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İşsizlik ile Sigara Üzerinden Alınan Vergiler Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Analizi

Year 2016, , 373 - 387, 25.08.2016
https://doi.org/10.18657/yecbu.14841

Abstract

Türkiye’de sigara tüketimi ve işsizlik oranı arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen birçok çalışmanın aksine tütün üzerinden alınan vergiler ile işsizlik oranı arasındaki ilişkinin daha önce ele alınmamış olması, bu çalışmanın literatüre olan katkısı açısından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada aylık olarak ele alınan veriler 2006:1-2015:7 dönemleri arasını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de tütün üzerinden alınan vergiler ile işsizlik oranları arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin var olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Bu doğrultuda, değişkenlerin durağanlığı birim kök testleri ile araştırılmış ve yapısal kırılmalarında dikkate alındığı Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme Modeli tahminlenerek, iki seri arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki açıklanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, işsizlik oranlarında meydana elen artışın uzun dönemde tütün üzerinden alınan vergileri arttırdığı görülürken, kısa dönemde işsizlik oranlarındaki artışın tütün üzerindeki vergilere negatif bir etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir. 

There are a number of studies focusing on the relationship between the tobacco consumption and unemployment rate in Turkey. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature because the relationship between tobacco tax and unemployment rate has not been studied before. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the tobacco tax and unemployment rate in Turkey over the period 2006:1-2015:7. In this context, Unit root tests have been exploited to check the integration order of the variables, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model including structural breaks is employed to explain the long-run relationship between the tobacco tax and unemployment rate. The findings of this study show that while an increase in unemployment rate is to raise tobacco tax in the long-run, an increase in unemployment rate is to decrease tobacco tax in the short-run. 


