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Change in Soil Temperature Depending on Surface Heat Flow

Year 2019, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 1 - 9, 29.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.426847

Abstract

Distribution of temperature waves at soil
surface and subsurface layers depends on thermal properties (soil heat
capacity, diffusivity and conductivity etc.) and surface heat flow, as well as
basic soil properties. In this study, (i) change in soil surface temperature
was examined according to solution of heat conductivity equation and Fourier
law in case of constant heat flow on soil surface, and (ii) surface heat flow
of soil was described analytically as a function of surface and sublayers
temperatures, heat diffusivity and time. During the experimental period
, mean soil temperature at the surface and
10 cm depth varied between 18.5 °C and 33.1 °C, where the mean thermal
diffusivity coefficient (a) in this
layer was
 sec-1.. The mean of
specific and volumetric heat capacities of dry soil were
 (or ) and , respectively.
Soil volumetric moisture content
,
volumetric heat capacity
 associated with moisture content, thermal
conductivity
 were ,  (or ) and , respectively.
The heat flow at the soil surface
varied between 25.638 and 239.742
changing
from surface to deeper soil layers during 09.00-15.00 hours, whereas during
15.00-17.00 hours heat flow varied between -27.725 and -12.473
changing
from lower to upper soil layers
. Mean relative
errors between measured and predicted soil surface temperature values were
7.10%. Predicting surface temperature changes of soils mathematically, and
determination of numerical values of thermal properties is one of the necessary
stages for modelling soil temperature, and important for monitoring the effect
of soil management on soil temperature in both humid and arid regions with
consideration of climate change.

References

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Coupling of heat, water vapor, and liquid water fluxes to compute evaporation in bare soils. Journal of Hydrology, 362: 191–205.Chen Y, Shi M, Li X (2006). Experimental investigation on heat, moisture and salt transfer in soil. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 33: 1122-1129. Colaizzi PD, Evett SR, Agam N, Schwartz RC, Kustas WP (2016). Soil heat flux calculation for sunlit and shaded surfaces under rowcrops: 1. Model development and sensitivity analysis. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 216: 115–128.Correia A, Vieira G, Ramos M (2012). Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of cores from a 26 meter deep borehole drilled in Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctic. Geomorphology, 155(156): 7–11.Deardorff JW (1978). Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83: 1889–1903.Dengiz O, Ekberli İ (2017). Bazı vertisol alt grup topraklarının fizikokimyasal ve ısısal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 6(1): 45-52. de Silans AP, Monteny BA, Lhomme JP (1997). The correction of soil heat flux measurements to derive an accurate surface energy balance by the Bowen ratio method. Journal of Hydrology, 89: 453–465.Ekberli İ (2006a). Isı iletkenlik denkleminin çözümüne bağlı olarak topraktaki ısı taşınımına etki yapan bazı parametrelerin incelenmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinin Dergisi, 21(2): 179-189.Ekberli I (2006b). Determination of initial unconditional solution of heat conductivity equation for evaluation of temperature variance in finite soil layer. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(7): 1520-1526. Ekberli İ, Dengiz O (2016). Bazı ınceptisol ve entisol alt grup topraklarının fizikokimyasal özellikleriyle ısısal yayınım katsayısı arasındaki regresyon ilişkilerin belirlenmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi, 5(2): 1-10.Ekberli İ, Dengiz O, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2016). Benzerlik teorisinin toprak sıcaklığına uygulanabilirliği. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 4 (2): 63–68. Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Mamedov A (2015b). Toprakta bir boyutlu ısı iletkenlik denkleminin incelenmesinde benzerlik teorisinin uygulanması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2): 69-79. Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2005). Toprakların termo-fiziksel özellikleri ve ısısal yayınım katsayısının değerlendirilmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinin Dergisi, 20(2): 85-91.Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2015a). Toprakta ısı iletkenliğine etki yapan ısısal parametrelerin teorik incelemesi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(3): 300-306.Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2017). Farklı toprak derinliklerindeki sıcaklığın tahmininde parabolik fonksiyonun kullanımı. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 5 (1); 34- 38. Ekberli İ, Sarılar Y (2015a). Toprak sıcaklığının profil boyunca sönme derinliğinin ve gecikme zamanının belirlenmesi. 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Predicting temperature and heat flow in a sandy soil by electrical modeling. Soil Science Society America Journal, 65:1074-1080.Gülser C, Ekberli İ (2002). Toprak sıcaklığının profil boyunca değişimi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinin Dergisi, 17(3): 43-47.Hanks RJ, Ashcroft GJ (1980). Applied soil physics. Soil water and temperature applications. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 125-144.Han Z, Li B, Ma C, Hu H, Bai C (2018). Study on accurate identification of soil thermal properties under different experimental parameters. Energy & Buildings, 164: 21-32.Heusinkveld BG, Jacobs AFG, Holtslag AAM, Berkowicz SM (2004). Surface energy balance closure in an arid region: role of soil heat flux. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 122: 21–37.Hilel D (2004). Introduction to environmental soil physics. Elsevier Academic Press, USA, pp. 215-233.Holmes TRH, Owe M, De Jeu RAM, Kooi H (2008). Estimating the soil temperature profile from a single depth observation: a simple empirical heatflow solution. Water Resources Research, 44: W02412, doi: 10.1029/2007WR005994.Horton R, Wierenga PJ (1983). Estimating the soil heat flux from observations of soil temperature near the surface. Soil Science Society America Journal, 47: 14-20.Huang C, Chen W, Li Y, Shen H, Li X (2016). Assimilating multi-source data into land surface model tosimultaneously improve estimations of soil moisture, soiltemperature, and surface turbulent fluxes in irrigated fields. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 230-231: 142-156.Isachenko VP, Osipova VA, Sukomel AS. 1981. Heat transfer (in Russian). Energoizdat Press, Moscow, 417 p. Kayaci N, Demir H (2018). Numerical modelling of transient soil temperature distribution for horizontal ground heat exchanger of ground source heat pump. Geothermics, 73: 33-47.Knight JH, Minasny B, McBratney AB, Koen TB, Murphy BW (2018). 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Toprak Sıcaklığının Yüzey Isı Akışına Bağlı Olarak Değişimi

