesh, W., Daszak, P. (2015). Targeting transmission pathways for emerging zoonotic disease surveillance and control. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 15(7), 432-437.
• Lyons, K. (2020, May 15). Plant-based meat sales in the US are up 264 percent since March. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/15/21259997/plant-based-meat-coronavirus-impossible-beyond.
• Machalaba, C., Smith, K. M., Awada, L., Berry, K., Berthe, F., Bouley, T. A., Bruce, M., Cortiñas Abrahantes, J., El Turabi, A., Feferholtz, Y., Flynn, L., Fournié, G., Andre, A., Grace, D., Jonas, O., Kimani, T., Le Gall, F., Jose Miranda, J., Peyre, M., Pinto, J., Ross, N., Rüegg, S.R., Salerno, R.H., Seifman, R., Zambrana-Torrelio, K., Karesh, W. B. (2017). One Health Economics to confront disease threats. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 111(6), 235-237.
• Marchant-Forde, J. N., Boyle, L. A. (2020). COVID-19 effects on livestock production: A One Welfare issue. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7, 734.
• Nature4Climate, (2020). Nature4Climate Report. https://nature4climate.org/restoration-and-management/.
• Njenga, G. (2020, October 23). Mitigating future pandemics through a One Health approach. ILRI. https:// https://www.ilri.org/news/mitigating-future-pandemics-through-one-health-approach.
• OECD, (2020). COVID-19 and the Food and Agriculture Sector: Issues and Policy Responses. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-the-food-and-agriculture-sector-issues-and-policy-responses-a23f764b/.
• OIE, (2021). Questions and Answers on COVID-19. https://www.oie.int/scientific-expertise/specific-information-and-recommendations/questions-and-answers-on-2019novel-coronavirus/.
• Pu, M., Zhong, Y. (2020). Rising concerns over agricultural production as COVID-19 spreads: Lessons from China. Global food security, 26, 100409.
• Quinney, M. (2020, April 14). COVID-19 and nature are linked. So should be the recovery. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid-19-nature-deforestation-recovery/.
• Reuben, A. (2020, June 23). Coronavirus: Why have there been so many outbreaks in meat processing plants? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/53137613.
• Rukikaire, K. (2020, October 29). Escaping the ‘Era of Pandemics’: Experts warn worse crises to come options offered to reduce risk. UN. Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/escaping-era-pandemics-experts-warn-worse-crises-come-options.
• Singh, N., Tang, Y., Ogunseitan, O. A. (2020). Environmentally sustainable management of used personal protective equipment. Environmental science & technology, 54(14), 8500-8502.
• Smith, K. M., Machalaba, C. C., Seifman, R., Feferholtz, Y., Karesh, W. B. (2019). Infectious disease and economics: The case for considering multi-sectoral impacts. One Health, 7, 100080.
• Tedesco, M. (2020, June 8). Coronavirus Is Improving Water Quality — For Now, At Least. State of the Planet. Earth Institute. Columbia University. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2020/06/08/coronavirus-improving-water-quality/.
• Tesher, D.C., Chan, T.E., Perez-Gorospe, J.M., Watters, P., Maguire, J.M., Zheng, Y., Prabhakar, L. (2021, February 3). S&P Global Ratings. COVID-19 Impact: Key Takeaways From Our Articles. https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/200204-coronavirus-impact-key-takeaways-from-our-articles-11337257.
• Tollefson, J. (2021, January 15). COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 — but not by much. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00090-3.
• Torero, M. (2020, April 14). How to Stop a Looming Food Crisis. Foreign Policy News. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/14/how-to-stop-food-crisis-coronavirus-economy-trade/.
• UEA, (2020 December 11). Covid Lockdown Causes Record Drop In Co2 Emissions For 2020. https://www.uea.ac.uk/news/-/article/covid-lockdown-causes-record-drop-in-co2-emissions-for-2020.
• UN, (2020). A UN framework for the immediate socio-economic response to COVID-19. https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/UN-framework-for-the-immediate-socio-economic-response-to-COVID-19.pdf.
• UNEP, (2016). Zoonoses: Blurred Lines of Emergent Disease and Ecosystem Health. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32060/zoonoses.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
• UNEP, (2020, July 6). Unite human, animal and environmental health to prevent the next pandemic – UN Report. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/unite-human-animal-and-environmental-health-prevent-next-pandemic-un.
• WHO, (2020). Origin of SARS-CoV-2. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332197/WHO-2019-nCoV-FAQ-Virus_origin-2020.1-eng.pdf.
• World Bank, (2020, June 8). The Global Economic Outlook During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Changed World. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-global-economic-outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world.
• World Bank, (2021). Global Economic Prospects. A World Bank Group Flagship Report.
• WTO, (2020). WTO issues new report regarding impact of COVID-19 crisis on agricultural trade. World Trade Organization News. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/agri_27aug20_e.htm.
• Yunus, A. P., Masago, Y., Hijioka, Y. (2020). COVID-19 and surface water quality: Improved lake water quality during the lockdown. Science of the Total Environment, 731, 139012.
• Zafar, A., Talati, C., Graham, E. (2016, March 3). 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola Crisis: Impact Update. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/macroeconomics/publication/2014-2015-west-africa-ebola-crisis-impact-update.
• Zambrano-Monserrate, M. A., Ruano, M. A., Sanchez-Alcalde, L. (2020). Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138813.