References

  • Arcaya, M., M.M. Glymour, N.A.Christakis, I.Kawachi, S.V. Subramanian. (2014). Individual and Spousal Unemployment as Predictors of Smoking and Drinking Behavior, PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.034.
  • Barber S, S. M. Adioetomo, A. Ahsan ve D. Setyonaluri (2008) Tobacco Economics in Indonesia. Paris, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. http://www.worldlungfoundation.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/6567.
  • Bolton, K. L., E. Rodriguez. (2016). Smoking, Drinking and Body Weight After Re-employment: Does Unemployment Experience and Compensation Make a Difference?, BMC Public Health, http://www.medscape.com/vi ewarticle/710027_1.
  • Buck D., C. Godfrey, M. Raw ve M. Sutton (1995). Tobacco and jobs, Society for the Study of Addiction and Centre for Health Ecconomics. York, https://www.york.ac.uk/media/che/documents/papers/occasionalpapers/CHE% 20Occasional%20Paper%2023.pdf.
  • Chaloupka, F. J , A. Yürekli, G.T. Fong, (2012). Tobacco Taxes as a Tobacco Control Strategy, Tob Control.; 21:2 172-180 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2015). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sigara Kullanımını Etkileyen Faktörler (Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım), Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8/2, 23-48.
  • Emeç, H. & E. Gülay. (2008). Alkol Tüketimi ve Sosyo-Demografik Değişkenlerin Alkol Tüketimi Üzerine Etkisi, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt:19, Sayı:68, ss.115-134. http://ekonomikyaklasim.org/pdfs2/EYD_V19_N68_A05.pdf.
  • Dickey, D.A & Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root, Journal Of American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431, doi: 10.2307/2286348.
  • Falba,T., H.M. Teng, J.L. Sindelar, W.T. Gallo. (2005). The Effect of Involuntary Job Loss on Smoking Intensity and Relapse, PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 100(9):1330–1339, doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01150.
  • Golden, S.D., Ribisl K.M., K.M. Perreira, (2014). Economic and Political Influence on Tobacco Tax Rates: A Nationwide Analysis of 31 Years of State Data, American Journal Public Health, 104 (2), 350–357, doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301537.
  • Gülay, E. & Pazarlıoğlu, M.V. (2008). Tasarruf ve Yatırım Arasındaki İlişkinin Sermaye Hareketliliği Üzerine Etkileri, D.E.Ü Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Hammarström, A., U. Janlert. (1994). Unemployment and Change of Tobacco Habits: A Study of Young People from 16 to 21 Years of Age, PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 89(12):1691–1696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7866253.
  • Hu TW, Z. Mao, J. Shi ve C. Wendong (2008). Tobacco Taxation and Its Potential Impact in China. Paris, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. http://global.tobaccofreekids.org/files/pdfs/en/China_tobacc o_taxes_ report_en.pdf.
  • Irvine I.J. ve Sims W.A. (1997). Tobacco Control Legislation and Ressource Allocation Effects. Canadian Public Policy, Vol:23, No:3, 259–273 doi:10.2307/3551571.
  • Jacobs, R., H. F. Gale, T. C. Capehart, P. Zhang, ve P. Jha. (2000). The Supply-side of Tobacco-control Policies. In: Jha P, Chaloupka F, eds., Tobacco Control in Developing Countries. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 13;; 311-­341.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETC/Resources/375990-10899 045 39172/309TO342.PDF.
  • Karaöz, M., M.Albeni, F.Büyüktatlı, (2010). Yasal Düzenlemelerin Sigara Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkileri, Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2/2, 19-36, http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/uaifd/article/viewFile/5000051254/5000048445.
  • Karvonen, S., P. Sipilä, P. Martikainen , O. Rahkonen , M. Laaksonen. (2008). Smoking in Context - a Multilevel Approach to Smoking Among Females in Helsinki. BMC Public Health., 8:134. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-134.
  • Kılıç, D. (2014). Sigara Tüketiminin Panel Veri Analizi: İngiltere İçin Bir Uygulama, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16/3, 128-142, http://iibfdergisi.gazi.edu.tr/index.php/iibfdergisi/article/viewFile/ 743/ 569.