Year 2019, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 1 - 9, 29.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.426847

Abstract

Sıcaklık dalgalarının toprak yüzeyinde ve alt
katmanlarında dağılımı, toprak özelliklerinin yanı sıra, toprakların ısı
kapasitesi, ısısal yayınım, ısı iletkenliği ve yüzey ısı akışı gibi ısısal
özelliklerine de önemli düzeyde bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, (i) toprak yüzeyinde
ısı akışının sabit olması durumunda ısı akışı denkleminin çözümüne ve Fourier
kuralına göre toprak yüzey sıcaklığının değişimi irdelenmiş, (ii) toprağın
yüzey ısı akışı, yüzey ve alt katman sıcaklıklarının, ısısal yayınımın ve
zamanın bir fonksiyonu olarak analitik biçimde ifade edilmiştir. Araştırma
döneminde toprağın yüzey ve 10 cm derinliğinde ortalama sıcaklık değerleri
18.5 °C ile 33.1 °C arasında değişmekte, 0-10 cm katmanında ortalama ısısal yayınım
katsayısı
 ise ’dir. Kuru toprağın özgül ve hacimsel
ısı kapasiteleri sırasıyla
 (veya ) ve ; hacimsel nem içeriği , nem içeriğine bağlı hacimsel ısı kapasitesi , ısı iletkenliğine  ait ortalama
değerler ise sırasıyla
;  (veya );  olarak
belirlenmiştir. Toprak yüzeyindeki ısı akışı günün 09.00-15.00 saatlerinde
25.638 ile 239.742
 arasında yüzeyden
alt katmana doğru değişmekte; 15.00-17.00 saatlerinde ise -27.725 ile -12.473
 arasında
genel olarak alt katmandan yüzeye doğru değişmektedir. Hesaplanan ve ölçülen
toprak yüzey sıcaklık değerleri arasındaki ortalama nispi hata % 7.10 olarak
bulunmuştur. Toprakların yüzey sıcaklık değişimlerinin matematiksel olarak
ifade edilmesi, ısısal özelliklere ait sayısal değerlerin belirlenmesi toprak
sıcaklığının modellenmesinde gerekli aşamalardan birisi olup, nemli ve kurak bölgelerde iklim değişikliğini göz önüne alarak
toprak yönetim uygulamalarının toprak sıcaklığı üzerine olan etkilerinin
izlenmesi bakımından da önemlidir.
Sıcaklık dalgalarının toprak yüzeyinde ve alt
katmanlarında dağılımı, toprak özelliklerinin yanı sıra, toprakların ısı
kapasitesi, ısısal yayınım, ısı iletkenliği ve yüzey ısı akışı gibi ısısal
özelliklerine de önemli düzeyde bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, (i) toprak yüzeyinde
ısı akışının sabit olması durumunda ısı akışı denkleminin çözümüne ve Fourier
kuralına göre toprak yüzey sıcaklığının değişimi irdelenmiş, (ii) toprağın
yüzey ısı akışı, yüzey ve alt katman sıcaklıklarının, ısısal yayınımın ve
zamanın bir fonksiyonu olarak analitik biçimde ifade edilmiştir. Araştırma
döneminde toprağın yüzey ve 10 cm derinliğinde ortalama sıcaklık değerleri
18.5 °C ile 33.1 °C arasında değişmekte, 0-10 cm katmanında ortalama ısısal yayınım
katsayısı
 ise ’dir. Kuru toprağın özgül ve hacimsel
ısı kapasiteleri sırasıyla
 (veya ) ve ; hacimsel nem içeriği , nem içeriğine bağlı hacimsel ısı kapasitesi , ısı iletkenliğine  ait ortalama
değerler ise sırasıyla
;  (veya );  olarak
belirlenmiştir. Toprak yüzeyindeki ısı akışı günün 09.00-15.00 saatlerinde
25.638 ile 239.742
 arasında yüzeyden
alt katmana doğru değişmekte; 15.00-17.00 saatlerinde ise -27.725 ile -12.473
 arasında
genel olarak alt katmandan yüzeye doğru değişmektedir. Hesaplanan ve ölçülen
toprak yüzey sıcaklık değerleri arasındaki ortalama nispi hata % 7.10 olarak
bulunmuştur. Toprakların yüzey sıcaklık değişimlerinin matematiksel olarak
ifade edilmesi, ısısal özelliklere ait sayısal değerlerin belirlenmesi toprak
sıcaklığının modellenmesinde gerekli aşamalardan birisi olup, nemli ve kurak bölgelerde iklim değişikliğini göz önüne alarak
toprak yönetim uygulamalarının toprak sıcaklığı üzerine olan etkilerinin
izlenmesi bakımından da önemlidir.

