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The Relation of Public Expenditures with Economic Growth in OECD Countries

Year 2021, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 187 - 203, 23.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.838461

Abstract

Many empirical studies have been conducted to analyse the relationship between public spending and economic growth. In the literature review for the analysis of this relationship, the studies are concentrated around Keynes and Wagner Hypothesis. Wagner argues that this relationship is from economic growth to public expenditures while Keynes argues that it is from public expenditures to economic growth. In this study, Keynes's hypothesis is examined through the use ofthe variables of economic growth, public expenditures, inflation and unemployment for some OECD member countries. The findings performed with the panel unit root and panel cointegration tests under the cross-sectional dependency in the analyses are as follows. The variables that make up the study are cointegrated among themselves. In the long-term analysis, a significant relationship was not obtained, which indicates that public expenditures and inflation affect economic growth. It is concluded that unemployment negatively affects economic growth. In the short run, it was found that both public expenditures and inflation positively affected economic growth, while unemployment had a negative effect. In the study, it is concluded that the Keynes Hypothesis is valid for DEU, CZE, GBR, HUN and SVK, but not valid for BEL, FIN and IRL.
Key Words: Public Expenditures, Economic Growth, Panel Data Analysis
JEL Classification: H50, O47, C23

References

  • Ahmad, N. Ahmad, F. (2005). Does Government Size Matter? A Case Study Of D-8 Member Countries. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, XLIII, 199-212.
  • Ahuja, D. Pandit, D. (2020). Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Developing Countries. FIIB Business Review, 9(3), 228-236.
  • Ajayi, M. A., Aluko, O. A. (2016). The Causality between Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Toda-Yamamoto Approach. Journal of Economics & Business Research, 22(2). Pp: 77-90.
  • Arısoy, İ. (2005). Wagner ve Keynes hipotezleri çerçevesinde Türkiye’de kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(2), 63-80.
  • Bagdigen, M. Cetintas, H. (2004). Causality Between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case. Journal of Economic and Social research, 6(1), 53-72.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. and Brooks, T. J. (1999), Bilateral J–curve between US and her Trading Partners, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135: 156–65.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. and Kutan, A. M. (2009), the J-curve in the Emerging Economies of Eastern Europe, Applied Economics, 41: 2523-32.
  • Biswal, B., Dhawan, U., Lee, H. Y. (1999). Testing Wagner Versus Keynes Using Disaggregated Public Expenditure Data for Canada. Applied Economics, 31(10), 1283-1291.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R., (1980), The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1): 239-53.
  • Çomaklı, Ş.E. ve Turan, D. (2016). Kamu Harcama Hukuku, Polis Akademisi Yayınlar, Ankara.
  • Demir, İ. C. Balkı, A., (2019). Türkiye’de Wagner Kanunu’nun Sınanması: 1960–2016 Dönemi Analizi, Vergi Raporu Dergisi, S:234(3), 11-27.
  • Demirgil, H. Yıldırım, S. (2019). Avrupa’da Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizi İle İncelenmesi,. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(18), 214-241.
  • Devarajan, S. Swaroop, V. Zou, H. F. (1996). The Composition of Public Expenditure and Economic Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 37(2), 313-344.
  • Dudzevičiūtė, G. Šimelytė, A. Liučvaitienė, A. (2018). Government Expenditure and Economicgrowth in the European Union countries. International Journal of Social Economics.
  • Fırat, E., Tuğlu, D. (2019). Finansal Kriz Dönemlerinde Kamu Harcamaları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 1998-2018 Türkiye örneği. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3), 1-10.
  • Ghali, K. H. (1998). Government Size And Economic Growth: Evidence From A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis. Applied Economics, 31, 975-987.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye'de Wagner Yasası ve Keynesyen Hipotezin Ampirik Analizi. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 33(3).