  • Mallick, H. & Agarwal, S. (2005). Financial Liberalisation and Economic Growth In India: A Long-run Analysis, Institute of Economic Growth Ieg, elhi.
  • Mc Nicoll IH ve S. Boyle (1992). Regional Economic Impact of a Reduction of Resident Expenditure on Cigarettes: a Case Study of Glasgow. Applied Economics, Vol: 24, Issue:3, 291–296 doi:10.1080/00036849200000141.
  • Merwe Rovena, V. D.(1998a). Employment and Output Effects for Bangladesh Following a Decline in Tobacco Consumption. HNP Discussion Paper Series, Economics of Tobacco Discussion Paper, The World Bank.
  • Merwe Rovena, V. D. (1998b). Employment and Output Effects for Zimbabwe Following a Decline in Tobacco Consumption. HNP Discussion Paper Series, Economics of Tobacco Discussion Paper. Washington DC, The World Bank.
  • Merwe Rovena, V. D. & Abedian I. (1999). Reduction in Consumer Expenditure on Cigarette and its Effects on Employment: A Case Study of South Africa. Contemp Econ Policy, 17:412–422 doi:10.1111/j.1465-­7287.1999.tb00693.
  • Montgomery, S.M., D.G. Cook, M.J. Bartley ve M.E.J. Wadworth. (1998). Unemployment, Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption and Body Weight in Young British Men , European Journal Of Public Health, 8 (1), 21-27. https://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/eurpub/8/1/21.full.pdf.
  • Morris, J.K., D.G. Cook, A.G. Shaper. (1992). Non-employment and Changes in Smoking, Drinking, and Body Weight, British Medical Journal, 304 (6826), 536-541, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1559056.
  • Oğuztürk, B.S., & Y. Gülcü, (2012). Türkiye’de Sigara Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Analizi, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, C:4, S:2, s. 99-105, http://alanyadergi.akdeniz.edu.tr/_dinamik/164/254.pdf.
  • Ohlander, E., M. Vikström, M. Lindström, K.Sundquist. (2006). Neighbour hood Non-employment and Daily Smoking: A population-based Study of Women and Men in Sweden, Eur J Public Health,. 16(1):78-84, doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cki047.
  • Önder, Z. & A.A. Yürekli, (2016). Who Pays the Most Cigarette Tax in Turkey, Tob Control, 25:39-45 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051639.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis, Cambridge Working Paper in Economics, No:9514, 1–35.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem, Shin, Yongcheol, Smith, Richard J. (2001). Bound Testing Approaches To The Analysis Of Long Run Relationships, Journal Of Applied Econometrics, special issue, 16, 289–326, doi: 10.1002/jae.616.
  • Phillips, Peter C.B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing For A Unit Root In Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346, doi: 10.1093/biomet/75.2.335.
  • Sakınç, S. & S.Cura. (2012). Mali Sosyalleşme ve Kültür İlişkisi, Maliye Sosyolojisi Üzerine Denemeler (Editör: A.Kemal ÇELEBİ), Maliye Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı Yayın No:2012/418, ss.33-61. https://www.sgb.gov.tr/SGBYayinlar/SunumMerkezi/index.html?ktp=2012-418.
  • Temiz, D. (2010). Sigara Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir Uygulama: Türkiye Örneği, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, 2010 ISSN: 1309-8020.
  • Wang, Q., J.J.Shen, C.Cochran. (2016). Unemployment Rate, Smoking in China: Are They Related?, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(1), 113, doi:10.3390/ijerph13010113.
  • Weden, M., N.M. Astone, D. Bishai. (2006). Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation Associated with Employment and Joblessness Through Young Adulthood in the US, Social Science & Medicine 62(2):303–316. DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2005.06.009.
  • Vogli, R.D., M.Santinello. (2005). Unemployment and Smoking: Does Psychosocial Stress Matter?, Tob Control, 14:389-395 doi:10.1136/tc.2004.010611.
  • Zivot E. & Andrews W. K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil Price Stock and the Unit Root Hypothesis, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270, doi: 10.2307/1391541.
  • http://www.haberturk.com/ekonomi/alisveris/haber/815756-sonunda-dustu
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr/jsp/main/body/yay_tak.jsp;jsessionid=nXD3ShhhSTqh31JyTHJ8jQ9qL2C1C2LLx22h11ZmT70NvJTXBW0D!1396409278?tk_id=13651&d-5442-p=5&alt_id=1007
Year 2016, , 373 - 387, 25.08.2016
https://doi.org/10.18657/yecbu.14841