References

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Coupling of heat, water vapor, and liquid water fluxes to compute evaporation in bare soils. Journal of Hydrology, 362: 191–205.Chen Y, Shi M, Li X (2006). Experimental investigation on heat, moisture and salt transfer in soil. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 33: 1122-1129. Colaizzi PD, Evett SR, Agam N, Schwartz RC, Kustas WP (2016). Soil heat flux calculation for sunlit and shaded surfaces under rowcrops: 1. Model development and sensitivity analysis. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 216: 115–128.Correia A, Vieira G, Ramos M (2012). Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of cores from a 26 meter deep borehole drilled in Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctic. Geomorphology, 155(156): 7–11.Deardorff JW (1978). Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83: 1889–1903.Dengiz O, Ekberli İ (2017). Bazı vertisol alt grup topraklarının fizikokimyasal ve ısısal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 6(1): 45-52. de Silans AP, Monteny BA, Lhomme JP (1997). The correction of soil heat flux measurements to derive an accurate surface energy balance by the Bowen ratio method. Journal of Hydrology, 89: 453–465.Ekberli İ (2006a). Isı iletkenlik denkleminin çözümüne bağlı olarak topraktaki ısı taşınımına etki yapan bazı parametrelerin incelenmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinin Dergisi, 21(2): 179-189.Ekberli I (2006b). Determination of initial unconditional solution of heat conductivity equation for evaluation of temperature variance in finite soil layer. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(7): 1520-1526. Ekberli İ, Dengiz O (2016). Bazı ınceptisol ve entisol alt grup topraklarının fizikokimyasal özellikleriyle ısısal yayınım katsayısı arasındaki regresyon ilişkilerin belirlenmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi, 5(2): 1-10.Ekberli İ, Dengiz O, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2016). Benzerlik teorisinin toprak sıcaklığına uygulanabilirliği. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 4 (2): 63–68. Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Mamedov A (2015b). Toprakta bir boyutlu ısı iletkenlik denkleminin incelenmesinde benzerlik teorisinin uygulanması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2): 69-79. Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2005). Toprakların termo-fiziksel özellikleri ve ısısal yayınım katsayısının değerlendirilmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinin Dergisi, 20(2): 85-91.Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2015a). Toprakta ısı iletkenliğine etki yapan ısısal parametrelerin teorik incelemesi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(3): 300-306.Ekberli İ, Gülser C, Özdemir N (2017). Farklı toprak derinliklerindeki sıcaklığın tahmininde parabolik fonksiyonun kullanımı. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 5 (1); 34- 38. Ekberli İ, Sarılar Y (2015a). Toprak sıcaklığının profil boyunca sönme derinliğinin ve gecikme zamanının belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinin Dergisi, 52 (2): 219-225.Ekberli İ, Sarılar Y (2015b). Toprak sıcaklığı ve ısısal yayınımın belirlenmesi. AnadoluTarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(1): 74-85. Evett SR, Agam N, Kustas WP, Colaizzi PD, Schwartz RC (2012). Soil profilemethod for soil thermal diffusivity, conductivity, and heat flux: comparison tosoil heat flux plates. Advances Water in Resources, 50: 41–54.Florentin A, Agam N (2017). Estimating non-rainfall-water-inputs-derived latent heat flux with turbulence-based methods. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 247: 533–540.Foken T (2008). The energy balance closure problem: an overview. Ecological Applications, 18: 1351-1367. Fourier JBJ (1822). Théorie analytique de la chaleur (The Analytical Theory of Heat). Paris, 676 p. Gao ZQ, Fan XG, Bian LG (2003). An analytical solution to one-dimensional thermal conduction–convection in soil. Soil Science, 168: 99-107.Guaraglia DO, Pousa JL, Pilan L (2001). Predicting temperature and heat flow in a sandy soil by electrical modeling. Soil Science Society America Journal, 65:1074-1080.Gülser C, Ekberli İ (2002). Toprak sıcaklığının profil boyunca değişimi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinin Dergisi, 17(3): 43-47.Hanks RJ, Ashcroft GJ (1980). Applied soil physics. Soil water and temperature applications. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 125-144.Han Z, Li B, Ma C, Hu H, Bai C (2018). Study on accurate identification of soil thermal properties under different experimental parameters. Energy & Buildings, 164: 21-32.Heusinkveld BG, Jacobs AFG, Holtslag AAM, Berkowicz SM (2004). Surface energy balance closure in an arid region: role of soil heat flux. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 122: 21–37.Hilel D (2004). Introduction to environmental soil physics. Elsevier Academic Press, USA, pp. 215-233.Holmes TRH, Owe M, De Jeu RAM, Kooi H (2008). Estimating the soil temperature profile from a single depth observation: a simple empirical heatflow solution. Water Resources Research, 44: W02412, doi: 10.1029/2007WR005994.Horton R, Wierenga PJ (1983). Estimating the soil heat flux from observations of soil temperature near the surface. Soil Science Society America Journal, 47: 14-20.Huang C, Chen W, Li Y, Shen H, Li X (2016). Assimilating multi-source data into land surface model tosimultaneously improve estimations of soil moisture, soiltemperature, and surface turbulent fluxes in irrigated fields. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 230-231: 142-156.Isachenko VP, Osipova VA, Sukomel AS. 1981. Heat transfer (in Russian). Energoizdat Press, Moscow, 417 p. Kayaci N, Demir H (2018). Numerical modelling of transient soil temperature distribution for horizontal ground heat exchanger of ground source heat pump. Geothermics, 73: 33-47.Knight JH, Minasny B, McBratney AB, Koen TB, Murphy BW (2018). 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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çoşkun Gülser This is me

İmanverdi Ekberli

Amrakh Mamedov This is me

Publication Date March 29, 2019
Acceptance Date January 11, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gülser, Ç., Ekberli, İ., & Mamedov, A. (2019). Toprak Sıcaklığının Yüzey Isı Akışına Bağlı Olarak Değişimi. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.426847

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