  • Güder, F. Yücekaya, P. Şenyurt, A. (2016). Kamu Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Keynesyen Görüş Mü? Wagner Kanunu Mu Geçerli?(2006-2015 Dönemi). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 47-60.
  • Hadri, K. and Kurozumi E., (2012), “A simple panel stationarity test in the presence of serial correlation and a common factor”, Econ. Lett., 115 (1) (2012), pp. 31-34
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978), Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 43: 727-38
  • Karhan, G. (2018). The Relationship Between Public Expenditures and Economic Growth: A Panel VAR approach. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 35-43.
  • Kimea, A. J. Kiangi, R. F. (2018). Economic Growth and Public Spending on Selected Sectors in Tanzania. International Journal, 6(1), 7-16.
  • Lahirushan, K. P. K. S., Gunasekara, W. G. V. (2015). The İmpact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth: A Study of Asian Countries. International Journal of Social, Behavioural, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9(9), 2995-3003.
  • Lamartina, S. Zaghini, A. (2011). Increasing Public Expenditure: Wagner's Law in OECD Countries. German Economic Review, 12(2), 149-164.
  • Loizides, J. Vamvoukas, G. (2005). Government Expenditure And Economic Growth: Evidence From Trivariate Causality Testing. Journal of Applied Economics, 8(1), 125-152.
  • Nihat, I. Alagöz, M. (2005). Kamu Harcamaları ve Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (24), 63-75.
  • Nyasha, S. Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). Government Size And Economic Growth: A Review Of İnternational Literature. SAGE Open, 9(3), 2158244019877200.
  • Ökde, B. Bülbül, D. (2019). Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi, Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 18(69).
  • Pehlivan, O. (2007). Kamu Maliyesi, Derya Kitabevi, Trabzon.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (1999), Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94: 621–34.
  • Pesaran, M. H., (2006), Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74 (4): 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M.H. ve Yamagata, T., (2008), Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93
  • Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T., (2008). “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal 11(1): 105-127.
  • Pula, L., Elshani, A. (2018). The Relationship Between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Kosovo: Findings From A Johansen Co-İntegrated Test and A Granger Causality Test. Ekonomika (Economics), 97(1), 47-62.
  • Rauf, A. Qayum, A. Zaman, K. U. (2012). Relationship Between Public Expenditure and National İncome: An Empirical İnvestigation of Wagner's Law in Case of Pakistan. Academic Research International, 2(2), 533.
  • Singh, B. Sahni, B. S. (1984). Causality Between Public Expenditure And National İncome. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 664, 630-644.
  • Srinivasan, P. (2013). Causality Between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: The Indian Case. International Journal of Economics and Management, 7, 335-347
  • Şanlısoy, S. Sunal, O. (2016). Kamu Harcamaları-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 7(17), 102-122.
  • Udo, A. Effiong, C. (2014). Economic Growth And Wagner’s Hypothesis: The Nigerian Experience. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(16), 41-48.
  • Ulusoy, A. (2016). Maliye Politikası, Umuttepe Yayınları, Kocaeli.
  • Westerlund, Joakim, (2008), Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2): 193‐233.
  • World Bank (2020). “World Development Indicators”, https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators# (Erişim Tarihi:17.10.2020).
  • Wu, S. Y. Tang, J. H., Lin, E. S. (2010). The İmpact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth: How Sensitive to The Level Of Development?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(6), 804-817.
  • Yayla, N. Tülümce, S. Y. (2017). Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamalarının Bileşenleri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Wagner Ya Da Keynes?. Social Sciences, 12(4), 163-184.
  • Yıldız, F. Sarısoy, S. (2015). OECD Ülkelerinde Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Amprik Bir Çalışma. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi; Cilt 33, Sayı 2 (2012); 517-540.

OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kamu Harcamaları Arasindaki İlişki

Year 2021, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 187 - 203, 23.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.838461

Abstract

Kamu harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin analizine dönük birçok ampirik çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu ilişkinin analizine dönük literatür incelemesinde ise, çalışmaların Keynes ve Wagner Hipotezi etrafında yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Wagner bu ilişkiyi, ekonomik büyümeden kamu harcamalarına doğru olduğunu, Keynes ise kamu harcamalarından ekonomik büyümeye doğru olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bazı OECD üyesi ülkeler için ekonomik büyüme, kamu harcamaları, enflasyon ve işsizlik değişkenleri kullanılarak Keynes’in hipotezi araştırılmıştır. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı altında panel birimkök ve panel eşbütünleşme testleri ile yapılan analizlerde elde edilen bulgular şu şekildedir. Çalışmayı oluşturan değişkenler aralarında eşbütünleşiktir. Uzun dönem analizinde kamu harcamaları ve enflasyonun ekonomik büyümeyi etkilediğine dair anlamlı bir ilişki elde edilememiştir. İşsizliğin ise ekonomik büyümeyi negatif etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kısa dönemde ise hem kamu harcamalarının hem de enflasyonun ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilediği, işsizliğin ise negatif etkilediği bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada, DEU, CZE, GBR, HUN ve SVK’da Keynes Hipotezinin geçerli olduğu, BEL, FIN ve IRL’da ise geçerli olmadığı sonucu elde edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kamu Harcamaları, Ekonomik Büyüme, Panel Veri Analizi.
JEL Sınıflandırması: H50, O40, C23