Abstract

References

  • Arcaya, M., M.M. Glymour, N.A.Christakis, I.Kawachi, S.V. Subramanian. (2014). Individual and Spousal Unemployment as Predictors of Smoking and Drinking Behavior, PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.034.
  • Barber S, S. M. Adioetomo, A. Ahsan ve D. Setyonaluri (2008) Tobacco Economics in Indonesia. Paris, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. http://www.worldlungfoundation.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/6567.
  • Bolton, K. L., E. Rodriguez. (2016). Smoking, Drinking and Body Weight After Re-employment: Does Unemployment Experience and Compensation Make a Difference?, BMC Public Health, http://www.medscape.com/vi ewarticle/710027_1.
  • Buck D., C. Godfrey, M. Raw ve M. Sutton (1995). Tobacco and jobs, Society for the Study of Addiction and Centre for Health Ecconomics. York, https://www.york.ac.uk/media/che/documents/papers/occasionalpapers/CHE% 20Occasional%20Paper%2023.pdf.
  • Chaloupka, F. J , A. Yürekli, G.T. Fong, (2012). Tobacco Taxes as a Tobacco Control Strategy, Tob Control.; 21:2 172-180 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2015). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sigara Kullanımını Etkileyen Faktörler (Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım), Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8/2, 23-48.
  • Emeç, H. & E. Gülay. (2008). Alkol Tüketimi ve Sosyo-Demografik Değişkenlerin Alkol Tüketimi Üzerine Etkisi, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt:19, Sayı:68, ss.115-134. http://ekonomikyaklasim.org/pdfs2/EYD_V19_N68_A05.pdf.
  • Dickey, D.A & Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root, Journal Of American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431, doi: 10.2307/2286348.
  • Falba,T., H.M. Teng, J.L. Sindelar, W.T. Gallo. (2005). The Effect of Involuntary Job Loss on Smoking Intensity and Relapse, PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 100(9):1330–1339, doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01150.
  • Golden, S.D., Ribisl K.M., K.M. Perreira, (2014). Economic and Political Influence on Tobacco Tax Rates: A Nationwide Analysis of 31 Years of State Data, American Journal Public Health, 104 (2), 350–357, doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301537.
  • Gülay, E. & Pazarlıoğlu, M.V. (2008). Tasarruf ve Yatırım Arasındaki İlişkinin Sermaye Hareketliliği Üzerine Etkileri, D.E.Ü Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Hammarström, A., U. Janlert. (1994). Unemployment and Change of Tobacco Habits: A Study of Young People from 16 to 21 Years of Age, PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 89(12):1691–1696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7866253.
  • Hu TW, Z. Mao, J. Shi ve C. Wendong (2008). Tobacco Taxation and Its Potential Impact in China. Paris, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. http://global.tobaccofreekids.org/files/pdfs/en/China_tobacc o_taxes_ report_en.pdf.
  • Irvine I.J. ve Sims W.A. (1997). Tobacco Control Legislation and Ressource Allocation Effects. Canadian Public Policy, Vol:23, No:3, 259–273 doi:10.2307/3551571.
  • Jacobs, R., H. F. Gale, T. C. Capehart, P. Zhang, ve P. Jha. (2000). The Supply-side of Tobacco-control Policies. In: Jha P, Chaloupka F, eds., Tobacco Control in Developing Countries. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 13;; 311-­341.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETC/Resources/375990-10899 045 39172/309TO342.PDF.
  • Karaöz, M., M.Albeni, F.Büyüktatlı, (2010). Yasal Düzenlemelerin Sigara Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkileri, Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2/2, 19-36, http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/uaifd/article/viewFile/5000051254/5000048445.
  • Karvonen, S., P. Sipilä, P. Martikainen , O. Rahkonen , M. Laaksonen. (2008). Smoking in Context - a Multilevel Approach to Smoking Among Females in Helsinki. BMC Public Health., 8:134. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-134.
  • Kılıç, D. (2014). Sigara Tüketiminin Panel Veri Analizi: İngiltere İçin Bir Uygulama, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16/3, 128-142, http://iibfdergisi.gazi.edu.tr/index.php/iibfdergisi/article/viewFile/ 743/ 569.
  • Mallick, H. & Agarwal, S. (2005). Financial Liberalisation and Economic Growth In India: A Long-run Analysis, Institute of Economic Growth Ieg, elhi.