References

  • Ahmad, N. Ahmad, F. (2005). Does Government Size Matter? A Case Study Of D-8 Member Countries. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, XLIII, 199-212.
  • Ahuja, D. Pandit, D. (2020). Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Developing Countries. FIIB Business Review, 9(3), 228-236.
  • Ajayi, M. A., Aluko, O. A. (2016). The Causality between Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Toda-Yamamoto Approach. Journal of Economics & Business Research, 22(2). Pp: 77-90.
  • Arısoy, İ. (2005). Wagner ve Keynes hipotezleri çerçevesinde Türkiye’de kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(2), 63-80.
  • Bagdigen, M. Cetintas, H. (2004). Causality Between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case. Journal of Economic and Social research, 6(1), 53-72.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. and Brooks, T. J. (1999), Bilateral J–curve between US and her Trading Partners, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135: 156–65.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. and Kutan, A. M. (2009), the J-curve in the Emerging Economies of Eastern Europe, Applied Economics, 41: 2523-32.
  • Biswal, B., Dhawan, U., Lee, H. Y. (1999). Testing Wagner Versus Keynes Using Disaggregated Public Expenditure Data for Canada. Applied Economics, 31(10), 1283-1291.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R., (1980), The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1): 239-53.
  • Çomaklı, Ş.E. ve Turan, D. (2016). Kamu Harcama Hukuku, Polis Akademisi Yayınlar, Ankara.
  • Demir, İ. C. Balkı, A., (2019). Türkiye’de Wagner Kanunu’nun Sınanması: 1960–2016 Dönemi Analizi, Vergi Raporu Dergisi, S:234(3), 11-27.
  • Demirgil, H. Yıldırım, S. (2019). Avrupa’da Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizi İle İncelenmesi,. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(18), 214-241.
  • Devarajan, S. Swaroop, V. Zou, H. F. (1996). The Composition of Public Expenditure and Economic Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 37(2), 313-344.
  • Dudzevičiūtė, G. Šimelytė, A. Liučvaitienė, A. (2018). Government Expenditure and Economicgrowth in the European Union countries. International Journal of Social Economics.
  • Fırat, E., Tuğlu, D. (2019). Finansal Kriz Dönemlerinde Kamu Harcamaları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 1998-2018 Türkiye örneği. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3), 1-10.
  • Ghali, K. H. (1998). Government Size And Economic Growth: Evidence From A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis. Applied Economics, 31, 975-987.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye'de Wagner Yasası ve Keynesyen Hipotezin Ampirik Analizi. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 33(3).
  • Güder, F. Yücekaya, P. Şenyurt, A. (2016). Kamu Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Keynesyen Görüş Mü? Wagner Kanunu Mu Geçerli?(2006-2015 Dönemi). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 47-60.
  • Hadri, K. and Kurozumi E., (2012), “A simple panel stationarity test in the presence of serial correlation and a common factor”, Econ. Lett., 115 (1) (2012), pp. 31-34
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978), Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 43: 727-38
  • Karhan, G. (2018). The Relationship Between Public Expenditures and Economic Growth: A Panel VAR approach. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 35-43.
  • Kimea, A. J. Kiangi, R. F. (2018). Economic Growth and Public Spending on Selected Sectors in Tanzania. International Journal, 6(1), 7-16.
  • Lahirushan, K. P. K. S., Gunasekara, W. G. V. (2015). The İmpact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth: A Study of Asian Countries. International Journal of Social, Behavioural, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9(9), 2995-3003.
  • Lamartina, S. Zaghini, A. (2011). Increasing Public Expenditure: Wagner's Law in OECD Countries. German Economic Review, 12(2), 149-164.
  • Loizides, J. Vamvoukas, G. (2005). Government Expenditure And Economic Growth: Evidence From Trivariate Causality Testing. Journal of Applied Economics, 8(1), 125-152.
  • Nihat, I. Alagöz, M. (2005). Kamu Harcamaları ve Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (24), 63-75.
  • Nyasha, S. Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). Government Size And Economic Growth: A Review Of İnternational Literature. SAGE Open, 9(3), 2158244019877200.
  • Ökde, B. Bülbül, D. (2019). Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: G7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi, Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 18(69).
  • Pehlivan, O. (2007). Kamu Maliyesi, Derya Kitabevi, Trabzon.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (1999), Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94: 621–34.
  • Pesaran, M. H., (2006), Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74 (4): 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M.H. ve Yamagata, T., (2008), Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93
  • Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T., (2008). “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal 11(1): 105-127.
  • Pula, L., Elshani, A. (2018). The Relationship Between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Kosovo: Findings From A Johansen Co-İntegrated Test and A Granger Causality Test. Ekonomika (Economics), 97(1), 47-62.
  • Rauf, A. Qayum, A. Zaman, K. U. (2012). Relationship Between Public Expenditure and National İncome: An Empirical İnvestigation of Wagner's Law in Case of Pakistan. Academic Research International, 2(2), 533.
  • Singh, B. Sahni, B. S. (1984). Causality Between Public Expenditure And National İncome. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 664, 630-644.
  • Srinivasan, P. (2013). Causality Between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: The Indian Case. International Journal of Economics and Management, 7, 335-347
  • Şanlısoy, S. Sunal, O. (2016). Kamu Harcamaları-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 7(17), 102-122.
  • Udo, A. Effiong, C. (2014). Economic Growth And Wagner’s Hypothesis: The Nigerian Experience. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(16), 41-48.
  • Ulusoy, A. (2016). Maliye Politikası, Umuttepe Yayınları, Kocaeli.
  • Westerlund, Joakim, (2008), Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2): 193‐233.
  • World Bank (2020). “World Development Indicators”, https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators# (Erişim Tarihi:17.10.2020).
  • Wu, S. Y. Tang, J. H., Lin, E. S. (2010). The İmpact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth: How Sensitive to The Level Of Development?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(6), 804-817.
  • Yayla, N. Tülümce, S. Y. (2017). Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamalarının Bileşenleri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Wagner Ya Da Keynes?. Social Sciences, 12(4), 163-184.
  • Yıldız, F. Sarısoy, S. (2015). OECD Ülkelerinde Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Amprik Bir Çalışma. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi; Cilt 33, Sayı 2 (2012); 517-540.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şaban Ertekin 0000-0003-3438-3196

Şahin Bulut 0000-0002-3462-6381

Publication Date March 23, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 28 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ertekin, Ş., & Bulut, Ş. (2021). The Relation of Public Expenditures with Economic Growth in OECD Countries. Journal of Management and Economics, 28(1), 187-203. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.838461