  • Mc Nicoll IH ve S. Boyle (1992). Regional Economic Impact of a Reduction of Resident Expenditure on Cigarettes: a Case Study of Glasgow. Applied Economics, Vol: 24, Issue:3, 291–296 doi:10.1080/00036849200000141.
  • Merwe Rovena, V. D.(1998a). Employment and Output Effects for Bangladesh Following a Decline in Tobacco Consumption. HNP Discussion Paper Series, Economics of Tobacco Discussion Paper, The World Bank.
  • Merwe Rovena, V. D. (1998b). Employment and Output Effects for Zimbabwe Following a Decline in Tobacco Consumption. HNP Discussion Paper Series, Economics of Tobacco Discussion Paper. Washington DC, The World Bank.
  • Merwe Rovena, V. D. & Abedian I. (1999). Reduction in Consumer Expenditure on Cigarette and its Effects on Employment: A Case Study of South Africa. Contemp Econ Policy, 17:412–422 doi:10.1111/j.1465-­7287.1999.tb00693.
  • Montgomery, S.M., D.G. Cook, M.J. Bartley ve M.E.J. Wadworth. (1998). Unemployment, Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption and Body Weight in Young British Men , European Journal Of Public Health, 8 (1), 21-27. https://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/eurpub/8/1/21.full.pdf.
  • Morris, J.K., D.G. Cook, A.G. Shaper. (1992). Non-employment and Changes in Smoking, Drinking, and Body Weight, British Medical Journal, 304 (6826), 536-541, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1559056.
  • Oğuztürk, B.S., & Y. Gülcü, (2012). Türkiye’de Sigara Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Analizi, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, C:4, S:2, s. 99-105, http://alanyadergi.akdeniz.edu.tr/_dinamik/164/254.pdf.
  • Ohlander, E., M. Vikström, M. Lindström, K.Sundquist. (2006). Neighbour hood Non-employment and Daily Smoking: A population-based Study of Women and Men in Sweden, Eur J Public Health,. 16(1):78-84, doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cki047.
  • Önder, Z. & A.A. Yürekli, (2016). Who Pays the Most Cigarette Tax in Turkey, Tob Control, 25:39-45 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051639.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis, Cambridge Working Paper in Economics, No:9514, 1–35.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem, Shin, Yongcheol, Smith, Richard J. (2001). Bound Testing Approaches To The Analysis Of Long Run Relationships, Journal Of Applied Econometrics, special issue, 16, 289–326, doi: 10.1002/jae.616.
  • Phillips, Peter C.B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing For A Unit Root In Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346, doi: 10.1093/biomet/75.2.335.
  • Sakınç, S. & S.Cura. (2012). Mali Sosyalleşme ve Kültür İlişkisi, Maliye Sosyolojisi Üzerine Denemeler (Editör: A.Kemal ÇELEBİ), Maliye Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı Yayın No:2012/418, ss.33-61. https://www.sgb.gov.tr/SGBYayinlar/SunumMerkezi/index.html?ktp=2012-418.
  • Temiz, D. (2010). Sigara Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir Uygulama: Türkiye Örneği, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, 2010 ISSN: 1309-8020.
  • Wang, Q., J.J.Shen, C.Cochran. (2016). Unemployment Rate, Smoking in China: Are They Related?, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(1), 113, doi:10.3390/ijerph13010113.
  • Weden, M., N.M. Astone, D. Bishai. (2006). Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation Associated with Employment and Joblessness Through Young Adulthood in the US, Social Science & Medicine 62(2):303–316. DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2005.06.009.
  • Vogli, R.D., M.Santinello. (2005). Unemployment and Smoking: Does Psychosocial Stress Matter?, Tob Control, 14:389-395 doi:10.1136/tc.2004.010611.
  • Zivot E. & Andrews W. K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil Price Stock and the Unit Root Hypothesis, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270, doi: 10.2307/1391541.
  • http://www.haberturk.com/ekonomi/alisveris/haber/815756-sonunda-dustu
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr/jsp/main/body/yay_tak.jsp;jsessionid=nXD3ShhhSTqh31JyTHJ8jQ9qL2C1C2LLx22h11ZmT70NvJTXBW0D!1396409278?tk_id=13651&d-5442-p=5&alt_id=1007
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emrah Gülay

Ahmet Özen

Publication Date August 25, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016

Cite

APA Gülay, E., & Özen, A. (2016). İşsizlik ile Sigara Üzerinden Alınan Vergiler Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Analizi. Journal of Management and Economics, 23(2), 373-387. https://doi.org/10.18657/yecbu.14841